EDITED BY JOHN WILLIAM HARDY ANATOMY' AND ENrBR3/4OLOG3/4 Beecher, W. J. 1962. The bio-mechanics of the bird skull. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sd., 11: 10-33.--An excellent general discussion of the avian skull and jaw appa- ratus considered as a machine. The kinetic property of the upper jaw is covered in very clear terms with comments on its various functional significances. Varia- tions, such as the long bill of the curlews and the bill-tip grasping of mud-probing woodcocks and kiwis, are included.--W. J. B. Bock, W. J. 1962. Feather tracts in the Corvidae--a correction. Ibis, 104: 257- 259.--Because of a transposition of figures in Lowe's published description of feather tracts in his studies of the passerine genus Picathartes, the dorsal spinal feather tracts of Corvus frugilegus and corone were figured as strikingly different. They are not, according to a re-examination of the specimens originally examined by Lowe. The drawing of the tract attributed to C. frugilegus was in fact a draw- ing of the condition in Pica pica.--J. W. H. Fisher, H.I. 1962. The hatching muscle in Franklln's Gull. Wilson Bull., 74: 166- 172. Liversidge, R. 1961. Pre-incubation development of Clamator jacobinus. Ibis, 103a: 624.--In the Jacobin Cuckoo there is indication that copulation precedes each ovulation and that ovulation precedes laying by nearly 48 hours. The crit- ical factor determining length of incubation is the stage of development at which the embryo hatches, rather than rate of development.--J. W. H. Manger Cats, C. S.W. 1961. Casque and bill of Rhinoplax vigil (Forst) in con- nection with the architecture of the skull. Verh. d. Kon. Ned. Akad. van. Wet- ensch, Afd. Natuurkunde, Tweede Reeks, Dell, 53: 1-51, 12 figures.---The cranial morphology of the peculiar hornbill, Rhinoplax, is described along with its func- tional significance. Particular attention is paid to the various articulations and ligaments. In spite of the extremely heavy casque and thick bony skull, Rhino- plax has a well developed hinge between the brain case and upper jaw; the upper jaw is fully kinetic. It is of interest that most hornbills have a relatively light skull in spite of their huge bill and casque, but Rhinoplax has the heaviest bill of all birds in absolute terms and perhaps the heaviest relatively. The internal trabecu- lae are described with the aid of excellent figures.--W. J. B. Niethammer, G. 1961. Sonderbildungen an Osophagus und Trachea beim Weib- chen von Turnix sylvatica Iepurana. J. f. Orn., 102: 75-79.--The crop of the female Turnix is spindle-shaped and forms a bulb when inflated, which is corre- lated with its loud booming courtship call. Mucous glands are lacking in the crop. A dilatation is present in the trachea above the syrinx. The male esophagus has the normal mucous glands and a straight unspecialized trachea.--W. J. B. Rutschke, E., and E. Stresemann. 1961. 13ber das Filament am lingsten Schwanz- federpaar der Paradieswitwe (Steganura paradisaea). J. f. Orn., 102: 470-475.-- Describes the fine structure of the filament present on the base of each feather of the long central pair of tail feathers. The filament functions as a "zipper" to hold the broad feathers together.---W. J. B. Schmidt, W. J. 1961. 13ber luftftihrende Federstrahlen beim Blutfasen (Ithaginis sinensis) nebst Bemerkungen tiber Luftgeha!t yon Federn tiberhaubt. J. f. Orn., 102: 34-40.---The occurrence and importance of air in the feathers is discussed, and a terminology for the location of air is suggested. Air dilutes the green, but not the red or melanin colors in the feather-barbs of Ithaginis sinensis.--W. J. B. Schmidt, W.J. 1961. i3ber das Schleimhiiutchen der Vogeleischale, insbesondere bei Phoenicopterus, Aptenodytes und Spheniscus. J. f. Orn., 102: 456-467.--Eggs of birds have a covering of mucus when laid; this layer dries and rips to allow for gaseous exchange. Some birds' eggs have a thicker covering of mucus, which, when it dries, forms a definite pattern of pores. The mucus layer is easily ripped off, either when still wet or when dry, so that it can be easily overlooked even in species possessing a thick layer.--W. J. B. ViJlker, O. 1961. Bemerkungen fiber ein grfines, nicht carotinoides Pigment in Kleingefieder yon Rollulus roulroul (Galli). J. f. Orn., 102: 270-272.--The pig- ment of the green body feathers of Rollulus roulroul was investigated because of the variety of green pigments in birds. Studies to date show that the green feather pigment in this bird is not a carotenoid one; investigation on the nature of the pigment is continuing.---W. J. B. ViJlker, O. 1961. Die chemische Charakterisierung roter Lipochrome im Gefieder der Viigel. J. f. Orn., 102: 430-438.--A general paper on the occurrence of red lipochromes in bird feathers. The occurrence of astaxanthin and rhodoxanthin is summarized, after which the method of extracting a third pigment--canthaxanthin --is described and its distribution in bird feathers is given.--W. J. B. BEItAVIOR Bangert, H. 1960. Untersuchungen zur Koordination der Kopf- und Beinbeweg4 unger beim Haushuhn. Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 17: 143-164.--Coordination of head and leg movements were studied in walking chickens. The head moves in either absolute or in relative coordination with the automatic, dominant leg rhythm. The nodding of the head may be released by the shifting of the retinal image alone. (English summary.)---S. E. W. Bateson, P. P. G., and R. C. Plowright. 1959. Some aspects of the reproductive behaviour of the Ivory Gull. Ardea, 47: 157-172.--The authors conclude, on the basis of behavior, that Pagophila eburnia, although aberrant, is a true gull.--S. E.W. Blase, B. 1960. Die LautS. usserungen des Neunt6ters (Lanius c. collurio L.) Frei- landbeobachtungen und Kaspar-Hauser-Versuche. Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 17: 293- 344.--Observations in the field and on 21 birds reared in the laboratory (some from the egg) are related to the ontogeny of vocalization of the Red-backed Shrike. (English summary.)--S. E. W. Brown, R. G. B. 1961. The aggressive and distraction behaviour of the Western Sandpiper Ereunetes mauri. Ibis, 104: 1-12.--An analysis of breeding biology and aggressive and distraction behavior, from work near Hooper Bay, western Alaska, 1960.--J. W. H. Cullen, J.M. 1960. The aerial display of the Arctic Tern and other species. Ardea, 48: 1-37.--The aerial courtship and agonistic behavior of Sterna paradisea are described.--S. E. W. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1961. /tiber den Werkzeuggebrauch des Spechtfinken Camarhyn- chus pallidus. Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 18: 343-346.--Description and photographs of the Woodpecker Finch using cactus spines to obtain food.---S. E. W. Frisch, O. v. 1961. Zur Jugendentwicklung und Ethologie des StelzenlS. ufers (Hi- rnantopus himantopus) und der Brachschwalbe (Glareola pratincola). Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 11: 67-70.--Stilts and pratincoles were reared from the first day after hatching. (English summary.)--S. E. W. Geyr yon Schweppenburg, H. Freih. 1961. Zum Verhalten der Stock- und Schnat- terente. J. f. Orn., 102: 140-148.--Comments on the behavior of the Mallard and the Gadwall with special reference to an earlier paper by Bezzel (1959, Any. Orn. Ges. Bayern). Deals mainly with the problem of aerial displays.--W. J. B. Gibb, J. A. 1961. L. Tinbergen's hypothesis of the role of specific search images. Ibis, 104: 106-111.--A test of the hypothesis, using tits (Paridae) and a larva [that of the eucosmid Ernarnonia conicolana (Heyl.)]. Contrary to expectations under the hypothesis, tits probably found larvae when they were at low density but rejected them as an uneconomical food item. Predation intensified with in- creasing density of the larvae, but slacked at higher densities, which, the author states, indicates that the birds had learned how many larvae to expect in a given situation (the learning taking place during moderate abundance of the food source). Application of "predation by expectation to a wide range of concealed foods at which birds . . . leave recognisable traces of their attacks" is possible, although "it probably cannot account for the reduced predation on caterpillars at high densities recorded by Tinbergen .... "J. W. H. Kipp, F. A. 1961. Zur Flugbiologie von Mauerliufer und Wiedehopf. J. f. Orn., 102: 273-280.--The large broad wings of the Wall Creeper permit this bird to have a butterfly-like flight compared to the nuthatches (Sitta). The striking pat- tern and color of the wings can be seen only during flight. The sexes are very quiet during courtship and the wing patterns may serve as signals allowing the birds to recognize other members of the same species.--W. J. B. Kuroda, N. 1961. Ontogeny of behaviours in the Grey Starling. Misc. Reports Yamashina's Inst. for Ornith. and Zool., 3: 83-112.--Lists 50 "behaviours" (in- duding vocalizations) noted in hand-raised Sturnus cineraceus chicks, and notes age at first appearance of each, plus subsequent development. "... behaviours were first weakly released to have enough developed by the time they are needed, as in the relation of the development of preening behaviour to the feather growth. Self-sustaining instincts, such as food pecking occurred at a certain time of the growth in the absence of any object for that action, and others, such as drinking, bathing, or aggressive behaviours, were released to the object." (In Japanese; diagrams, legends, and long summary in English.)--K. C. P. KuRo)^, N. 1961. The roosting behaviour system in the Grey Starling. Misc. Re- ports Yamashina's Inst. for Ornith. and Zool., 3: 123-125.--Differentiates between sleeping and roosting behavior. The latter is postulated to depend on a series of "appetites" which are stimulated by progressively lowered light intensity in the evening. (In Japanese; English diagram and summary.)--K. C. P. Kuroda, N. 1961. The stomach stones of the young Adelie Penguins. Misc. Re- ports Yamashina's Inst. for Ornith. and Zool., 3: 126-128.Stones were found packed in the proventriculi of two young Pygoscelis adeliae from a Japanese base in Antarctica. These are analyzed in detail (size, number, weight, kind of stone). "Judging from literature on the Emperor Penguin, they were apparently fed by parent and the function of giving weight for deep diving may not be rejected at once until other function becomes dear." (In Japanese; English summary.)--K. C.P. LShrl, H. 1961. Vergleichende Studien fiber Brutbiologie und Verhalten der Kleiber Sitta whiteheadi Sharpe und Sitta canadensis L. J. f. Orn., 102: 111-132.--A comparison of the courtship, song, and nesting habits of the Corsican Sitta white- headi and the North American Sitta canadensis; both species were studied in natu- ral conditions and in captivity. These forms are similar morphologically and in some of their behavioral traits. There are differences, especially in call notes, and LiShrl concludes that the two forms should be separated specifically.--W. J. B. Manley, G.H. 1960. The swoop and soar performance of the Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus L. Ardea, 411: 37-51. Mohr, H. 1960. Zum Erkennen von RaubviSgeln, insbesondere von Sperber und Baumfalk, durch Klein ViSgel. Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 17: 686-699.--Behavior of various small birds towards Sparrowhawks, etc., is described from field observations and experiments. (English summary.)--S. E. W. Mohr, H. 1960. Ober die Entwicklung einiger Verhattensweisen bei handaufgezog- enen Sperbern (Accipiter n. nisus L.) und Baumfalken (Falco s. subbuteo L.). Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 17: 700-727.--A comparative description of the develop- ment of some behavior patterns such as calls, food recognitions, sleeping postures, bathing, and courtship behavior of Sparrowhawks and Hobbies. (English sum- mary.)--S. E. W. Navas, J. R. 1960. Comportamiento agresivo de Fulica armillata Vieillot. Rev. Mus. Argen. Cien. Nat., 6: 103-129.--Description with drawings of the aggressive behavior and displays of the Red-gartered Coot in Argentina. (In Spanish; Eng- lish summary.)--E. E. Owen, D. F. 1959. Some aspects of the behaviour of immature Herons, Ardea cinerea, in the breeding season. Ardea, 47: 187-191.--Interactions of one year old herons with adults in flight and at the nest site are described. Some immatures build small nests without laying eggs in them. Two records of immatures breed- ing with adults are given. It is assumed that most herons commence breeding when two years old.--S. E. W. Reinert, V. J. 1960. UnterscheidungsvermiSgen einer Dohle ffir verschieden schnelle Metronom-Schlagfolgen. Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 17: 114-124.--Conditioning experi- ments show that a Jackdaw could easily discriminate between various frequencies of metronome beats. (English summary.)--S. E. W. Thielcke, G. 1961. Stammesgeschichte und geographische Variation des Gesanges unserer Baumliufer (Certhia familiaris L. und Certhia brachydactyla Brehm). Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 18: 188-204.--Vocalizations of Certhia familiaris and C. brachydacty!a analyzed with a sound spectrograph. (English summary.)--S. E. W. Thielcke, G. 1961. Ergebnisse der Vogelstimmen-Analyse. J. f. Orn., 109: 285- 300.--A general summarizing paper on various aspects of recent studies of bird songs using sound spectrographs. Some topics covered are terminology for the various types of song, function of calls and songs, ontogenetical development, instinctive and learned parts of song, and phylogenetic and geographic variation. --Long bibliography.--W. J. B. Thielcke-Poltz, H., and B. Thielcke. 1960. Akustisches Lernen verschieden alter schallisolierter Amseln (Turdus merula L.) und die Entwicklung erlernter Motive ohne und mit kunstlichem Einfluss von Testosteron. Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 17: 211-244.--Vocalizations of Blackbirds raised in acoustic isolation and immatures injected with testosterone are compared with normal wild birds. (English summary.) --S. E. W. Wall, W. von de. 1961. Die Ausdrucksbewegungen der Kapente, Arias capensis Gmelin. J. f. Orn., 102.' 24-27.--A brief description of the courtship behavior of the Cape Duck made at the Severn Wildfowl Trust.--W. J. B. DISEASES AND PARASITES Keymer, I. F. 1958. A survey of the causes of mortality in British birds and the significance of wild birds as disseminators of disease. Veterinary Rec., 70: 713- 720, 736-740. Keymer, I.F. 1961. Infectious sinusiris of pheasants and partridges. Veterinary Rec., ?3: 1034-1038. Keymer, I. F., and P. K. C. Austwick. 1961. Moniliasis in partridges (Perdix perdix). Sabouraudia, J. International Soc. Human and Animal Myco]ogy, I: 22-29. DISTRIBUTION AND ANNOTATED LISTS Blake, E. R. 1961. Notes on a collection of birds from northeastern Colombia. Fieldiana: Zoo]., 44: 25-44.--Report on 111 species from the Rio Arauca and northern Boyac, Colombia. Eleven forms are recorded for the first time from Colombia.--M. A. T. Blake, E. R. 1961. Birds of the Sierra Macarena, eastern Colombia. Fiddiana: Zool., 44: 69-112.--Report on 315 species taken in this isolated mountain range in eastern Colombia; four are recorded for the first time from Colombia. An element of the Andean subtropical fauna reaches the higher altitudes (ca. 5,000') on Maca- rena.--M. A. T. Cue]]o, J., and E. Gerzenstein. 1962. Las aves del Uruguay. Lista sistemtica, dis- tribuci6n y notas. Corn. Zoo]. Mus. Montevideo, 6(93): 1-193.--A carefully pre- pared annotated list of the birds of Uruguay, with current nomenclature, synony- mies, and data on Uruguayan distribution. Contains brief history of ornithology in Uruguay, good bibliography, and maps of Uruguay .indicating the principal localities mentioned and of South America outlining the major zoogeographic divisions of the continent (according to Cabrera and Yepes). No information is provided on zoogeographic or eco]ogic subdivisions of Uruguay itself. For a South American country the avifauna is not rich. 370 species are listed, of which 31 are regarded as not fully confirmed, and three (Passer domesticus, Chloris chloris, and Carduelis carduelis) are established European species. Yet considering that Uru- guay is small, entirely in the Temperate Zone, and devoid of elevations above 2,000 feet, a total of 67 native families and 264 native genera may not be small. Other than shorebirds, few North American migrants reach the country. Of major general interest are data showing that many breeding species are migratory, leaving Uruguay after the southern hemisphere summer. (In Spanish.)--E. E. Curio, E. 1961. Zur Kenntnis der Vogelwelt Siid-Mazedoniens. J. f. Orn., 102: 133-139.--A list of birds observed during a trip through southern Macedonia.-- W. J. B. Elgood, J. H., and R. G. Donald. 1962. Breeding of the painted snipe Rostratula benghaIensis in southwest Nigeria. Ibis, 104: 253-256.---The species has not hith- erto been recorded breeding in Western Africa. The paper is divided into discus- sions of indications of breeding in West Africa, records of the species in southwest Nigeria, observations at lbadan and Iwo, nests, newly hatched chicks, and a gen- eral analysis of the history and factors in the distribution and breeding of the species.--J. W. H. Fleming, R. L., and M. A. Traylor. 1961. Notes on Nepal birds. Fieldiana: Zool., 35: 447-487.