COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA NUMBER 33 Distributional Check-List of the Birds of Mexico PART II BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY December 20, 1957 r  MEXICAN CACIQUE (i I$SICULUS 31EL/INIC'I'EI{U,', 0he-half natural size Painting by Andrew Jackson Grayson NOTE The publications of the Cooper Ornithological Society consist of two series---The Condor, a bimonthly journal, and the Pacific Coast lvifauna, for the accommodation of papers the length of which pro- hibits their appearance in The Condor. For information as to either series, address C. V. Duff, Business Manager, 2911 Antelo View Drive, Los Angeles 24, California, or Thomas R. Howell, Assistant Business Manager, Department of Zoology, University of California, Los An- geles. The publications of the Society are edited at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Trogonidae, Trogons ................................................................................................... 11 Alcedinidae, Kingfishers .............................................................................................. 15 Momotidae, Motmots .................................................................................................... 18 Galbulidae, Jacamars .................................................................................................... 21 Bucconidae, Puff-Birds ................................................................................................. 22 Ramphastidae, Toucans ................................................................................................. 23 Picidae, Woodpeckers .................................................................................................... 25 Dendrocolaptidae, Woodhewers ................................................................................... 45 Furnariidae, Ovenbirds ................................................................................................ 52 Formicariidae, Antbirds ............................................................. i .................................. 55 Cotingidae, Cotingas ...................................................................................................... 59 Pipridae, Manakins ...................................................................................................... 65 Tyrannidae, Tyrant Flycatchers .................... , .............................................................. 66 Alaudidae, Larks ............................................................................................................ 103 Hirundinidae, Swallows ................................................................................................ 107 Corvidae, Crows and Jays ............................................................................................ 117 Paridae, Titmice ............................................................................................................ 133 Sittidae, Nuthatches ...................................................................................................... 140 Certhiidae, Creepers ...................................................................................................... 143 Chamaeidae, Wren-tits .................................................................................................. 145 Cinclidae, Dippers ......................................................................................................... 146 Troglodytidae, Wrens .................................................................................................. 147 Mimidae, Mockingbirds and Thrashers ........................................................................ 170 Turdidae, Thrushes ...................................................................................................... 180 Sylviidae, Old World Warblers, Gnatcatchers, and Kinglets ...................................... 201 Motacillidae, Wagtails and Pipits .................................................................................. 209 Bombycillidae, Waxwings ............................................................................................ 211 Ptilogonatidae, Silky Flycatchers ................................................................................ 212 4 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Laniidae, Shrikes ........................................................................................................... 214 Cyclarhidae, Pepper-shrikes ......... '. .............................................................................. 217 Vireolaniidae, Shrike-vireos ........................................................................................... 218 Sturnidae, Starlings ...................................................................................................... 219 Vireonidae, Vireos ......................................................................................................... 220 Coerebidae, Honeycreepers .......................................................................................... 235 Parulidae, Wood Warblers ............................................................................................ 237 Ploceidae, Weaver Finches ........................................................................................... 275 Icteridae, Blackbirds, Troupials, and Meadowlarks .................................................... 276 Thraupidae, Tanagers ................................................................................................... 297 Fringillidae, Finches, Grosbeaks, Buntings, and Sparrows ........................................ 312 Hypothetical List ........................................................................................................... 403 Index to Part II ............................................................................................................ 409 INTRODUCTION Part I of the Distributional Check-list of the Birds of Mxico was published in 1950 as Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 29 and encompassed, in the sequence of Wetmore's "Systematic Classification for Birds of the World," the families from the Tinamidae to and including the Trochilidae. The present part II covers all the remaining bird groups. In the introduction to part I the plan and organization of the undertaking were de- .scribed. Since, however, part II appears as a separate publication, these matters need to be reviewed for the benefit of users of this final section of the list. Moreover, certain additions should be recorded in procedure and participation which inevitably took place in the course of our work of the last eight years. The present check-list, we emphasize anew, is the first detailed list for Mxico, and as such has many inadequacies and leaves many questions unresolved. Its greatest value should be as a point of departure and a stimulus to release into print countless additional significant data hitherto lying dormant, or even buried, in various museums and note- books. The present group of author-compilers feels, in a very real sense, that the rapidity with which the Mexican Check-list becomes out of date will be a measure of its useful- ness in advancing knowledge. It should spur workers to concentrate on revealed gaps in our knowledge of Mexican birds and their distribution. The compilers of part II have attempted to canvass everything that has been pub- lished on the subject and also to utilize the combined collections available to the four of them. It was in no sense possible to review and re-identify every specimen in each collection and the compilers are fully aware of large series of Mexican birds that have not been completely identified or reported. The compilers believe that within a committee of as few as four members it is unwise to attempt to settle the validity of some forms of birds by a simple vote. A minority opinion may actually be based on better information or experience than a majority one. In general, subspecies have been included once proposed except those which the authors are unanimously against recognizing. Those excluded, as well as certain doubts about recognized forms, are mentioned in footnote statements. Nonetheless, the authors attempt to express critical judgment of many taxonomic issues through the plan and content of the list. English names are employed only for full species. Spanish or native names are pro- vided for both full species and subspecies, but those for the latter always include the name of the species as an entity. Since the appearance of part I, opinion has crystallized in North America for the elimination of vernacular names for subspecies. While part of our author group subscribes strongly to this view, it was acknowledged by all of us that it would be unwise to institute a new plan in this regard in part II that would thus make the whole undertaking discordant. Therefore we have continued to present the Spanish vernacular names for subspecies which, even if little employed, often will prove usefully descriptive of the birds for Spanish readers. The compilers acknowledge their indebtedness to various Mexican scientists for courtesies extended: to Dr. Rafael Martin del Campo of the Instituto de Biologia of Mxico City, who has helped greatly by supplying Spanish and Indian names of birds; to the authorities of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Mxico City for per- [5] 6 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 mitting Moore to examine their entire collection of mounted specimens; and to Dr. Isaac Ochotorena, Director of the Instituto de Biologla of Mxico City and to Dr. Rafael Martin del Campo for similarly allowing examination of all specimens in the collection under their guardianship. The cooperation of the officials of the Direcci6n General Forestal y de Caza in granting permits for the conduct of scientific work in Mxico over a long period of years also is deeply appreciated. The procedure in preparing part II of the list and the participation of the members of the author group may properly be recorded. Each member agreed to prepare the manuscript on a given group of families. These manuscripts prepared by any one author were then carefully gone over by the other three members of the group and revised manuscripts were then developed by the principal author or authors for the family con- cerned. These revised manuscripts were in almost all instances put in mimeographed form and submitted to active workers in the field of Mexican ornithology for criticism and corrections, with the understanding that they were not obliged to inform the authors of unpublished data in their possession if they intended to put them on record independ- ently. These reviewers did however supply freely many helpful and detailed records for inclusion in the list. To this group who thus served so importantly in relation to part II