.--The relationships
among the American sharp-tailed grassland sparrows currentiy placed in the eenera
Passerculus, Ammodramus, Passerherbulus, Ammospiza, and Myospiza are often dis-
cussed by ornitho!oeists, but the literature contains little to enlighten these relation-
ships. Generic splitting was carried to the extreme by 0berholser, who maintained
a distinct genus for virtually every species in the complex. His rationale for this
position was that "the only other consistent course seems to be to merge Fasserherbu!us
with Ammodramus and Centronyx, for the differences that separate these genera from
Passerherbdus are no more important than the structural differences between the
species of Passerherblus itself" (Ohio J. Sci., 17: 332, 1917). R. Ridgway (A manual
o! North Am. erican birds, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1887) originally placed
all the sharp-tailed grassland sparrows in the genus Ammodramus. More recently
R. S. Palmer (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 102: 550, 1949) combined Ammodramus and
Passercul.us without explanation, but erred in using the latter, more recent name for
the combined enus; he continued to recognize Ammospiza as a separate genus. A. R.
Phillips, J. Marshall, and G. Monson (The birds o! Arizona Tucson, Univ. Arizona
Press, 1964) also without explanation use Ammodramus for all Arizona species of this
group of sparrows.
Figure 1. Dorsal view of juvenile sparrows. From reft to right: Passerculus sand-
wichensis, Passerculus sandwichensis >( Ammodramus savannarum, and Ammodramus
Figure 2. Ventral view of juvenile sparrows; same order as in Figure 1.
An indication of the close relationship between distinctive types among the grass-
land nesting sparrows is a hybrid between the Grasshopper Sparrow (passerculus
sandwichends) and the Savannah Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) I collected
at the north end of Lago Texcoco, Valley of Mexico, 19 July 1957. The hybrid, a
female in slightly worn juvenal plumage, wei-ed 16.4 g and showed no apparent
structural abnormalities.
In general coloration and dorsal pattern (Figure 1), the hybrid is most similar to
a comparable juvenile P. sandwichends. Ventrally (Figure 2) its most striking feature
is the same as that of the Zonotrichia and Melospiza hybrid (Dickerman, Auk, 78:
629, 1961; see Figure 2), the near absence of the breast streakings so characteristic
of the juvenal plumages of both parental types. Five juvenile A. savannarum at hand
from Idaho and Minnesota show much variation in the extent and darkness of these
streakings; one bird has them greatly reduced. but not to the extent shown by the
hybrid. The few streaks present in the hybrid show a tinge of rust, a color com-
pletely absent in the juvenile P. sandwichends but characteristic of A. savannarum.
The sides and flanks are unstreaked as in the A. savannarum juvenile (Figure 3); the
moustache mark is well developed as in juvenile P. sandwichensis, but the auricular
area is pale as in A. savannarum.
The hybrid has streaked rather than sealloped interscapular feathers, giving the
general aspect of P. sandwichends, but the nape feathers and those of the posterior
Figure 3. Lateral Sew of juvenile sparrows: same order as in Fixture 1.
portion of the crown are lightly scalloped. With all but the napes covered, one can
not distinguish between the hybrid and the A. savannarum young in Figure 1 (allow-
ing for greater compression in the nape region of the latter resulting from make of
skin). The upper tall coverts are relatively lon as in the P. sandwichensis juveniles.
They repeat the rust color found in the breast streaking and in the greater secondary
coverts reminiscent of the way in which rust color dominates these areas in the basic
plumage of A. savannartm. The edgings of the secondaries and tertials are richly
colored as in P. sandwichensis. The tertials are long, similar to those of P. sand-
wichensls. The wing is short, closer to A. savannarum.
The rectrices are similar to those of P. sandwichensis in shape and are dark; the
central feathers are without the pattern found in A. savannarum. The outermost
right rectrix (the outer left is missing) is whitish on the exterior edges of both vanes
at the tip as in A. savannarum. The tail is somewhat more graduated as in the latter
species and is intermediate in length between those of the few jurehals of each species
at hand.
The bill is small as in the Mexican plateau populations of P. sandwichenis. Soft
parts were not recorded, but the bill in the dried skin is darker, resembling young
P. sandwichensis. Four young A. savannarum at hand have much paler mandibles and
slightly paler maxillae than three P. sandwichensis or the hybrid. There seems to
be no consistent difference in the colors of the dried tarsi and toes of the juveniles.
No Grasshopper Sparrow specimens have been taken from the Valley of Mexico
during the breeding season, and the present hybrid is the first indication of such a
population. The type locality of A. s. bimaculatus is Temascaltepec, State of Mexico,
only about 85 miles west-southwestward from Mexico City. At the time this speci-
men was collected in 1957, the north end of the Lago Texcoco was rapidly being
drained and plowed. The last marsh vegetation of that portion of the lake was de-
stroyed the following year (Dickerman, Occ. Pap., Univ. Minnesota Mus. Nat. Hist.,
no. 9, 1962; p. 21). Thus while the area was highly suitable for Savannah Sparrows,
most of the lusher grasses and sedges had already disappeared and one would not
have expected Grasshopper Sparrows in the area. Today the only suitable places
where the species might breed in the Valley of Mexico are near the Mexico City
Airport where sewage drainage maintains some marsh areas, possibly around two
duck preserves on the west side of the Valley near the town of Atenco, or in the
vicinity of Lago Zumpango.
The author wishes to thank the curators of the following collections for permitting
him to examine material in their care. American Museum of Natural History; Car-
negie Museum, Pittsburgh; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California.
Berkeley; United States National Museum. Allan R. Phillips's collection was ex-
tensively used in the latter stages of this study. The hybrid is deposited at the Uni-
versity of Minnesota, Museum of Natural History. Collecting in Mexico was done
under permit from the Departmento de Conservacion de la Fauna Silvestre.--RoBERT
W. DCKERM^, Department of Microbiology, Cornell University Medical College,
New York, New York.