--Report on recent collections by the senior author, primarily from far west Nepal. Included are seven species and six subspecies taken for the first time in Nepal.--M. A. T. Helmstaedt, K. W. 1961. Faunistische Bemerkungen iiber Vi3gel der slowakischen Hohen Tatra. J. f. Orn., 102: 308-316.--A list of birds seen in the High Tatra Mountains of eastern Czechoslovakia with comments on the several biotopes found in this area. The characteristic plants and birds for each biotope are given.-- W. J. B. Huyskens, G., and H. Voet. 1962. [Aythya collaris (Donovan), the American Ring- necked Duck, a new bird for Belgium]. Gerfaut, $2: 54-58.--A male Ring-necked Duck seen in Antwerp harbor on 25 November 1960, and again on 17 November and 26 December 1961, apparently the fifth European report since 1955. (In Flemish; French summary.)--E. E. Ivanauskas, T. 1961. Faunistische Mitteilungen aus Litauen. J. f. Orn., 102: 468-469.--New records of birds from Lithuania.--W. J. B. Johansen, H. 1961. Die Vogelfauna Westsibiriens. III. Teil (Non-Passeres) 11 Fortsetzung: Limicolae 11 (Tringa bis Haematopus). J. f. Orn., 102: 41-67. Johansen, H. 1961. Die Vogelfauna Westsibiriens. III. Teil (Non-Passeres). 12 Fortsetzung und Schluss: Otides bis Gall. J. f. Orn., 102: 237-262.--With an index for the entire series of papers by species, pp. 263-269. Johansen, H. 1961. Die Entstehung der westsibirischen Vogelfauna. J. f. Orn., 102: 375-400.---A general work on the origin of the birds of West Siberia--the area between the eastern and the western parts of the Palearctic region. The paper summarizes Johansen's work on the birds of West Siberia, which has been pub- lished in many parts in the J. f. O. At present the western limits of Siberian birds and the eastern limits of European birds cross one another in the eastern part of the West Siberian lowlands just to the west of the Middle Siberian Plateau. Johan- sen traces the history of the birds of this area from the end of the Tertiary when the elevation of the Urals resulted in a dry continental climate to the east and probably in a very early period of glaciation. The spread of the ice sheets sepa- rated the birds into eastern and western groups; these came together after the ice retreated. Those forms which were not forced out formed a Transpalearctic group. Later periods of cold again split the fauna into eastern and western groups; even some of the Transpalearctic birds were split. At present a mixing of the eastern and western groups is taking place with the European birds pushing far- thest into this region.--W. J. B. Loustau-Lalanne, P. 1961. The birds of the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean. Ibis, 104: 67-73.---A description of the islands is followed by a rsum of orni- thological investigation of them and notes on the species recorded by the author in two short visits in November-December, 1960.--J. W. H. Navas, J. R. 1961. E1 pato de ala azul, Arias discors, capturado en Argentina. Neotropica, 7: 58.--Blue-winged Teal taken in Argentina in September, 1958. One of two individuals (one bearing a U.S. band was released).--E. E. Olrog, C. C., and J. R. Navas. 1961. Sicalis luteola en la fauna Argentina. Neo- tropica, 7: 55-57.--The Puna Yellow Finch has often been confused with other members of its genus. Definite examples of this form from Jujuy and Salta, Ar- gentina, and from Bolivia.--E. E. Peitzmeier, J. 1961. Zur Biotopwahl der Tiirkentaube (S!reptopelia decaocto Friv.). J. f. Orn., 102: 281-284.---The colonization of the Collared Turtle Dove in the Miinster Region of Northwestern Germany is discussed in connection with the environment.--W. J. B. Sibley, F. C. 1962. The Yellow-bellied Egret Mesophoyx intermedius in Nigeria. Ibis, 104: 250.--Since Mesophoyx and Casmerodius can be easily confused in the. field, it is possible that Mesophoyx, thought previously to be only casual in West Africa, is in fact a regular visitor to western Nigeria and a common resident in the Lake Chad area of northern Nigeria.--J. W. H. Sxcx, H. 1961. Die Spechte Trichopicus cactorum und Scapaneus leucopogon in Brasilien. J. f. Orn., 10ll: 401-403.--The woodpeckers Trichopicus cactorum and Scapaneus (=Phloeoceastes) leucopogon are new to the list of Brazilian birds. Both are restricted to southern South America.--W. J. B. Smith, F. T. H. 1962. An Australian sight record of the Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites subruJicollis). Australian Bird Watcher, 1: 185.--A detailed account of example seen by numerous observers at Altona, near Melbourne, Victoria, from 17 March to 7 May 1962. Thompson, M. C. 1962. Noteworthy records of birds from the Republic of Mex- ico. Wilson Bull., 74: 173-176.--Fifty-six species from widely scattered localities. --J. T. T. Watson, G. E. 1961. Aegean bird notes including two breeding records new to Europe. J. f. Orn., 1011: 301-307.--Comments on rarer species collected on two recent trips to Greece and Turkey. Two species, the Spur-winged Plover (Hop- lopterus spinosus) and the Isabelline Wheatear (Oenanthe isabellina), were found nesting; both are new to the list of breeding birds of Europe.--W. J. B. ECOLOGY AND POPULATION Blondel, J. 1962. Ecologie des oiseaux des monts des Ksours (Sahara Septentri- onal). Terre et la Vie, 109: 209-251.--The ecological distribution of birds in an area of northern Sahara. Bowen, W., N. Gardiner, B. J. Harris, and J. D. Thomas. 1962. Communal nest- ing of Phalacrocorax aJricanus, Bubulcus ibis, and Anhinga ruJa in southern Ghana. Ibis, 104: 246-247.--The egret and the shag had not been recorded as nesting in southern Ghana previously. Survival figures in the nestings of the three species compared favorably with figures given by Lack for other nidicolous species, de- spite the crowded conditions of the colony.--J. W. H. Drost, R., E. Focke, and G. Freytag. 