we express our sincere thanks: John W. Aldrich, Emmet R. Blake, Pierce Brodkorb, Thomas D. Burleigh, George H. Lowery, Jr., Robert J. Newman, Kenneth C. Parkes, Raymond J. Paynter, Jr., James L. Peters, Allan R. Phillips, Frank A. Pitelka, Charles G. Sibley, George M. Sutton, Robert W. Storer, Josselyn Van Tyne, Alexander Wetmore, and John T. Zimmer. Upon return of the mimeographed version the principal author for each family prepared a final manuscript. All such manuscripts were then edited and adapted to reasonably uniform plan and practice by the editor-in-chief. The conclusion of work on the various families was in effect marked by the date of producing the mimeographed or subfinal copy. Additions from the literature following that time could not be made systematically although occasional significant matters were added later as they came to the attention of the authors or in the course of the final editing. It should be evident that it is impractical to keep the manuscript for a check-list current throughout. Accordingly we record here the date for each family or group of families which marks the approximate end of systematic coverage of data, together with the author or authors primarily involved in bringing the section concerned to the subfinal' form. Trogonidae to Pipridae April 10, 1952 Griscom Tyrannidae September 1, 1956 Griscom, Miller, and Moore Alaudidae and Hirundinidae September 11, 1951 Miller Corvidae August 30, 1954 Moore Paridae to Cinclidae January 11, 1952 Miller Troglodytidae December 31, 1954 Miller Mimidae June 3, 1954 Millet Turdidae September 30, 1956 Miller and Griscom Sylviidae July 15, 1956 Friedmann Motacillidae to Ptilogonatidae November 1, 1956 Griscom and Miller Laniidae December 1, 1955 Miller Cyclarhidae to Coerebidae November 1, 1956 Griscom and Miller Parulidae August 26, 1948 Moore Ploceidae to Thraupidae March 2, 1954 Friedmann Fringillidae December 14, 1955 Miller Hypothetical List May 3, 1956 Friedmann A very major factor contributing to the preparation of the list has been the utiliza- tion of the wealth of material in the Moore Collection, which by 1956 contained ap- 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 7 proximately 55,000 bird specimens and a great amount of data on breeding seasons and migration. Robert Moore has contributed extensively by the assembling, classifying, and reporting of data to the other authors on the families with which they were primarily concerned. His work from 1931 to 1934 had resulted in the building of a large collection from Sinaloa and adjacent states and thereafter it was decided to expand his program to cover the whole of Mxico for the specific purpose of developing the first check-list of the birds of that country. From 1934 to 1942 he supported the field activities of his collectors by joining them occasional!y at strategic collecting stations. In 1942 Robert Moore, Herbert Friedmann, and Ludlow Griscom joined to form a group of compiling authors for part I of the Mexican check-list which as noted earlier was published in 1950 by the Cooper Ornithological Society. Friedmann as Chairman of the Research Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union had previously urged on behalf of the committee the preparation of a Mexican list. The participation by Friedmann and Griscom made available to the undertaking the extensive data on Mexi- can birds derived from two of the largest collections in the United States, namely,. the United States National Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. In 1949 Robert Moore, joined by Mrs. Moore, as individuals and trustees, gave to Occidental College the funds to erect a Laboratory of Zoology and an endowment known as the Moore Fund. The Laboratory was to serve as research headquarters for the check- list activities. The facilities and collections of the Laboratory and its supporting trusts and institutions have been an essential foundation for the check-list undertaking. Specifically to be acknowledged in this regard are the authorities of Occidental Col- lege, particularly its President, Dr. Arthur Coon% who approved and supported the whole project. They agreed that the primary objectives would be the preparation of part II of the check-!ist, the purchase of bird-skins to fill in geographical gaps in the representation of the avifauna of Mxico, and the provision of salaries. In 1950 Dr. Alden H. Miller was invited to join the group of compiling authors. His participation became more extensive than originally planned owin to illnesses among the other authors and later he was asked to assume the role for part [I of editor-in-chief of the group of compilers. Miller had the opportunity to work over all material in the Moore Collection for those families for which he had first responsibil:ty and also for those in which he had secondary concern. Certain other persons have devoted major segments of time to the undertaking. Acknowledgment is due especially to Chester C. Lamb, who collected the majority of the material from Mxico in the Moore Collection and who, prior to 1932, had obtained most of the large representation of Lower Californian birds in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; to the late W. W. Brown and Mario del Toro Avils who supplied many im- portant specimens; to Dr. John Davis, who from 1950 to 1953 was Assistant in Verte- brate Zoology at the Moore Laboratory of Zoology and participated in the arranging and classifying of the collection covered in part II: to Don R. Medina, who from 1954 to 1956 assisted at the Moore Laboratory in related fashion; and to Patrick Gould who aided similarly from late 1956 to 1957. At the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Miller has had extensive support in comple- tion of the check-list manuscript and in the editing of it from the Annie 3/I. Alexander endowment. The Associates in Tropical Biogeography of the University of California have supported additional field work to enrich the Museum's collections from Mxico, and the University of California has financed Research Assistants for the project. The assistants who have aided substantially have been Robert A. Norris, Rober K. Selander, Don R. Medina, Richard F. Johnston, and Robert I. Bowman. In addition, Miller's 8 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 present colleagues on the staff of the Museum, namely, John Davis, A. Starker Leopold, Frank A. Pitelka, and Ward C. Russell have assisted with the undertaking, either on fie'd expeditions, or through aid in the actual developing of data for the manuscript. For most species appearing in the Mexican Check-list, previously unpublished data are incorporated. These data are specifically entered where they have significance in outlining the limits of distribution, altitudinal range, seasonal status, or breeding period, or where they represent the only known records for the state at the time of preparing the manuscript. It has been thought advisable, both from the standpoint of supplying information to the reader and of making due acknowledgment by the compilers, to state, wherever possible, the sources of these items. The museums whose specimens or data have been so cited are therefore referred to in the text by the following symbols: A. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology B. Dickey Collection, University of California at Los Angeles C. George M. Sutton Collection D. Cornell University Collection E. Louisiana State University Museum F. Museum of Comparative Zoology G. United States National Museum H. American Museum of Natural History K. Robert T. Moore Collection L. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Mdxico City M. British Museum N. Chicago Natural History Museum O. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology P. Yale Peabody Museum Q. Allan R. Phillips Collection R. Carnegie Museum When, as in most instances, the small letter "d" is added to the symbol (for example, A-d), it indicates that the record is derived from skins, eggs, or nests; otherwise the information is not known to be thus based on specimens. Details from published sources are entered without these symbols. The plan involved in the entry of citations to original descriptions has been to verify details from these publications themselves wherever possible. Moreover type localities are given as they appeared in the original work with respect to orthography, punctua- tion and accenting whenever these matters could be checked; if necessary these earlier usages are equated or explained in terms of current practice or subsequent knowledge of geography. It has been desirable to employ for descriptive purposes names for certain geograph- ical areas whose boundaries do not correspond with those of states or territories. "Central Plateau" represents the upland area, consisting of portions or all of the states of Chi- huahua, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Queretaro, northeastern and eastern Jalisco, central and eastern Michoac/m, and western M6xico; it is roughly bounded by the Rio Grande, the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Sierra Madre Oriental, and the Rio Balsas. "Pacific Plains" designates the flat coastal area (for the most part near sea level in altitude and arid), consisting of the western portions of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Nayarit; it is bounded by the Gulf of California and the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Arizona-Mexican border on the north, the foothills west of the Sierra Madre Occidental on the east, and the mountains which extend east from Cape Corrientes on the south. "Atlantic Plains" represents the flat coastal area (for the most part near sea level in altitude and arid), consisting of the eastern portions of the states of Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, and Veracruz, the northern portions of Campeche and 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 9 Quintana Roo, and all of Yucatan; it is bounded by the Gulf of M6xico on the east, the Texas-Tamaulipan border on the north, the Sierra Madre Oriental on the west and the humid portions of the states of Veracruz, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and British Hon- duras on the south. In stating the range in M6xico of each form we have used the following order in listing the several states. The country has been divided into four more or less equal bands running from north to south, beginning with the western side and ending with the eastern portion of the country. Sometimes the order is changed slightly when the habitat of a form that is chiefly confined to one of these bands follows a faunal area to some extent into another section. The four sections and their included states are as follows: 1 2 3 4 Baja California Chihuahua Coahuila Nuevo Le6n Sonora Durango San Luis Potosl Tamaulipas Sinaloa Zacatecas Hidalgo Veracruz Nayarit Aguascalientes Tlaxcala Tabasco Jalisco