U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Research Center, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560 USA William Swainson published descriptions and il- lustrations of many new forms of New World birds. In some of his earlier papers, Swainson cited his own works (of which only some parts had been published) as well as some manuscripts that were never pub- lished (see McMillan 1970). Swainson also referred to works that were published later under different titles. For example, Swainson (1827a) listed several names of birds and cited his "Mexican Zoology," a work that was never published. Later he (Swainson 1831-1832) referred to the "Cat. of Mex. Mus. App. p. 4 (1824)," in which he claimed to have described the taxa he had listed in Swainson (1827a). Modern authorities (e.g. Greenway 1960: 371; American Ornithologists' Union [AOU] 1983: 582) re- fer to the 1824 source as the original publication for the genus they render as Ptilogonys and (AOU 1983) for the species Ptilogonys cinereus. However, there is no evidence that the 1824 work was ever seen as a manuscript or published. In this paper, I review the use of "Swainson, 1824," as a citation and discuss the actual publication, spelling of the names Ptiliogonys and Ptiliogonys cinereus, and type locality of the species. SWAINSON'S 1824 APPENDIX William Bullock St. exhibited in London a collec- tion of specimens and artifacts from Mexico in 1824 (Whitehead 1970, 1971) or 1825 (Honour 1954) and published a catalogue (Bullock 1824a) of the exhibit. The catalogue (see Literature Cited for complete title) was variously cited by earlier authors as "Cat. of Mex. Mus." and "Cat. Bullock's Mex. Mus." until Sherborn (1922) cited it as "Cat. of Exhib. called Modern Mex- ico." Swainson studied the collection in 1823 (Strese- mann 1975) and probably had an opportunity for fur- ther study during the exhibition in 1824-1825. Swain- son also had received specimens from William Bullock St. that were collected in Mexico by his son, William Bullock Jr., from 1823 to 1827 (Stresemann 1954). Bul- lock St. was mentioned only briefly in Swainson's (1825, 1826) early papers. Swainson (1827a: 364) pro- vided "a short synopsis of those birds [from Bullock] which have reached me up to this time; indulging the hope of giving a more detailed account hereafter of the zoology of Mexico, accompanied by coloured figures." In July 1827, Swainson (1827b) stated that the specimens he was describing were available from "the Ornithological discoveries of Mr. Bullock .... " It should be noted that, when Swainson (1827a: 368) first proposed Ptiliogonys and described the species P. cinereus (May 1827), he indicated that this was first described in "Swainson in Zool. Journ. [article] No. 10." This (Swainson 1827b) appeared as article num- ber 15 in July 1827. Although Swainson had written and submitted the July paper prior to that of May, the former's publication was delayed. The difference in the issue dates of the two 1827 papers was appar- ently ignored by Swainson (1832-1833, 1837, 1838), who continued to refer to the July paper (Swainson 1827b) as the source for the name Ptiliogonys. Swainson's first and only mention of Bullock's (1824a) catalogue was made in 1831 when Parts 11- 18 (plates 45-85) of his Zoological illustrations were issued (Zimmer 1926). There, Swainson (1831-1832, accompanying text to pl. 62) listed "Ptiliogonys cine- reus. Cat. of Mex. Mus. App. p. 4 (1824)" [referred to here henceforth as the Appendix] and stated that the birds he described in July 1827 (i.e. Swainson 1827b) "... were long ago named and characterized by us. Our list, indeed, of all those brought over by Mr. Bullock, was printed with the catalogue, in 1824 .... " Swainson (1832-1833: 102) also stated that the de- scription of Ptiliogonys was based on a female "sent to us from Mexico, by the late Mr. Bullock." No ref- erence to the Appendix to Bullock's catalogue was made by Swainson in his papers after 1831-1832. Audubon (1839) was the first author after Swainson to use Ptiliogonys (in combination as Ptiliogonys town- sendi [=Myadestes townsendi]). He attributed the ge- neric name to Swainson but did not provide a ref- erence for its source. The earliest references to Swainson's supposed Appendix were by Gray (1841), Tschudi (1844), Bonaparte (1850), and Cabanis (1850), all of whom listed the name Ptiliogonys (or Ptilogonys) followed by "Swainson, 1824." With the exception of Sclater (1862) and Sharpe (1885), both of whom in- correctly cited Swainson 1827 (i.e. 1827b, not 1827a), authors have consistently given the Appendix as the original citation for Ptiliogonys and P. cinereus. The only basis for the existence of the Appendix to Bullock's catalogue is Swainson's (1831-1832) ref- erence to it. Compilations by the Royal Society of London (1871) and Coues (1878) did not list the Ap- pendix as a publication. Waterhouse (1889), librarian to the Zoological Society of London (of which Swain- son was a charter member in 1825 [Bastin 1970]), listed the genus as "Ptiliogonys Swains. Cat. of Bullock's Mexican Mus., Appendix, p. 4 (1824)," but indicated that he did not personally verify the reference. The mention of the Appendix in a copy of Waterhouse's work at the Smithsonian Institution is followed by a penciled question mark, possibly by R. RidAway or C. W. Richmond. Sherborn (1922), who examined four variant copies of Bullock's (1824a) catalogue, did not find an Appendix. Furthermore, neither Zimmer (1926) nor Wood (1931) listed SwainsoWs Appendix to Bul- lock's (1824a) catalogue. Ridgway (1904: 114, 115) re- ferred to the Appendix in quotation marks, and Hell- mayr (1935) and Greenway (1960) doubted the Appendix as the valid source for Ptiliogonys. Modern bibliographic studies by McMillan (1970, 1976), Jack- son (1975), and Knight (1986) did not include the Appendix as a publication by Swainson. Furthermore, Swainson published on birds only once in 182,1 (Swainson 1824), but he did not discuss silky-flycatch- ers. A copy of Bullock's (1824a) catalogue in the Smith- son Collection, Smithsonian Institution Library, con- tains general descriptions of the birds exhibited by Bullock. None of the brief descriptions, which lack scientific names, can be construed to refer to a silky- flycatcher. Unlike the other sections of the catalogue, the section on birds contains several references to "Mr. Bullock," which suggests that someone other than Bullock, perhaps Swainson, wrote the descrip- tion of the exhibited birds. The section on the birds ends with an announcement that "Mr. Swainson has been some time engaged in preparing a work on the Zoology of Mexico, wherein these birds will be more particularly described." There is no appendix to the Smithsonian copy of Bullock's (1824a) catalogue. In conclusion, I found no evidence that Swainsoh's Appendix to Bullock's (1824a) catalogue ever existed as a manuscript or that it was published. Therefore, the names Ptiliogonys and Ptiliogonys cinereus based on "Swainson, 1824" are not available (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1985, Art. 8), because there is no evidence that the work was published. CORRECT SPELLING AND CITATION OF THE GENERIC NAME Of several names available to represent the genus of silky-flycatchers, the earliest is Ptiliogonys Swain- son, 1827. Swainson used this and variant spellings in his later publications, usually in combination with the specific name cinereus, as follows: Ptiliogonys Swainson, (May) 1827, Philos. Mag., n. s. 1 (fasc. 5), p. 368 Ptilio$onatus Swainson, (July) 1827, Zool. Journ. 3 (Art. 15), p. 164 Ptiliogonys Swainson, 1831, Zool. Illus., p1.62 Ptiliogonys Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illus., p1. 