1961. Entwicklung und Aufbau einer Popu- lation der SilbermiSwe, Larus argentatus argentatus. J. f. Orn., 10ll: 404-429.-- In 1948, two pairs of Herring Gulls were present near the Ornithological Research Institute Building at Wilhelmshaven. The population grew to 51 pairs in 1955, more than 100 in 1956, and at least 150 pairs in 1960. The increase was due mainly to migration from neighboring colonies; the result of breeding which took place for the first time in 1953, accounted for 5 per cent or less of the total breed- ing population. Nesting success on rocky breeding grounds is as good as on other areas; on the average 100 eggs result in 25 fledglings. One breeding pair produces, on the average, 0.7 fledglings a year. Most birds stayed near the colony but others straggled up to 360 km away. On the basis of banding returns, the average life expectancy was calculated as 9.5 years after maturity, hence an adult Herring Gull reaches an age of 13.5 years (4 years as immature q- 9.5 adult years).-- W. J. B. Dunmire, W.W. 1962. Bird populations in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Ele- paio, llll: 65-70.---Recent census figures, when compared with counts in the 1940's, reveal decreases in the native birds and increases in exotic species, particularly the white-eye.P. H. B. Ennion, E. A. R., and D. Ennion. 1962. Early breeding in Tenetire. Ibis, 104: 158-168.--The authors were present at this Canary Island locality in January and February, 1961. In a one-half mile square area of mixed terrain from sea level to 2,500 ft., the populations, breeding, and ecology of resident birds were investi- gated. Early breeding begins in January with the first flush of insects and vege- tation resulting from winter snow and rain. There follows a drought, after which (in March) renewed spring rains bring further breeding. Such events are consid- ered normal.--J. W. H. Graczyk, R. 1961. (Studies on variability, biology and economic status of the Blackbird, Turdus merula L.) Ekologia Polska, Ser. A, 9: 453-485. (In Polish; German summary.)--There are no dimensional and color differences between the urban and forest populations of the Blackbird. Marked differences occur, how- ever, in the song and calls of these populations: urban birds use warning calls more frequently, have a simpler song, and produce three broods yearly (forest birds produce only two). About two-thirds of the forest population migrate, while the urban birds are generally sedentary. The genetic fixation of both biological and behavioristic characters of urban Blackbirds has been examined or tested by transplantation of forest birds to urban habitats and of young of urban birds to the forest. Results cannot as yet be evaluated. Endozoochorous distribution of plant diaspores takes place over short distances via Blackbirds.---F. J. T. Medway, Lord. 1962. The swiftlets (Collocalia) of Niah Cave, Sarawak. Ibis, 104: 228-245.--C. maxima and salangana can orient by echo-location. Nidifica- tion of C. maxima, salangana, and esculenta is discussed in detail. Breeding sea- sons, the equatorial environment, diet of the swifts, patterns of daily movements, predation, and the role of the environment in regulating breeding are discussed. The first two species have long, annually recurrent breeding seasons, September to April. C. esculenta has three brief breeding seasons annually. Because of peri- odic food shortages, nestling mortality is high for all species. Predation seems of limited importance in controlling population size. There is evidence that day-length has a role in regulation of breeding in C. esculenta, but food seems to be the major factor of regulation in the other two species. In all three, social factors function in synchronization of breeding activity.--J. W. H. Ratcliffe, D. A. 1961. Breeding density in the peregrine Falco peregrinus and raven Corvus corax. Ibis, 104: 13-39.--Population limiting factors effecting rel- ative stability of breeding density in 19 counties of the British Isles are examined. Raven populations have remained fairly stable and not 15 per cent below maxima since 1945. Peregrines show indications of local decline but the species had nu- merical stability equal to that of the raven in the period under consideration. Golden Eagles compete for nest sites, while under severe conditions peregrines and ravens may compete with each other. Increased nesting density does not follow high breeding success. The raven has non-breeding surplus populations. Territori- alism seems to be the factor controlling maximum nesting density and has evolved in relation to food supply, so that numbers of predators are permanently balanced against this factor.--J. W. H. Schiiz, E., and J. Szijj. 1961. Vom Weissstorchbestand in Deutschland 1934 bis 1958. J. f. Orn., 102: 28-33.--A survey of the population of White Storks in Germany from 1934 to 1958. The number of nesting pairs for each German Land (= state) is given for the two years. Except for Bavaria which had more storks in 1958 than in 1934 (186 pairs versus 119), all sections had fewer breeding storks in 1958. The total loss in all of Germany was about 50 per cent of the number in 1934. At present (1958), 4,569 pairs of storks breed in Germany, most found in the lowlands of northern Germany.--W. J. B. Semyonov-Tjan-Shanskij, O. I. 1960. (On ecology of tetraonids.) Trudy Lap- landskogo gos. zapovednjika (Works of the Lapland State Reserve), tom. $: 1- 318. Moscow. Price, Rub. 1 40 Kop. (In Russian; English summary.)--This im- portant book deals with tetraonids in the Murmansk area, with sections on distri- bution, habitats, ecology, foods, growth of chicks, and seasonal variation in weight of adults, molt and methods of age-determination, parasites and predators, census methods, and dynamics of numbers, as well as migrations of Tetrao urogallus, Tetrasres bonasia, Lyrurus tetrx, Lagopus lagopus, and L. taurus. Long summary in English (9 pages) and 7 pages of lit. cit., both Russian and foreign.