Guanajuato Puebla Campeche Colima Queretaro Yucafftn Michoacfin Mxico Quintana Roo Guerrero Distrito Federal Oaxaca Morelos Chiapas Co-editor Group ALDEN H. MILLER, Editor-in-chief HERBERT FRIEDMANN LUDLOW GRISCOM ROBERT T. MOORE FAMILY TROGONIDAE TROGONS Pharomachrus mocino de la Llave. Resplendent Trogon. Quetzal. Quetzah6totl (Nfihuatl). Cloud forests of the Subtropical Zone from southern M6xico to Bolivia. Pharomachrus mocino mocino de la Llave. Quetzal guatemalteco. Pharomachrus Mocino de la Llave, Registro Trimestre, 1, 1832, 48 (Guatemala and Chiapas; type in Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. M6xico). Resident in cloud forests, from the mountains of extreme eastern Oaxaca south to. northern Nicaragua. M6xico: Extreme eastern Oaxaca ( 12 mi. E La Gloria) and Chiapas (near Tumbal&; Catarinas, 1300 meters; Santa Rosa, 28 mi. ESE Comit&n, April 18, breeding, O-d). Euptilotis neoxenus (Gould) Eared Trogon. Coa orej6n. Trogon neoxenus Gould, Monog. Trogonidae, pt. 3, 1838, plate [10] and text (Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). M6xico: Resident in montane pine forests (6000 to 10,000 feet) of western section. Rare and little known. Recorded from Sinaloa (Babizos, December 3, one male, K-d), Nayarit, Michoac&n, Chihuahua (Rio Gavilkn; Laguna Juanota, 10,000 feet, K-d; Sierra del Nido, O-d), Durango (Piedra Gorda and 6 mi. SW EL Salto, K-d), and Zacatecas. Trogon massena Gould. Massena Trogon. Tresgarantias grande. Southern M6xico to Ecuador in Tropical Zone. Trogon massena massena Gould. Tresgarantlas grande del Norte. Trogon massena Gould, Monog. Trogonidae, pt. 3, 1838, plate [4  16 of volume] and text (Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to eastern Nicaragua. M6xico: Tropical rain forests of Oaxaca (15 mi. N Matias Romero, June 2, breed- ing, O-d; winters, K-d), Chiapas (Atlantic slope only, winters, K-d), Veracruz, Ta- basco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (46 kin. W Chetumal). Trogon citreolus Gould. Citreoline Trogon. Cuauhtotola amarilla. Atlantic and Pacific coasts of M6xico and drier parts of Tropical Zone in Central America south to northern Costa Rica. [11] 12 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Trogon citreolus citreolus Gould. Cuauhtotola amarilla de Gould. Trogon citreolus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, 30 (no type locality = M6xico; type in Brit. Mus.). _a. rid Tropical Zone of Pacific slope of western M6xico. M6xico: Sinaloa (common from sea level to 3500 feet, breeding in July, winters, K-d), Jalisco (Autlgtn, 3000 feet), Nayarit (July 28, breeding, O-d), Colima, Michoacgtn (winters, K'-d), Guerrero, and Oaxaca (western part, possibly intergrading with next race). Trogon citreolus sumichrasti Brodkorb. Cuauhtotola amarilla de Sumichrast. Trogon citreolus sumichrasti Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, 1942, 183 (Arriaga, 56 meters, Chiapas; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Pacific slope of southern M6xico. M6xico: Oaxaca (Las Tejedas, 9 mi. W Tehuantepec, K-d) and Chiapas (western and central parts). Togon citreolus melanocephala Gould. Cuauhtotola amarilla cabecinegra. Trogon melanocephala Gould, Monog. Trogonidae, 1835, plate [6] and text (State of Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Drier parts of Tropical Zone of eastern Mdxico through Central America to northern Costa Rica. Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern), Chiapas (eastern), Tamaulipas (southern), Veracruz (12 mi. S Boca del Rio, May 20, laying, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quin- tana Roo. Trogon mexicanus Swainson. Mexican Trogon. Pabel16n mexicano. Tresgarantlas. Pitorreal. Coa. Cuauhtotola. Txinitzcan (Nfihuafi). Teutzinitzcan (Nfihuatl). Montane pine forests from northwestern Mxico to Honduras. Trogon mexicanus clarus Griscom. Pabel16n mexicano ptlido. Trogon mexicanus clarus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 1932, 57 (Pinos Altos, Chihuahua; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M6xico: Confined to the Sierra Madre Occidental (5500 to 10,000 feet) of north- western M6xico. Recorded from eastern Sinaloa (fairly common, Santa Gertrudis, May 22, nestling, K-d; Batel, October 14, O-d), Chihuahua (fairly common, especially from 8000 to 10,000 feet on Mount Mohinora, K.-d), and Durango (Piedra Gorda, Rancho Guasimal, Neviero, K-d; Cerro Huehuento). Trogon mexicanus mexicanus Swainson. Pabel16n mexicano de Swainson. Trogon mexicanus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 440 (Temiscaltepec, Mexico). Resident in the mountains of western and central M4xico and western Guatemala. M4xico: Recorded from Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacn, Guerrero, Oaxaca, 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 13 Chiapas (Ciudad Las Casas, April 5, laying, K-d; birds of the southern portion of the state approach lutescens in size), Zacatecas, Hidalgo, Puebla, Mgxico, Morelos, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. Trogon elegans Gould. Coppery-tailed Trogon. Coa elegante. In pine forests and arid tropics from Arizona to northwestern Costa Rica. Trogon elegans canescerts van Rosscm. Coa elegante blanquecina. Trogon elegans canescens van Rossera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 441 (San Javier, Sonora; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern Arizona (summer resident only) and northwestern Mxico. Mxico: Sonora, northern Sinaloa (common, sea level to 3500 feet), and western Chihuahua (Rio Gavilgn, July 21, August 18, small juveniles, O-d). Trogon elegans goldmani Nelson. Coa elegante de Islas Mafias. Trogon ambiguus gold*nanl Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 1898, 8 (Maria Madre Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mgxico: Tres Madas Islands (Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena). Trogon elegans ambiguus Gould. Coa elegante del noreste. Trogon ambiguus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, 1835, 30 (Northern Mdxico; type in Brit. Mus.). Extreme southern Texas (casual) and most of Mxico; absent from heavy tropical rain forest. Mxico: Sinaloa (southern portion, intergrades with canescens; sea level to 5200 feet at Rancho Batel in Transition Zone: Potrerillo, May 25, breedinc. K-d), Nayarit (sea level to 6000 feet, K-d), Jalisco (up to 7800 feet at Tapalpa), Michoacfin, Guer- rero, Oaxaca, Durango, Zacatecas, M&xico, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. Reaches sea level in Sinaloa, Nayarit, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. Found breeding or in breeding condition from late April to July. Trogon collaris Vieillot. Collared Trogon. Trobo de collar. Humid tropical and subtropical rain forests from eastern M&xico to Bolivia and Brazil. Trogon collaris puella Gould. Trobo de collar jalapefio. Trogon puella Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845, 18 (Escuintla, South America --- Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Common in Humid Tropical and Subtropical zones from southern Mxico to west- ern Panama. 14 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, San Luis Potosi, Puebla (Papantilla, May 17, nesting, K-d), Veracruz (Presidio, April 21, nesting, winters, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yuca- fftn, and Quintana Roo. Occurs up to 4450 feet. Trogon violaceus Gmelin. Gartered Trogon. Trog6n violftceo. Tropical rain forests from southern M6xico to Peril, the Guianas, and the Amazon. Trogon violaceus braccatus (Cabanis and Heine). Trog6n violJcea del notre. Aganus braccatus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., Th. 4, 1862-63 (186g), Heft 1, 184 (Mexico = Valle Real, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Southeastern M6xico to northeastern Nicaragua. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Tamaulipas, Veracruz (Presidio, May 6, nesting, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucafftn, and Quintana Roo (Carillo Puerto, June 10, laying). Erroneously recorded from "near City of M6xico." April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 15 FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE KINGFISHERS Ceryle torquata (Linnaeus). Ringed Kingfisher. Martin pescador matraca. Chalal,5. Chiefly Tropical Zone, from northern M6xico to Chile and Argentina; also Lesser Antilles. Ceryle torquata torquata (Linnaeus). Marfin pescador matraca de Linnaeus. Alcedo torquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 180 (Martinique and Mexico). Mxico to Peril, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Mxico: Sinaloa, Nayarit (Sauta, May 3, nesting, K-d), Michoacgn (four winter specimens, K-d), Guerrero (O-d), Oaxaca (wintering, K-d), Chiapas, Hidalgo, Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Cam- peche, and Quintana Roo. Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus). Belted Kingfisher. Martin pescador pardo. Chalalactli (Nfihuatl). Breeds in North America from tree-line to southern United States. Winters from central United States to Trinidad and northern South America. Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell. Martin pescador pardo del Pacffico. Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1910, 388 (Graveyard Point, Montague Island, Alaska; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Breeds west of the Rocky Mountains from northern Alaska to southern California. Winters from Washington south to Durango. M6xico: Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit (October 12-17), Chihuahua, Durango and Tres Marias Islands; season, August to May 9. This race only recently known in M.6xico; numerous specimens of the species require re-examination. Ceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus). Martfn pescador pardo del este. Alcedo aleyon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 115 (South Carolina). Breeds in eastern Canada and eastern United States west to the Rocky Mountains. Winters from central United States through the West Indies to Trinidad and through M6xico and Central America to northern South America. M6xico: Recorded definitely from Sonora (Guirocoba, January 13, one specimen, K-d), Sinaloa (winters, four specimens, extreme dates October 18 to April 28, K-d), Jalisco, Michoac&n (one specimen, January 11, K-d), Oaxaca, Chihuahua (G-d), Du- rango, December 8, 31, K-d), Guerrero (O-d), Guanajuato (winters, October 3 to January 25, K-d), Mxico, Coahuila (one specimen, November 14, K-d), Puebla, Ta- maulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Ghloroceryle amazona (Latham). Big Green Kingfisher. Martin pescador verde. Tropical Zone from southern Mxico to west Ecuador and Argentina. Chloroceryle amazona mexicana Brodkorb. Martin pescador verde mexicano. Chloroceryle amazona mexicana Brodkorb, Auk, 57, 1940, 543 (Barra de Cahuactn, Chiapas; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Tropical Mxico through Central America to Darien. Mxico: Sinaloa (six winter specimens, December 23 to February 28, K-d), Nayarit (Chacala, March 22, nesting, K-d), Michoacgn (three winter specimens, K-d), Guer- rero (Zirgndaro, May 21, breedin condition, K-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas, Puebla, southern Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Yucafftn (requires confirmation), and Quintana Roo. Chloroceryle americana (Gmelin). Little Green Kingfisher. Martin pescador americano. Northern Sonora and southern Texas south to western Peril and Argentina. Chloroceryle americana hachisukai Laubmann. Martin pescador americano de Hachisuka. Chloroceryle americana hachisukai Laubmann, Verh. Ornith. Gesell. Bayern, 22, 1940 (1941 ), 165, New name for C. a. leucosticta van Rossem and I-Iachisuka, preoccupied (Rancho La Ari- zona, near Saric, Sonora; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Northern Sonora (casually Arizona) and southwestern Texas south to Nayarit and western Durango. Recorded from Sonora, Sinaloa (abundant resident, sea level to 3000 feet, rarely to 6400 feet, at Babizos, July 8, breeds from February 28 to June 12, K-d), Nayarit (Rancho Moloti, March 31, Santa, May 13, nesting, K-d), western Durango (two specimens, Tamazula, 2800 feet), Chihuahua, and northern Coahuila. Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis (Sharpe).l Martin pescador americano de rio. Ceryle septentrionalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 17, 1892, 134 (restricted to Teapa, Tabasco; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Texas through Mxico (sea level to 7000 feet) to Guatemala and E1 Sal- vador. Intergrades northwestward in Mxico with the preceding subspecies over a wide area. Mxico: Common in Tropical and Upper Sonoran zones. Recorded from Jalisco, Colima, Michoacgtn, Guerrero (February 15, breeding condition, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas, Durango (Rio Mesquital, 6200 feet, May 27, nesting, K-d), Aguascalientes, Guana- juato, Queretaro (K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal, Morelos, San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, March 4, nesting (K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. 1 Ckloroceryle americana vanrossemi Brodkorb, Auk, 57, 1940, 543 (Barra de Cahuactn, Chiapas) is regarded as a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 17 Chloroceryle aenea (Pallas). Least Kingfisher. Martfn pescador mfnimo. Humid tropics from southern Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. Chloroceryle aenea stictoptera (Ridgway). Martin pescador minimo nortefio. Ceryle supercillosa stictoptera Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, 1884, 95 (Sisal, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Mxico to E1 Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, Puebla (Papantilla, possibly breeding, K-d), Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. April 10, 1952; Griscom 18 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 FAMii¾ MOMOTIDAE MOTMOTS Hylomanes momotula Lichtenstein. Tody Motmot. Bobo chico. Tropical and upper tropical rain forests, from southern Mxico to northwestern Colombia. Hylomanes raoraotula raoraotula Lichtenstein.1 Bobo chico de Rio. Iarylomanes momotula Lichtenstein, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin for 1838 (1839), 449, pl. 4 (Valle Real, Mxico; type in Berlin Mus.). Southern Mxico through Caribbean slope of Central America to eastern Nicaragua. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Escuilapa, March, Soyaltepec, January 22, K-d), Chia- pas (Cacahuattn, K-d; Mount Ovando; Santa Roa, Comittn), Veracruz, Tabasco, and Quintana Roo (12 mi. W Bacalar). Aspatha gularis (Lafresnaye). Blue-throated Motmot. Bobo garganta azul. Prionites gularis Lafrasnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, 1840, 130 (Guatemala; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mountain forests (chiefly in subtemperate oak zone), from southern Mxico to E1 Salvador and Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas (Teopisca; Cuidad Las Casas; Volcm Tacanfi, 3000 meters, May 20, one juvenile, three adults, K-d: Siltepec). Electron carinaturn (DuBus). Keel-billed Motmot. Bobo pico aquillado. Prionites carinatus DuBus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., 14, pt. 2, 1847, 108 (Guatemala; type in Roy. Mus. Belg.). Tropical rain forests, from southern Mdxico to northwestern Costa Rica. Mxico: Veracruz and Tabasco. Eumomota superciliosa (Sandbach). Turquoise-browed Motmot. Guardabarranca. Xionpalqucchol (Nfihuatl). Chiefly Arid Tropical Zone from southern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica. 1 Includes Iarylomanes momotula chiapensis Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 369, 1938, 2 (Mount Ovando, Chiapas), which requires confirmation. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 19 Eumomota superciliosa bipartita Ridgway. Guardabarranca chiapaneco. Eumomota superciIiaris bipartitus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, 1912, 90 (Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Parts of southern Mxico and Pacific slope of Guatemala. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (juvenile, March 26, K-d), and possibly Veracruz (Uvero, Tolosa). Eumomota superciliosa superciliosa (Sandbach). Guardabarranca cejas de turqnesa. Pyronites superciIiosus Sandbach, Athenaeum, no. 517, 1837, 698 (Mexico = Campeche; type in coll. Mus. Roy. Inst., Liverpool). Mxico: Resident in extreme southeastern section. Recorded from Tabasco, Cam- peche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (Meco; possibly Cozumel Island). Momotus mexicanus Swainson. Rufous-crowned Motmot. PJjaro reloj. Arid Tropical Zone of western Mxico and the interior of Guatemala. Momotus mexicanus vanrossemi Moore. Pfijaro reloj de van Rossera. Momotus mexlcanus vanrossemi Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, 1932, 109 (Chinobampo, Sonora; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). M&xico: Resident of Alamos Faunal Area of southern Sonora (January 30, extreme northern Sinaloa south to Rio Sinaloa, K-d), and adjacent portions of Chihua- hua (one observed, K). Momotus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson. Pfijaro reloj mexicano. Moraotus Mexicanus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 442 (Temiscaltepec, Mexico). Mxico: Western and interior sections, from sea level to 5500 feet. Recorded from Sinaloa (from Rio Sinaloa south), Nayarit (Sauta, April 30 to May 8, breeding, K-d), Colima, Jalisco, Michoacfin, Guerrero (Mexcala, June 27, breeding, K-d; Chilpancingo, April 8-July 2, breeding, May 18, laying, O-d), Durango (5500 feet), Zacatecas, ico, Morelos, Puebla (6 mi. N Izucar de Matamoros, May 3, K-d), and extreme western Veracruz. Momotus mexicanus saturatus Nelson. Pfijaro reloj del Pacifico. Momotus mexicanus saturatus Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 49 (Ciudad Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Eastern half of Oaxaca (up to 6000 feet, K-d) and Chiapas. 20 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Momotus momota (Linnaeus). Blue-crowned Motmot. Turco real. Northeastern Mxico south to northwestern Peril, Trinidad, Bolivia, and Argentina. Numerous subspecies in the arid tropical, humid tropical, and subtropical zones. Momotus momota coeruliceps (Gould). Tnrco real de cabeza azul. Prioriires coeruliceps Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 4, 1836, 18 (Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). M6xico: Tropical Zone of northeastern section, from sea level to 4500 feet. Recorded from Nuevo Le6n, San Luis Potosl, Tamaulipas (Magiscatzin, June 15 to 21, breeding, K-d), Puebla, and northern Veracruz (south to Jalapa; Laguna Tamiahua, June 1, nest- ing, K-d). The record from the "City of Mexico" is erroneous. Momotus momota lessonii Lesson.1 Turco real de Lesson. Momotus Lessonii Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1842, 174 (Realejo, Nicaragua; type in Paris Mus.). Tropical and Subtropical zones from southern Mxico to western Panamg, up to at least 4OOO feet. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, southern Veracruz (from Presidio south; Presidio, April 30, breeding, K-d), Tabasco, southern Campeche, and southern Quintana Roo. Momotus momota exiguus Ridgway. Turco real yucateco. Momotus lessonii exiguus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, 1912, 89 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to northern part of Yucatgn Peninsula in Campeche, Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo (breeds, April, May). x We follow Wetmore in including M. lessoni goldman Nelson. April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 21 FAMILY GALBULIDAE JACAMARS Galbula ruficauda Cuvier. Rufous-tailed Jacamar. Gorri6n de montafia. Humid tropical rain forests from southern M6xico to western Ecuador, northeastern Argentina, and Trinktad. Galbula ruficauda melanogenia Sclater. Gorri6n de montafia de Sclater. Galbula melanogenia Sclater, in Jardine's Contrib. Ornith. for 1852, 1853, 61, pl. 90 (Veragua on p. 93; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to western Ecuador. Mxico: Eastern Oaxaca (Tutla, Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, Palomares, K-d), Chiapas, Veracruz (Rio Jaltepec, May 12, nest), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. April I0, 1952; Griscom 22 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 FAMn,Y BUCCONIDAE PuFF-BraDs Notharcus macrorhyn.chus (Gmelin). 5Yhite-necked Puff-Bird. Boc6n. Humid tropical America from southern M6xico to northern Argentina. Notharcus macrorhynchus hyperrhynchus (Sclater). Boc6n picogordo. Bucco kyperrkynckus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 23, 1855 (1856), 193, pl. 105 (Upper Amazon; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to west Ecuador, Venezuela, and upper Amazonia as far as eastern Bolivia. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, extreme west-central Veracruz (near Tezonapa, 25 mi. S Presidio, one specimen, K-d), southern Campeche, and southern Quintana Roo. Malacoptila panamensis Lafresnaye. Brown Puff-Bird. Malacoptila. Humid tropical forests from southern Mxico to western Ecuador and northern Colombia. Malacoptila panamensis inornata (DuBus). Malacoptila mexicana. Monasa inornata DuBus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., 14, pt. 2, 1847, 107 (Guatemala; type in Brussels Mus.). Southeastern M&xico to eastern Nicaragua. Mxico: Chiapas (Palenque, N-d) and Tabasco (two records). April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 23 FAMILY RAMPHASTIDAE TOUCANS Aulacorhynchus prasinus (Gould). Emerald Toucanet. Tucfin verde. Xochitenficatl (Nfihuatl). Subtropical Zone in the mountains of southern M6xico and Central America, and in the Andes of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peril. Aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri (Sturm). Tuc,'in verde de Wagler. Pteroglossus wagleri Sturm, Monog. Ramphastidae, 1841, pl. 16 (no locality ---- M6xico; location of type unknown). M6xico: Confined to the mountains of Guerrero (Omilteme, April 28, breeding, O-d) and western Oaxaca. Aulacorhynchus prasinus prasinus (Gould). Tucfin verde esmeralda. Pteroglossus praslnus Liehr. Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, 1834, 78 (Mexico: Valle Real, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Mountains of eastern M6xico, reaching sea level in southeastern M6xico, and British Honduras. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (western and northern; Monserrate), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, breeding, and 30 mi. E Huauchinango, K-d), Veracruz (El Faro in arid division of Lower Tropical Zone), and Quintana Roo (Camp Mengel, three specimens, F-d, referred by some authors to A. p. virescens Ridgway). Aulacorhynchus prasinus stenorhabdus Dickey and van Rossem.1 Tucfin verde de van Rossem. Aulacorhynchus prasinus stenorhabdus Dickey and van Rossera, Ibis, 1930, 52 (Cerro Los Na- ranjos, Volcan Santa Ana, Dept. Sonsonate, E1 Salvador; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Subtropical Zone of Pacific cordillera from southern M6xico to E1 Salvador. M6xico: Chiapas (Pacific cordillera). Pteroglossus torquatus (Gmelin). Collared Aragari Toucan. Pitorreal. Tropical Zone from southern M6xico to northern Colombia and coastal Venezuela. Pteroglossus torquatus torquatus (Gmclin).2 Pitotreal de collar. Ramphastos torquatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1788, 354 (Mexico; restricted to Veracruz by Brodkorb). Southern M6xico to the Canal Zone in Panama. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz (Presidio, May, nesting, K-d), and Tabasco. 1 Includes Aulacorhynchus prasinus chiapensis Brodkorb, Auk, 57, 1940, 546 (Mount Ovando, Chiapas, 1900 meters). 2 Includes Pteroglossus torquatus esperanzae Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 401, 1939, 6 (Finca Esperanza, Chiapas). 24 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Pteroglossus torquatus erythrozonus Ridgeray. Pitotreal yucateco. Peroglossus orquatus erythrozonus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, 1912, 88 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). YucatAn Peninsula to northern Guatemala and British Honduras. M6xico: Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson. Keel-billed Toucan. Pico de canoa. Tropical Zone from southern Mdxico to northern Colombia and adjacent Venezuela. Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfmcatus Lesson. Pico de canoa mexicano. Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson, Trait d'Ornith., livr. 3, 1830, 173 (Mxico; type in Paris Mus.), Southeastern Mxico to northern Guatemala and British Honduras. M&xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (A-d), Puebla, Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, K-d), Ta- basco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 25 FAMILY PICIDAE WOODPECKERS Colaptes cater (Gmelin) Red-shafted Flicker. Carpintero alirrojo. Kreto (Tarascan). Breeds from southeastern Alaska, central British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to the tableland of southern Mxico. Migratory in northern half of range. Hybridizes extensively with Colaptes auratus along the western border of the Great Plains.  Colaptes cater collaris Vigors.2 Carpintero alirrojo de collar. Colapres collaris Vigors, Zool. Jour., 4, 1829, 354 (Western shores of North America = Monterey, California; type lost). Southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to northwestern Mxico and western Texas. Mxico: Resident in Sonora, Chihuahua (breeding, K-d), and northern Durango (breeds in Upper.Sonoran and Transition zones of northwestern portion). Winter visi- tant to northern Baja California. A broad belt of intergradation between collaris and mexicanus extends over Sinaloa (breeding in the Sierra Madre, K-d), Nayarit (10 mi. SW Santa Teresa, breeding, June 20, K-d), northern Jalisco, central and southern Du rango (Nombre de Dios, June 7, breeding, K-d), Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato (Dolores Hidalgo, April 27, nesting, K-d), and Hidalgo. Many older winter records for the species in Mxico cannot now be allocated subspecifically. Colaptes cater martirensis Grinnell. Carpintero alirrojo de San Pedro Mftrtir. Co!aotes ca]er martirensis Grinnell, Auk, 44, 1927, 67 (La Grulla, 7200 feet, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Western slopes (Transition and Upper Sonoran zones) of Sierra San Pedro Mtrtir and Sierra Jufi. rez, Baja California, ranging to western seacoast in winter. Colaptes cater rufipileus Ridgway. Carpintero alirrojo de Guadalupe. Colapres mexicanus rufipileus Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, 1876, 191 (Guadeloupe = Guadalupe Island, Baja California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Formerly resident on Guadalupe Island, Baja California; now extinct. Colaptes cater mexicanus Swainson. Carpintero alirroio mexicano. Colapres mexicanus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., 1, 1827, 440 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mxico; type in Liverpool Mus.). Mxico: Central and southern sections. Breeds chiefly in the pine-oak forest belt (variously 3500 to 8000 feet), sometimes higher, and occasionally descending to lower 1 Colapres cater collaris x auratus luteus. A hybrid population produced along the western border of the Great Plains, on migration to California, Arizona, Louisiana, and northern Mxico; one speci- men from Chihuahua.  Includes Colapres cafer chihuahuae Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 314, 1935, 2 (30 mi. W Mifiaca, Chihuahua). 26 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 levels in fall, winter, and spring. Recorded from southern Jalisco, Michoacfin, Guerrero (Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, May 29, nesting, K-d), Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus only; La Cumbr, April 4, breeding, O-d), Zacatecas (Valderama, July, breeding), Guanajuato (nesting, April 27-May 22, K-d), Mxico (Mount Popocatepetl, 13,000 feet, May 21, breeding, K-d), Distrito Federal, Morelos, Puebla, and Veracruz. Inter- grades over a broad area with collaris and nanus. Erroneously recorded from the Isth- mus of Tehuantepec. Colaptes caret nanus Griscom. Carpintero alirrojo enano. Colapres ca]er nanus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 75, 1934, 381 (Ipana, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Chisos Mountains in southwestern Texas and adjacent states of northeastern Mxico. Mxico: Resident in Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 7, nesting), Nuevo Le6n, San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipas. Breeds chiefly in the Transition Zone. Colaptes cafer mexicanoides Lafresnaye. Carpintero alirrojo guatemalteco. Colapres mexicanoTdes Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1844, 42 (Mexico; cotypes in Mus. Comp. Zool. ex Parzudaki, probably from Guatemala, fide Bangs). Confined .to montane pine-oak forests of Chiapas and Guatemala. Mxico: Chiapas (San Crist6bal, Juncana; 28 mi. ESE Comitfin, April 7, laying, O-d). Colaptes chrysoides (Malherbe). Gilded Flicker. Carpintero aliamarillo. Lower Sonoran deserts and Arid Tropical Zone from southeastern California and southwestern Arizona to northern Sinaloa. Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway. Carpintero aliamarillo de Mearns. Colapres chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 32 (Quitovaquito, Ari- zona; tyle in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern California and southwestern Arizona south to northeastern Baja Cali- fornia and northern Sonora. Mxico: Baja California (extreme northeast portion) and northwestern Sonora (east to Hermosil!o and south to Kino Bay and about latitude 28 ø 30; also Tibur6n Island). Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens Anthony. Carpintero aliamarillo de San Fernando. Colapres chrysoides brunnescens Anthony, Auk, 12, 1895, 347 (San Fernando, Baja California; type in Carnegie Mus.). M6xico: Lower Sonoran deserts of central Baja California between latitudes 30 ø and 28 ø . 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 27 Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides (Malherbe). Carpintero alialnarillo de Malherbe. Geopicus chrysodes Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (2), 4, 1852, 553 (Mnerica; Cape San Lucas, Baja California, by subsequent designation; type possibly in Paris Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Baja California south of latitude 28 ø. Colaptes chrysoides tenebrosus van Rossera. Carpintero alialnarillo dc van Rossem. Colapres chrysoides tenebrosus van Rossen, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1930, 171 (Obregon, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Arid Tropical Zone of central and southern Sonora (north coastwise to about latitude 28 ø 30', and inland to about 28 ø 50'; intergrades north of latitude 28 ø with mearnsi) and Sinaloa (south to Quelite, K-d; E1 Molino, May 15, sea level, nest- ing, K-d). Piculus auricularis (Salvin and Godman). Gray-capped Green Woodpecker. Carpintero orejiamarillo. Breeds in western and southwestern Mxico, northward in the Upper Sonoran Zone and lower parts of the Transition Zone, and southward chiefly in the Subtropical Zone. Rare and little known. Piculus auricularis sonoriensis van Rossem and Hachisuka.1 Carpintero orejianarillo sonorense. Piculus auricularis sonorlensis van Rosseln and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 1937, 195 (Rancho Santa Barbara, 5000 feet, 20 niles northeast of Guirocoba, southeastern Sonora; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Known only from the type locality in southeastern Sonora. Piculus auricularis auricularis (Salvin and Godtnan). Carpintero orejiamarillo guerrerense. Chloronerpes auricularis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, 381 (Xautipa, Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero; type in Brit. Mus.). Mdxico: Recorded from Sinaloa (Babizos, 6400 feet; Batel, April 2, breeding, K-d), Nayarit (10 mi. NNW Santa Teresa; Tepic, K-d), Jalisco, and Guerrero. Piculus rubiginosus (Swainson). Red-capped Green Woodpecker. Carpintero olivceo. Eastern and southern Mxico, from sea level up to 6500 feet, and south through the mountains of Central America and South America to northern Argentina; extends to Venezuela, British Guiana, Trinidad, and Tobago. Occupies Subtropical and Temperate zones in mountains; some races in Tropical Zone. Status uncertain; further naterial needed to substantiate this forln. 