102 Ptilo$onys Swainson, 1837, Nat. Hist. and Classif., Vol. 2, p. 224, index (spelled Ptiliogonys on p. 6) Ptilo$onys Swainson, 1838, Animals Menag., p. 285 Strickland (1841), who reviewed Gray (1840), re- marked that the spelling of the genus should be Pti- logonys. Gray (1841) followed the suggested correc- tion, but authors since then have spelled the name either as Ptiliogonys or Ptilogonys. Ridgway (1887) was the last author to use the original spelling, Ptiliogonys. Swainson, who never provided an etymology for the name of this genus, gave "knees feathered" as a char- acter (Swainson 1827b). Thus, the generic name would seem to be from the Greek ptilon, feather, and the Greek, gonys, knee (see Brown 1956, Woods 1966). When these roots are used in combination, the word is correctly spelled ptilogonys. Nonetheless, the names used by Swainson after the first publication (1827a) are incorrect subsequent spellings and have no no- menclatural standing (I.C.Z.N. 1985: art. 32). The correct citation of the genus is as follows: Pti- liogonys Swainson, (May) 1827, Philos. Mag., n. s. 1 (fasc. 5), p. 368. Type by monotypy, Ptiliogonys cinereus Swainson, 1827. The publication for the source of Ptiliogonys cinereus was incorrectly given by Greenway (1960) as "1827, London, Edinb. Dubl. Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, p. 368." That journal title refers to the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, which was published only from 1840 to 1850 (see Bolton 1897). The first description of P. cinereus was published in the journal known simply as The Philosophical Maga- zine. Therefore, the species should have the same ci- tation as the genus. THE TYPE LOCALITY OF P. CINEREUS The range of P. cinereus was given by Swainson (1827a) as "Table land of Mexico. Real del Monte." Ridgway (1904) considered the "Table Land" of Mexico as the type locality, and Hellmayr (1935) gave it only as Mexico. The locality Real del Monte, in the state of Hidalgo (given as Rio del Monte in Sharpe [1906]) was, perhaps, not considered as the type lo- cality by those authors. This is because it was known that William Bullock Sr. (1824b) never visited there, contra Brodkorb (1944). However, William Bullock Jr., who remained in Mexico until at least 1827 and col- lected with Ferdinand Deppe in the table lands of Mexico (Stresemann 1954), did visit Real del Monte (Swainson 1827b). Either of the Bullocks also may have received specimens from Real del Monte sent by a Mr. Morgan or a geologist named John Taylor. Taylor visited Real del Monte sometime between 1822 and 1823 (Dahlgren 1887: 204-205), and he is known to have communicated later with the mining com- panies there for several years (Taylor 1838). Swainson (in Swainson and Richardson 1832) had access to spec- imens from John Taylor's Mexican collection, which consisted of at least 21 birds that "were examined and said to be described by Mr. Swainson" (Sharpe 1906: 497). Swainson (1832-1833, opposite P1. 102) de- scribed a male of P. cinereus received from John Taylor that Mr. Morgan collected at Real del Monte. Nonetheless, Moore (1935) stated that "It is quite probable that my fresh specimens [of P. cinereus] from Temascaltepec (an old locality of Swainson) are to- potypical and I suggest that the 'table lands of Mexico' of the original description be restricted to Temascal- tepec." Both Bullocks visited Temascaltepec (Strese- mann 1954) as well as other localities of the table land. Miller et al. (1957), Greenway (1960), and the AOU (1983) followed Moore's (1935) restriction of the type locality of cinereus. On the other hand, Phillips (1966) gave the type locality as "'Mexico' [=Distrito Federal?]." According to Brodkorb (1944), Sibley (1950), and Pitelka (1961), there are reasons to doubt some of the type localities given by Swainson. However, several names proposed by Swainson have Real del Monte as their presently accepted type locality. Furthermore, it is quite clear that Swainson and Bullock (1824b) used the term "table land" as a region of Mexico rather than as a specific locality. Moore's (1935) re- jection of the general locality of "table land of Mex- ico" is reasonable; however, to restrict a type locality on the basis of specimens on hand and ignore more specific locality information is hardly justified. Moore's statement does not negate the fact that Swainson gave a specific locality for cinereus in the original descrip- tion (Swainson 1827a). 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Received 12 January 1989, accepted 31 May 1989.