--F. J. T. Stonehouse, B. 1962. Ascension Island and the British Ornithologists' Union cen- tenary expedition 1957-9. Ibis, 103B: 107-123.--This paper serves to introduce others in this number [103b(2)]. All deal with some aspect of the research car- ried out by the expedition on the birds of Ascension Island.--J. W. H. Taylor, R. H. 1962. The Adelie Penguin Pygoscelis adeliae at Cape Royds. Ibis, 104-' 176-204.--At this Ross Island locality, Adelie Penguins were under daily observation from 23 October 1959 to 26 February 1960. Though the total area used for nesting has remained nearly constant for 50 years, there has been a shift of colonies to sheltered positions. The author marked and observed 44 pairs and 122 nests (eggs and chicks were also marked). Birds begin arriving in mid-Octo- ber, males first, and soon begin building nests. Eggs, laid from 4 November to 4 December, were usually two to a clutch. In 65 per cent of nests in which the first egg was lost, a third was laid. There is a decrease in size' of successive eggs. Eggs are laid every three plus days. The incubation period ranged from 30 to 39 days. Parental routine is described (females seldom incubate first). Fasting is discussed. Hatching, plumage, care, and development of chicks is described. Chicks left the rookery after about 50 days, but many swam previous to this. Of 600 adults that returned to molt (in February) about two-thirds were non-breeders. Mortality of adults was slight at the rookery. Egg losses were typically due to displacement from nests, or abandonment of nests by adults. Of chick losses 67 per cent were due to Skua predation. Of the eggs 66 per cent hatched, and 75 per cent of the chicks survived to leave for the sea. Breeding seasons at Cape Royds and in the South Orkney Islands are discussed. Availability of food influences length of the breeding seasons at different rookeries.--J. W. H. OBITUARIES Piechocki, R. 1961. Max SchiSnwetter ?. J. f. Orn., 10g-' 486-489.---Obituary of Max SchiSnwetter (1874-1961) with a list of his publications.--W. J. B. Stresemann, E. 1961. Walter Hoesch ?. J. f. Orn., 10g: 490-495.--Obituary of Walter Hoesch (1896-1961) with a list of his publications.--W. J. B. PHYSIOLOGY Hinde, R.A. 1961. Temporal relations of brood patch development in domesti- cated canaries. Ibis, 104,: 90-9?.--Development of the brood patch (including defeathering, vascularization, and edematization) and other aspects of reproduc- tion (building, egg-laying, and incubation) are described, with emphasis on the development of the patch in females.--J. W. H. Howell, T. R., and G. A. Bartholomew. 1961. Temperature regulation in the Sooty Tern $terna fuscata. Ibis, 104: 98-105.--Studies of thermoregulatory responses of nesting terns to environmental conditions, conducted in July, 1959 and 1960, Mid- way Island, Pacific Ocean. Temperatures of eggs, young, and adults were studied. Body temperature of adults was higher diurnally than nocturnally, during incuba- tion. Brood patch temperature was higher than incubated eggs without visible embryos, pipped eggs, or brooded hatchlings. Solar radiation causing severe heat- ing is a principal environmental problem of nesting Sooty Terns. Young chicks are shaded from this by adults, older ones seek natural shade and/or lose heat by panting. Body temperature may rise to 45øC and usually stabilizes in the low range of black bulb temperature. Relationships of physiological and behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation to environment are discussed.--J. W. H. Lord, R. D., Jr., F. C. Bellrose, and W. W. Cochran. 1962. Radiotelemetry of the respiration of a flying duck. Science, 137: 39-40.--A miniature radio transmitter (total weight 38 gm.) fastened to the back of a wild Mallard, originally for orien- tation studies, was found to be telemetering respiration. Average respiration rate of the duck at rest was 14 respirations per minute; while flying, 96 per minute. Certain markings on the recording of the flying bird are attributed to wing beats, indicating a synchronization of two wing beats to every respiration, occurring during exhalation and between respirations.--K. C. P. Piechocki, R. 1961. [lber die Grossgefieder-Mauser von Schleiereule und Waldkauz. J. f. Orn., 102: 220--225.--The molt of the wing and tail feathers was checked on two captive Barn Owls born June, 1957. The sixth primary (from the inside) was the first to drop in 1958. It was followed by the seventh after 46 days. The rest of the primaries were shed in 1959 and 1960 proceeding from the 6th and going out to the 10th and in to the first in a regular fashion. The cycle started again in 1960 with the 6th primary. The tail molt took place in 1958 and 1959; the outer and innermost pairs of rectrices were shed first; none was replaced in 1960. --W.J.B. Wagner, H. O. 1961. Beziehungen zwischen dem Keimdrisenhormon Testosteron und dem Verhalten von ViSgeln in Zugstimmung. Zeits. f. Tierpsychol., 18: 302- 319.--This investigation seems to indicate that sexual hormones regulate the inten- sky of "migratory restlessness," and are more important than many environmental stimuli. (English summary.)--S. E. W. Weber, H. 1961. ber die Ursache des Verlustes der roten Federfarbe bei gekfig- ten Birkenzeisigen. J. f. Orn., 102.' 158-163.Discusses the causes for the loss of red color from the feathers of captive redpolls; molted feathers are replaced by yellow ones. A number of winter-captured male redpolls were placed in open-air aviaries of different sizes from 21.5 X 17 meters to ll.5 X 5.6 m. Birds in the largest aviaries replaced red feathers with red ones, but those in the smaller cages changed from red to yellow; light, food, temperature, and humidity were equal in all cages. Birds kept in a small cage, thus having yellow feathers, were placed in a large cage, where they then grew red feathers. The author thinks that the ability to fly in the larger aviary may be essential for maintaining the proper physiological condition for producing red pigment.