28 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Piculus rubiginosus aeruginosus (Malherbe).l Carpintero olivficeo del Golfo. Chrysopicus aeruginosus Malherbe, Monog. Picides, 2, 1862, 171, pl. 90 (Mexico; types possibly in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Characteristic of Tamaulipan Biotic Province where apparently resident in humid tropics, arid tropics, and mountains, from sea level to 6000 feet. Ranges south- ward and westward through mountains west of Atlantic drainage to Guerrero. and western Oaxaca. Recorded definitely from Guerrero (Atoyac, intermediate), Oaxaca (western mountains), San Luis Potosi (El $alto, August, breeding), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (Mesa de Chipinque, breeding), Tamaulipas (La Joya de $alas, May 25, juvenile; Acufia; G6mez Farias, April 24, nest), and Veracruz (Potrero Viejo). Piculus rubiginosus yucatanensis (Cabot). Carpintero oliv,Sceo yucateco. Picus Yucatanensis Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1844, 164 (Yucatan = road between Chemax and Yalahao; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Chiefly lowland tropical rain forest in southeastern Mxico, extending south to Nicaragua. Mxico: Erroneously recorded from various montane localities in interior of Vera- cruz and Oaxaca;  actually all specimens from high altitudes in the interior of south central Mxico require critical reexamination. Recorded from Oaxaca (Atlantic low- lands), Chiapas (Atlantic lowlands; up to 1800 meters, Tumbalfi, K-d; Santa Rosa, 28 mi. ESE Comitfin, April 7, laying, O-d), Veracruz (eastern lowlands; up to 3000 feet, La Gloria, K-d; Presidio, Motzorongo, S,.'erra Tuxtla), Tabasco, Campeche, Yuca- t fin, and Quintana Roo. Intergrades with next race in central and southern Chiapas. Piculus rubiginosus maximus Griscom. Carpintero oliv,Sceo grande. Piculus rubiginosus maximus Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 379, 1929, 11 (Chanquejelve, 5000 ft., Huehuetenango, Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Pacific cordillera of Guatemala (5000 to 6500 feet), ranging north into Chiapas. Mxico: Pacific slope of extreme southeastern Oaxaca (15 mi. NE Tapanatepec, K-d) and Chiapas at moderate altitudes in the mountains (Gineta Mountains; moun- tains near Tonalfi, Triunfo at 2000 meters). Celeus castaneus (Waglet). Chestnut ¾oodpecker. Carpintero castafio. Picus castaneus Wagler, Isis yon Oken, 22, 1829, col. 515 (no locality; types collected by Deppe at Valle Real, Mxico; cotypes in Berlin Mus.). Tropical lowland rain forest from southeastern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica on the Pacific coast and to Chiriqul Lagoon, Panamfi, on the Caribbean coast. Uncom- mon to rare. 1 UstCally regarded as a distinct species. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Cent. Am., Aves, 1892, 2,406, show how Sclater in error reported this and next race from the same localities in interior of Veracruz and Oaxaca. Moreover, they record an intermediate from Atoyac, Guerrero. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 29 Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (eastern lowlands; Palenque), Veracruz (up to 3000 feet, La Gloria, K-d; Presidio, 1000 feet, May, breeding, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yuca- fftn (rare, one record only), and Quintana Roo. Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus). Tropical Pileated Woodpecker. Carpintero real. Common resident of woodlands and forest in the Tropical Zone, occasionally rang- ing as high as 5000 feet, from Sonora and Tamaulipas, Mxico, throughout tropical America to northwestern Peril, northern Argentina, and southeastern Brazil. Dryocopus lineatus obsoletus (van Rossera). Carpintero real de van Rosscm. Ceophloeus lineatus obsoletus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 1934, 12 (Alamos, Sonora; type h Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mdxico: Extreme southeastern Sonora, clinally approaching scapularis south through Sinaloa. Specimens from southern and central Sinaloa (San Lorenzo, K-d) are arbitrar- ily referred to this race. Dryocopus lineatus scapularis (Vigors). Carpintero real del Pacifico. Picus scapularis Vigors, Zool. Jour., 4, 1829, 354 (San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico; type possibly in coll. Zool. Soc. London). Mxico: Tropical Zone of western section. Recorded from Sinaloa (Rosario, 55 feet, Quelite, 75 feet, K-d; 15 mi. WSW Cosalgt, 3500 feet, nesting, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero, and Oaxaca (western half). Dryocopus lineatus petersi (van Rossera). Carpintero real de Peters. Ceophloeus lineatus petersi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 1934, 11 (Cuidad Victoria, Tamaulipas; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Northeastern and central eastern sections. Recorded from San Luis Potosi (extreme southeast), Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, May 10, juvenile; 10 mi. E Huauchi- nango, November, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (eastern lowlands), Tamaulipas (Giimez, C), and Veracruz (all interior localities and those at higher altitudes). Dryocopus lineatus similis (Lesson). Carpintero real del Golfo. Picus similis Lesson, Descrip. de Mature. et d'Ois, r6comm. decouvert., 1847, 204 (San Carlos, Central America  La Union, E1 Salvador). Forested lowlands of southern Mxico and Central America, south to northwestern Costa Rica. Mxico: ¸axaca (from Isthmus of Tehuantepec eastward), Chiapas, Veracruz (east~ ern lowlands), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucafftn, and Quintana Roo (Chetumal, Decem- ber 29, breeding condition). 30 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Asyndesmus lewis (G. R. Gray). Lewis Woodpecker. Carpintero de Lewis. Picus Lewis "Drap." G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds, 3, 1849, app., 22 (new name for Picus torquatus Wilson, preoccupied; no locality: Montana). Transition Zone of western North America, from southern British Columbia south to southern California and New Mexico, extending east to the western edge of the Great Plains. Migratory in northern section and given to occasional southward flights to north- western Mxico and western Texas. Mxico: Baja California (irregular winter visitor in northwestern section; fairly common in 1925, seen in 1927), Sonora (Nogales, January 17, 1928; Tibur6n Island, November 4, 1941, O; Rancho Carrizal, October, 1948), and Chihuahua (Moris, De- cember 26, 1884). Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson).  Acorn Woodpecker. Carpintero tigre. Resident in oak and pine woods from southwestern Oregon, southern Arizona, and west-central Texas south through the mountains of Mxico and Central America to western Panama. Melanerpes formicivorus martirensis (Grinnell and Swarth). Carpintero tigre de San Pedro Mfirtir. Balanosphyra formicivora martirensis Grinnell and Swarth, Condor, 28, 1926, 176 (La Jolla, 6200 feet altitude, Sierra San Pedro Martit, Lower California, Mexico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Confined to northwestern Baja California, south to about latitude 31 ø Specimens from near the United States boundary approach M. f. bairdi of coastal Cali- fornia. Melanerpes formicivorus angustifrons Baird. Carpintero tigre de San Lucas. Melanerpes formicivorus vat. angustiJrons Baird, in Cooper's Ornith. Calif., 1, 1870, 405 (Cape St. Lucas [,Baja California]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the mountains of the Cape district of Baja California. Melanerpes formicivorus formicivorus (Swainson). Carpintero tigre de Mxico. œicus formicivorus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 439 (Temiscaltipec [ = Temascaltepec], Mexico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus.). Central Arizona and west-central Texas south through the Mexican tableland to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Altitudinal limits of occurrence: E1 Blanquillo, Nuevo Le6n, 150 feet, and Laguna Juanota, Chihuahua, 9000 feet (K-d). Mxico: Sonora (mountainous eastern part), Sinaloa (Babizos, July 3, breeding), Nayarit, Jalisco (nesting, K-d), Michoacfin, Guerrero, Oaxaca (mountains of western 1The authors are not in agreement on the desirability of placing this species in the genus Melanerpes rather than in Balanosphyra. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 31 half, nesting, K-d; individuals from 46 mi. NW Oaxaca southeast to Totontepec and Moctum approach M. f. lineatus), Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajuato (5 mi. W Ibarra, May 24, nesting, K-d), M6xico, Distrito Federal, Morelos, Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 15, 18, laying), San Luis Potosl, Hidalgo, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 6, nesting), and Veracruz (Tlacotepec, 1500 feet). Melanerpes formicivorus lineatus (Dickey and van Rossera), Carpintero tigre rayado. Balanosphyra formicivora lineata Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 4O, 1927, 1 (Mount Cacaguatique, Department San Miguel, E1 Salvador; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mountains of southern Chiapas south to E1 Salvador and northern Nicaragua. M6xico: Oaxaca (Pacific slope of extreme southeastern section; 15 mi. NE Tapana, tepec, K-d) and Chiapas (numerous montane localities; a specimen from Pacific side at lower altitude at E1 Aguacate is close to M. J. albeolus. Melanerpes formicivorus albeolus Todd. Carpintero tigre del sureste. Mdanerpes formicivorus albeolus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, 1910, 153 (Near Mariatee, British Honduras; type in Carnegie Mus.). Pine-oak areas from southeastern Mxico east to British Honduras. Mxico: Northern Chiapas (Palenque, specimens approaching M. ]. lineatus, K-d) and southern Tabasco (Balanc/m). Genturus uropygialis Baird? Gila Woodpecker. Carpintero del Gila. Dityitaca (Mixteco). Lower Sonoran desert areas of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mdxico, and the Arid Tropical Zone of western Mxico south to Jalisco. Centurus uropygialis albescens van Rossera. Carpintero del Gila blanquecino. Centurus uropygialis albescens van Rossem, Condor, 44, 1942, 22 (Laguna Dam, lower Colorado River, Imperial County, California; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Imperial Valley, California, and Colorado River valley from southern Nevada to northeastern Baja California and northwestern Sonora. Mxico: Baja California (extreme northeast in the Colorado River valley) and So- nora (extreme northwest; resident in riparian growth along Colorado River). Centurus uropygialis cardonensis Grilmell. Cmpintero del Gila de Grinnell. Centurus uropygialis cardonensis Grinnell, Condor, 29, 1927, 168 (mouth of Cation San Juan de Dios, within ten miles east of E1 Rosario, near latitude 30 ø, Baja California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Northern part of Baja California, west of the Colorado desert, from lati- 1 Possibly conspecific with Centurus aurifrons, as van Rossem claims to have seen hybrids in the British Museum from Jalisco and Aguascalientes. 