--W. J. B. Wilson, W. O., H. Abplanalp, and L. Arrington. 1962. Sexual development of Co- turnix as affected by changes in photoperiods. Poultry Sci., 4,1: 17-22. TAXONOMY AND PALEONTOLOGY Biswas, B. 1961. Further notes on the shrikes Lanius tephronotus and Lanius schach. Ibis, 104,: 112-115.--Taxonomic controversy concerning specific distinc- tion of these and related shrikes.--J. W. H. Blake, E. R. 1959. A new species of Todirostrum from Peru. Nat. Hist. Misc., Chicago, 171:2 pp.--Todirostrum albi]ascies new sp. from Madre de Dios de- scribed.--M. A. T. Blake, E. R. 1959. Two new game birds from Peru. Fieldiana: Zool., 39: 373- 376.--Crypturellus strigilosus peruvianus new subsp. from Madre de Dios and Odontophorus gujanensis ru]ogularis new subsp. from Loreto described.--M. A. T. Blake, E. R. 1961. A new Peruvian race of Crypturellus obsoletus. Fieldiana: Zool., 39: 573-575.--Crypturellus obsoletus traylori new subsp. from Marcapata Valley, Cuzco, described.---M. A. T. Blake, E. R. 1961. Variation in Myiozetetes luteiventris. Fieldiana: Zool., 44: 63-66.--Myiozetetes luteiventris septentrionalis new subsp. from Surinam described. ---M. A. T. Blake, E. R. 1962. A new race of Penelope montagnii from southeastern Peru. Fieldiana: Zool., 44: 121-122.--Penelope montagnii marcapatensis new subsp. from Marcapata Valley, Cuzco, described.--M. A. T. Blake, E. R., G. Hoy, and F. Contino. 1961. Variation in the Quail-Dove Geotry- gon ]renata. Fiddiana: Zool., 39: 567-572.--Four races recognized; Geotrygon ]renata margaritae new subsp. from Jujuy, Argentina, described.--M. A. T. Chapin, J.P. 1961. Sibling species of small African honey-guides. Ibis, 104: 40- 44.--Indicator willcocksi, I. meliphilus, and I. pumilio, although similar to I. exilis in appearance, are each now regarded by the author as separate species; the range of each of these forms overlaps, in some part, that of I. exilis, and extends also outside the range of that form. Recognition of these forms as species greatly reduces the known geographic range of true I. exilis, and establishes the existence of three additional species of honey-guides of the I. exilis type. Each had been described as species previously, willcocksi by Alexander in 1901, meliphilus by Oberholser in 1905, and pumilio by Chapin in 1958.--J. W. H. Cheng, T. H., and E. Stresemann. 1961. Ein iibersehener Brutvogel der Palaerk- tis: "Emberiza" siemsseni (Martens). J. f. Orn., 102: 152-153.---The breeding of the finch "Emberiza" siemsseni in "Joujou pa (Kanson S)" China is described. Previously this species was not known to have bred within the Palearctic Region and was excluded from Vaurie's "Birds of the Palearctic Fauna." The taxonomic position of this bird is discussed briefly. It was originally described as a Junco, but usually placed in the widespread genus Emberiza. After comparing a male specimen of siemsseni with the material in the Berlin Museum, Stresemann agreed with the earlier conclusion of Bangs that it should be placed in a separate genus Latoucheornis.--W. J. B. Eisenmann, E. 1962. Notes on nighthawks of the genus Chordeiles in southern Middle America, with a description of a new race of Chordeiles minor breeding in Panam/t. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 2094:21 pp.--Field observations and museum specimens suggested existence of a Panam/t breeding population of C. minor. This was confirmed by the author, who collected an adult female with chick; the for- mer becomes the type of the new race C. m. panamensis. Other known Middle American specimens are analyzed, most being northern migrants. Specific distinct- ness of the West Indian C. gundlachii is upheld. Specimens and field observations suggest a Middle American breeding population of C. acutipennis; one proven breeding female from Nicaragua is known. This population is tentatively placed with C. a. acutipennis of South America. There is color parallelism in populations of the two species of nighthawk; possible correlation with soil color and climate is discussed.--K. C. P. Jouanin, C. 1962. Inventaire des oiseaux gteints ou en voie d'extinction conservgs au musgum de Paris. Terre et la Vie, 109: 257-301.--Inventory of extinct or al- most extinct birds preserved in the Paris museum. Many of these specimens were not listed in Greenway's "Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World."--E. E. Kuroda, N. 1961. On the comprehensive species concept: a brief outline. Misc. Reports Yamashina's Inst. for Ornith. and Zool., 3: 129-131.--"The seven ap- proaches for species analysis may be classified, i.e., (1) Phenotypic or Morpholog- ical, (2) Anatomical or Functional, (3) Physiological or Biological, (4) Genotypic or Molecular, (5) Ethological or Behavioral, (6) Populational or Sociological, and (7) Supplementary. These approaches are on the levels of subindividual, individ- ual, and superindividual. Throughout these levels the adaptations of all kinds, endo-, exo-, and socio-adaptations, are universal. These considerations lead to a comprehensive species concept diagrammatically expressed here." (Author's sum- mary.) (In Japanese; summary and diagram in English.)--K. C. P. Mishima, T. 1961. Note on the Willow-tit from Korea. Misc. Reports Yamashina's Inst. for Ornith. and Zool., 3: 132-133.--Identifies four fall and winter specimens as Parus atricapillus baicalensis. The abstractor would add that this identification agrees with that of Vaurie (Birds Palaearctic Fauna, 1959: 48C481), but appar- ently does not help to clear up the status of this species in Korea (resident, mi- grant, or straggler). Note that most ornithologists consider the Willow-tit a sepa- rate species, P. montanus, not conspecific with the New World P. atricapillus.-- K. C. P. Owen, D. F. 1962. Wing length, body weight, and geography. Wilson Bull., 74: 185.--Because of the known variation in weight of individual birds, data present- ing the mean weight of a population is of little value unless the sample is large and the dispersion (e.g., standard deviation) is also reported.--J. T. T. Rand, A. L., H. Friedmann, and M. A. Traylor. 1959. Birds from Gabon and Moyen Congo. Fieldiana: Zool., 41'. 221-411.---Annotated list of 378 species from Gabon and Moyen Congo. Of particular interest for those species originally de- scribed from Gabon, for which fresh topotypical material has long been lacking. --M.A.T. Rand, A. L., and D. S. Rabor. 1960. Birds of the Philippine Islands: Siquijor, Mount Malindang, Bohol, and Samar. Fieldiana: Zool., 35: 225-441.--Includes separate lists of the collections from each of the four localities listed in the title, and an added section of taxonomic comments on special species.---M. A. T. Rand, A. L., and D. S. Rabor. 1961. A new race of crow, Corvus enca, from the Philippines. Fieldiana: Zool., 39: 577-579.--Corvus enca sierra-madrensis new subsp. from Sierra Madre, Luzon, described.--M. A. T. Salomonsen, F. 1961. Notes on flowerpeckers (Aves, Dicaeidae). 4. Dicaeum ignif- erum and its derivatives. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 2057:35 pp.--Two lines of radi- ation are believed derived from D. ignlJerum, one including D. cruentatum and D. trochileum, the other D. maugei and the superspecies D. hirundinaceum (in which Salomonsen includes as species D. hirundinaceum, sanguinolentum, celebicum, monticolum, and ignipectus). These constitute the "most advanced group within the genus Dicaeum." One new race: D. cruentatum simalurense, from Simalur or Simeulue Island off Sumatra.--K. C. P. Salomonsen, F. 1961. Notes on flowerpeckers (Aves, Dicaeidae). 5. The genera Oreocharis, Paramythia, and Pardalotus (except the superspecies Pardalotus stri- atus). Amer. Mus. Novitates, 2067:24 pp.--Of the two aberrant New Guinea flowerpeckers, Oreocharis arfaki is monotypic while Paramythia montium has four races. One of these is described as new: P.m. alpinure from Mt. Wilhelmina, Oranje Range, Snow Mountains. Pardalotus quadragintus is considered the most primitive of the eight species of the genus, contra Mayr and Amadon. P. rubH- caius has four races, of which P. r. carpentariae (Normanton, northern Queens- land) is described as new.--K. C. P. Salomonsen, F. 1961. Notes on flowerpeckers (Aves, Dicaeidae). 6. The superspe- cies Pardalotus striatus. Amer. Mus. NovRates, 2068:31 pp. A complicated evolutionary and taxonomic situation involving five taxa on the borderline be- tween species and subspecies. P. striatus, ornatus, and substriatus are considered "monotypic sibling species," while P. melanocephalus and uropygialis, which interbreed freely over a broad zone, are considered conspecific. The origin of P. ornatus has been much debated; it is exactly intermediate between striatus and substriatus, and occurs only where these two species overlap. However, it is not known to mate with striatus, and does so with substriatus only at the periphery of its range. Although there are no known instances of interbreeding between striatus and substriatus, ornatus is interpreted as being of hybrid origin with a selective advantage over the parental types (both of which are rare within the range of ornatus). The distributional history of this group is postulated and mapped. Four races are recognized in the melanocephalus-uropygialis group, two of which are described as new: P.m. bowensis (central eastern Queensland) and P.m. restrictus (northern Cape York Peninsula).--K. C. P. Smith, E. T. 1960. Review of Pionus maximiliani (Kuhl). Fieldiana: Zool., 39: 379-385.--Four races recognized.--M. A. T. Stresemann, V., and E. Stresemann. 1961. Die Handschwingen-Mauser der Kuck- ucke (Cuculidae). J. f. Orn., 102: 317-352.--The pattern of primary feather molt in the Cuculidae is described on the basis of 300 specimens representing almost every genus. The pattern follows the transilient mode (a new term) indicating that the molt proceeds by forward or backward leaps across one or more adjoin- ing quills. The starting mode may be random or may be orderly; the latter con- dition is restricted to certain parasitic cuckoos of the subfamily Cuculinae. The transilient mode permits each growing feather except the outermost one to be flanked on both sides by a full grown neighbor. The particular form of molt exhibited by the different genera is felt to be a good clue to affinities within the family.--W. J. B. Stresemann, V., and E. Stresemann. 1961. Die Handschwingen-Mauser der Eis- viSgel (Alcedinidae). J. f. Orn., 102: 43955.--The pattern of primary molt in the kingfishers provides additional support for the classification of this family by W. deW. Miller. The subfamily Daceloninae (including Pelargopsis) have a de- scending molt starting with the first (innermost) primary. The Alcedininae also have a descending molt, but from two centers, one represented by the first pri- mary, the other by the seventh. In the Cerylinae the molt is more or less irregular and never follows the descending mode.--W. J. B. Traylor, M.A. 1960. A new race of Emberiza striolata. Nat. Hist. Misc., Chicago, 175:2 pp.--Emberiza striolata sanghae new subsp. from French Sudan described. Traylor, M.A. 1962. New birds from Barotseland. Fieldiana: Zool., 44: 113-115. --Mirafra apiata jappi new subsp. and Calandrella conirostris makawai new subsp. from Kalabo, Barotseland, Northern Rhodesia, described.--M. A. T.