32 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 tude 32 ø to 29 ø, and exclusive of northwest coastal district. Specimens in a belt from latitude 29 ø to 28 ø approach C. uropygialis brewsteri. Centurus uropygialis brewsteri Ridgway. Carpintera del Gila de Brewster. Centurus uropygialis brewsteri Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 32 (Santiago, Baja California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Southern half of Baja California, from latitude 28 ø to Cape San Lucas. Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird. Carpintero del Gila de Arizona. Centurus uropygialis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, 120 (Bill Williams Fork of Colorado River, New Mexico [= Arizona]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Arizona (except Colorado River valley), southwestern New Mexico, and adjacent parts of Sonora. Mxico: Sonora (Lower Sonoran desert areas of northern and central sections). Specimens from the coast south of latitude 29 ø approach ]uscescens. Centurus uropygialis tiburonensis van Rosseln. Carpintero del Gila de Tiburfn. Centurus uropygialis tiburonensis van Rossem, Condor, ,14, 1942, 22 (Petrel Bay, on southeast side of Tibur6n Island, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Confined to Tibur6n Island, Sonora (common resident in the giant cactus). Centurus uropygialis œuscescens van Rossera. Carpintero del Gila de van Rossem. Centurus uropygialis ]uscescens van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 410 (Chinobampo, Sonora; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Arid Tropical Zone from southern Sonora to central $inaloa. Recorded from Sonora (southern third, south of latitude 29 ø), Sinaloa (south to CuliacAn, from sea level to 3000 feet, K-d), Chihuahua (southwest), and extreme west-central Duran- go (Tamazula, K-d). Intergrades with next race in central $inaloa (Potrerillo, May 27, breeding condition, K-d). Centurus uropygialis sulfuriventer Reichenbach. Carpintero del Gila vientre amarillo. Centurus sul/uriventer Reichenbach, Handb. spec. Ornith., cont. xii, Scansoriae c Picinae, 1854, 410, pl. 664, figs. 4401, 440'2 (Mexico = central western M&xico apud van Rossera; types in Dresden Mus.). Mxico: Central Pacific coast, chiefly in .arid tropics. Altitudinal limits of occur- rence from 30 feet (5 mi. S MazatlAn, Sinaloa, Kd) to 4000 feet (Santa Teresa and Cocula, Jalisco, breeding condition, April 5, K-d). Recorded from Sinaloa (except north- ern part), Nayarit (Tepic, 3000 feet, June 25, nesting, K-d), Jalisco, Durango, Zaca- tecas, and Aguascalientes. GILA WOODPECKER CENTURUS UROPYGIAœI.S One-half natural size Painting by Andrew Jackson Grayson 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 33 Centurus hypopolius (Waglet)? Gray-bellied XXroodpecker. Carpintero petigris. Picus hypopolius Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, 1829, col. 514 (Mexico; types from Puebla, in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Pacific slope of southwestern section. Recorded from Guerrero (Sierra Madre del Sur; Amojileca, April 15, breeding, Iguala, March 21, breeding, O-d; 7 mi. S Mexcala, June 27, breeding, K-d), Oaxaca (up to 6000 feet, Tamazulapan, Teotitlfin, M'tla, 3 mi. N Oaxaca, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal (Careaga, about 7000 feet, K-d), Morelos (Jiutepec, March 16-May 28, breeding, K-d), Tlaxcala (Ponotla), and Puebla (numerous localities, common). Centurus aurifrons (Waglet). Golden-fronted Woodpecker. Cheque. Carpintero de frente dorada. Nteco (Otoni). Southwestern Oklahoma and northern Texas south through central, eastern, and southern M6xico to E1 Salvador, northern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and islands in the Gulf of Honduras. Possibly hybridizes with C. uropygialis in central Mxico, where their ranges overlap (see pp, 31, 32). Centurus aurifrons aurifrons (Wagler). Cheque de frente dorada. Picus Auri/rons Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, 1829, col. 512 (Mexico = Hidalgo; type in Berlin Mus.). Central, eastern and southern Texas south over much of northern and central Mx- jco, chiefly in the Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical zones, but ranging to 7800 feet in Durango. Mxico: Jalisco (interior and eastern parts; Lagos de Moreno; Ocotl/tn, juvenile, July 26, K-d), Michoac/tn (north-central section), southern Durango (Sierra Madre eastward), Zacatecas (16 mi. NW Fresnillo, July 18, nest), Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Queretaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mdxico, Distrito Federal, eastern Coa- huila (Monclova), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (Tula), Nuevo Le6n (Galeana, July 25, nesting, K-d), and Tamaulipas (Victoria; Llera, June 27, nesting, K-d). Centurus aurifrons polygrammus Cabanis. Cheque oaxaquefio. Centurus polygrammus Cabanis, Jour. fiir Ornith., 10, 1862, 326 (San Barrolo, Tehuantepec; type in Berlin Mus.). M6xico: Pacific slope of southwestern section in the Arid Tropical Zone from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec eastward into Chiapas. Recorded from Oaxaca and Chiapas (extreme west, Tonalg). Approaches frontalis in extreme southeastern Oaxaca (Tapana- tepec, K-d), and extreme western Chiapas (Monserrate; Sierra Gineta, K-d).  We cannot agree with Peters (Birds World, 6, 1948, 161) that C. uropygialis and C. hypopollus are conspecific. 34 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Centurus aurifrons frontalis (Nelson). Cheque chiapaneco. Melanerpes frontalis Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 257 (San Vicente, Chiapas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M,xico: Confined to Chiapas (most of Pacific coast strip, the cordillera up to 5000 feet, and Central Valley). Centurus aurifrons santacruzi Bonaparte. Cheque de Santa Cruz. Centurus Santa Cruzi Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 5, 1837 (1838), 116 (Guatemala, restricted by subsequent designation to Santa Cruz de Quiche; location of type unknown). Eastern Chiapas through western and central Guatemala to E1 Salvador and north- ern Nicaragua. Mxico: Chiapas (extreme southeast corner, at Huehuetn; Cacahuatn, 600 meters, Mazatn, 9 meters, K-d). Centurus aurifrons incanescens Todd.1 Cheque viejo. Centurus aurifrons incanescens Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 30, 1946, 298 (Twelve miles south of Marathon, Brewster Co., Texas; type in Carnegie Mus.). Southwestern Oklahoma, western Texas, and adjacent Mxico. M6xico: Chihuahua (eastern portion; Ciudad Camargo, June 17-23, nesting, K-d; 5 mi. N Chihuahua, June 13, nesting, O-d), northern Durango (Canutillo, Nazas River at Abasolo, K-d), and northern Coahuila (upper Rio Grande valley). Centurus aurifrons gratdoupensis (Lesson). Cheque oriental. Picus Grateloupensis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 41 (Mexico). Mxico: Confined to eastern slope, where it reaches the Humid Tropical Zone and occurs up to 3000 feet at La Gloria, Veracruz (K-d). The subspecies is a series of vari- able intermediates between aurifrons and veraecrucis. Recorded from San Luis Potosi (eastern), Puebla (eastern), Tamaulipas (extreme southeast), and Veracruz (northern and central; Boca del Rio, July, breeding, C; Presidio, 1000 feet, May, K-d). Centurus aurifrons veraecrucis (Nelson). Cheque veracruzano. Melanerpes dubius veraecrucis Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 259 (Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Parts of southeastern section in Humid Tropical Zone. Oaxaca (Soyaltepec and Tutla, thence east; eastern specimens approach santacruzi, K-d), Chiapas (north- ern; specimen from Tila approaches dubius), Veracruz (south-central and southeast- ern), Tabasco (specimens approaching dubius), and Campeche (extreme southwestern).  For a discussion of the complicated variations of this subspecies and C. a. aurifrons, see Wet- more, Wilson Bull., 60, 1948:185. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 35 Centurus aurifrons dubius (Cabot). Cheque del palmar. Picus dubius Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1844, 164 (Yucatan; type from Uxmal, in Mus. Comp. Zool.). YucatAn Peninsula of Mxico, the Petn district of Guatemala, and British Hon- duras. M&xico: Campeche (all except extreme southwest), YucatAn, and Quintana Roo. Centurus aurifrons leei Ridgway. Cheque de Lee. Centurus leei Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 22 (Cozumel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Known only from Cozumel Island off the coast of Quintana Roo (January 17, breed- ing condition). Centurus chrysogenys (Vigors). Golden-cheeked Woodpecker. Carpintero cariamarillo. Western and central M&xico, chiefly in the Arid Tropical Zone. Centurus chrysogenys chrysogenys (Vigors). Carpintero eariamarillo del noroeste. Picus chrysogenys Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 24 (either Mazatlan, Sinaloa, or San Blas, Nayarit; type not recorded). M&xico: Sinaloa (MatatAn, 150 feet, April, breeding; 15 mi. WSW Cosalt, 3500 feet, K-d) and Nayarit (Sauta, May 4, breeding, K-d; Chacala on southwestern coast). Specimens from central and southern Nayarit strongly approach C. c. flavinuchus. Centurus chrysogenys fiavinuchus Ridgway. Carpintero cariamarillo acapulquefio. Centurus chrysogenys fiavinuchus Ridgway, Proc. BioL Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 32 (Acapulco, Guerrero; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Jalisco (western; Puerto Vallarta, June 24, breeding), Colima, Michoacgm (coastal region), southern Guerrero (Pie de la Cuesta, July, breeding, C; Amojileca, April 41 laying, Chilpancingo, April 29, laying, O-d), and Oaxaca (western; Puerto Angel, O-d). Centurus chrysogenys morelensis (Moore). Carpintero cariamarillo morelense. Melanerpes chrysogenys morelensis Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 63, 1950, 109 (three miles south of Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, altitude 4700 feet; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Transverse Volcanic Biotic Province. Recorded from central and eastern Michoactn (Apatzingfin, Taletan, K-d), northern Guerrero (Zir/ndaro, AjuchitAn, Igu- 36 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 ala, intergrades with C. c. flavinuchus, K-d, O-d), Morelos (Cuernavaca, Tehuixtla, Lago de Tequisquitengo, K-d), and extreme southwestern Puebla. Centurus pygmaeus Ridgway. YucatSn Broodpecker. Carpintero enano. Confined to the Yucatin Peninsula, Cozumel Island, and Bonacca Island in the Gulf of Honduras. Centurus pygmaeus rubricomus (Peters). Carpintero enano de Peters. Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricomus Peters, Check-list Birds World, 6, 1948, 164 (new name to replace rubriventris Swainson, not available; Mrida, Yucatan; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus.). Mdxico: Northern Campeche (Ichek, May 23, breeding), Yucat/tn, and Quintana Roo (south to Chetumal). Common. Centurus pygmaeus pygmaeus Ridgway. Carpintero enano cozumelense. Centurus rubriventris pygmaeus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1885, 576 (Cozumel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Cozumel Island, off the coast of Quintana Roo. Centurus pucherani (Malherbe). Pucheran Woodpecker. Carpintero de Pucheran. Lower Tropical Zone, chiefly in humid rain forest, from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador and north-central Colombia. Centurus pucherani perileucus (Todd). Carpintero de Pucheran nortefio. Melanerpes pucherani perileucus Todd, Prcc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, 1910, 154 (Near Manatee, Brit. Honduras; type in Carnegie Mus.). Southern Mxico southeast on Caribbean slope of Central America to northern Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz (Tacolapan, May 5, nesting; Tezonapa, August 29, breeding, K-d), and Tabasco. Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus). Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Chupasavia. Carpintero saucero. Breeds from southeastern Alaska and central Mackenzie southeast to Newfoundland and south in the mountains to southern California, central Arizona, extreme western Texas, and northern Georgia, and in the Mississippi Valley to central Missouri. Eastern and interior races highly migratory, wintering south to the Greater Antilles and western Panam/t. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 37 $phyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell. Chupasavia de Daggett. Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell, Condor, 3, 1901, 12 (Pasadena, California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Breeds in mountain and coastal forests from southern Oregon to southern California and extreme western Nevada. In winter descends to lower elevations, irregularly to coast of southern California and northern Baja California. Mxico: Baja California (rare winter visitant, October 14 to March 1, south to about latitude 30 ø). $phyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. Chupasavia de nuca roja. Sphyrapicus varius var. nuchalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rept. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, 1858, xxviii, 103 (Mimbres River, New Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in the Rocky Mountain area from central British Columbia and Alberta to central eastern California, central Arizona, and extreme western Texas. Winters in southwestern United States and south through northern and western Mxico. Mxico: Winter visitant. Recorded from Baja California (throughout, but uncom- mon), Sonora (fairly common throughout, including the tropical lowlands, September 19 to March 23), Sinaloa (chiefly in Sierra Madre, uncommon; Babizos, 20 mi. NE Rosario, Batel, K-d), Jalisco, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, and Nuevo Le6n (one recent record). $phyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus). Chupasavia saucero. Picus varius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 176 (South Carolina ex Catesby). Breeds in the Canadian Zone from Mackenzie to Newfoundland and south to cen- tral Missouri and Virginia. Winters from the central states south to the Greater Antilles and Mxico, and in Central America to western Panamfi. Mxico: Common migrant and winter resident over all but the northwest portion, from sea level to 10,500 feet. Recorded from southern Sinaloa (20 mi. NE Rosario, 12 mi. N Concha, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Michoacn, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Durango (6 mi. W Birimoa, Nazas River near Abasolo, K-d), Guanajuato, Queretaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal (K-d), Morelos, Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo. Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin). Williamson Sapsucker. Carpintero garganta roja. Largely resident in western mountains from southern British Columbia to southern California, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico. Partly migratory, reaching northwestern Mxico in winter. $phyrapicus thyroideus nataliae (Malherbe). Carpintcro garganta roja de Natalia. Picus Natcdiae Malherbe, Journ. fiir Ornith., 2, 1854, 171 (Mexico; type in Darmstadt Mus.). Rocky Mountains from southeastern British Columbia to Nevada, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico. Winter visitant to northwestern Mxico. 38 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Mxico: Baja California (sparse winter visitant to northern third), Sonora (one record), Sinaloa (four specimens, Babizos, Rancho Batel, K-d), Jalisco (two records), Chihuahua (four specimens, G-d), Durango (5 mi. SW E1 Salto, Las Flores, K-d), Mdxico (Zoquiapan), and possibly Zacatecas (the probable source of the type, fide van Rossem). Veniliornis fumigatus (d'Orbigny). Smoky-brown Woodpecker. Carpintero sudamericano. Forest, variously from sea level to the Temperate Zone, from southern Tamaulipas and Nayarit to the Andes of Bolivia and northern Venezuela. Veniliornis fumigatus oleagineus (Reichenbach). Carpintero Sudamericano aceitosc. Chloronerpes oleagineus Reichenbach (ex Lichtenstein), Handb. spec. Omith., cont. xii, Scan- soriae c Picinae, 1854, 356, pl. 665, figs. 4467, 4468 (Papantla, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). M6xico: Parts of central and southern sections. Recorded from Nayarit (one speci- men, 5 mi. NW Tepic, 3000 feet, K-d), Jalisco (one specimen, Mineral de San Sebas- tifin), Mdxico, San Luis Potosi (Rio Axtla, C-d), Puebla, Tamaulipas (La Joya de Salas, breeding), and Veracruz (northern and interior portions). Distribution poorly understood. Veniliornis fumigatus sanguinolentus (Sclater). Carpintero sudamericano sanguinolento. Chloronerpes sanguinolentus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 27, 1859, 60, pl. 151 (Omoa, Honduras; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern M6xico to Panamfi in rain forest. M6xico: Oaxaca (Santo Domingo; Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque; Mapastepec, K-d), Veracruz (east and southeast), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo. Dendrocopos villosus (Linnaeus). Hairy Woodpecker. Carpintero velloso. Near tree-line from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south over most of the United States to southern Florida and the Bahamas; south in the mountains of M6xico and Central America to western Panamfi. Dendrocopos villosus hyloscopus (Cabanis and Heine).l Carpintero velloso de Cabanis. Dryobates hyloscopus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 4, no. 2, June, 1863, 69 (San Jose in Californien; type in Berlin Mus.). Western and southern California south to mountains of northern Baja California. Mxico: Sierra Jufirez and Sierra San Pedro Mrtir, Baja California. 1 Dryobates villosus scrippsae Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, 1927, 9, is considered a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 39 Dendrocopos villosus icastus (Oberholser). Carpintero velloso chihuahuense. Dryobates villosus icastus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 40, 1911, 597 (in key), 612 (El Salto, Durango, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south to Jalisco. Mxico: Northwestern section. Recorded from Sonora (mountains of eastern part at 6300 feet), Jalisco (mountains of northeast section, Bolafios), Chihuahua (up to 10,000 feet, east side Mount Mohinora; Laguna Juanota, K-d), Durango (Nievero, April, breeding, K-d), Zacatecas, and southern Coahuila. Dendrocopos villosus intermedius (Nelson). Carpintero velloso de San Luis. Dryobates villosus intermedius Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 259 (Villar, San Luis Potosi; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Mountains of northeastern section. Recorded from Guanajuato (40 mi. NE San Luis de La Paz, 7 mi. NW Xichfi, K-d), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas. Specimens from Hidalgo are intermediate between intermedius and ]ardinii (K-d). Dendrocopos villosus jardinii (Malherbe). Carpintero velloso pinero. Picus Jardinii Ma]herbe, Rev. Zool., 1845, 374 (Mexico = central Veracruz; type possibly in Darmstadt Mus.). Mdxico: Mountain ranges of central and southern sections. Recorded from Jalisco (except extreme northeast; 1 mi. N Tapalpa, nesting, K-d, specimens intermediate be- tween ]ardinii and icastus), Colima, Michoacgn, Guerrero (Sierra Madre del Sur), Oaxaca (25 mi. NE Oaxaca, 6200 feet, O-d), Mxico, Morelos, Puebla, and Veracruz (3500 to 12,000 feet). Includes a complex of variables. Birds from Veracruz, Guerrero, and Oaxaca are smallest, and usually the darkest. Specimens from Morelos and Mxico are much larger. Paler specimens from Jalisco presumably approach icastus, and birds from Colima are intermediate. Dendrocopos villosus sanctorum (Nelson). Carpintero velloso de Todos Santos. Dryobates sanctorum Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 50 (Todos Santos, Guatemala; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of Chiapas and Guatemala. Mdxico: Chiapas (Monserrate eastward; breeding, March 27, April 11, O-d). Dendrocopos nuttallii (Gambel). Nuttall Woodpecker. Carpintero de Nuttall. Picus Nuttalii (sic) Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1843, 259 (Near the Pueblo de Los Angeles = Los Angeles County, California; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Upper Sonoran Zone of California west of the Sierra Nevada and the deserts, extend- ing into northwestern Baja California. 40 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Mxico: Baja California (common resident in willow-cottonwood and live oak asso- ciations of northwest portion, south to latitude 30* 45'). Dendrocopos scalaris (Waglet). Ladder-backed Woodpecker. Chej& Carpintero Chilillo. Sonoran and Arid Tropical desert and scrub country from southeastern California, southwestern Utah, southeastern Colorado, and western Oklahoma through Mxico to British Honduras and the Pacific coast of Honduras. Dendrocopos scalaris eremicus (Oberholser). Chej6 de San Fernando. Dryobates scalaris eremlcus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 141 (in key), 151 (San Fernando, Baja California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident in northern Baja California (except Colorado River valley) be- tween latitude 32 ø and latitude 29*. Dendrocopos scalaris lucasanus (Baird). Chej de San Lucas. Picus lucasanus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 302 (Cape San Lucas, Baja California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Resident in central and southern Baja California, from latitude 29 ø south- ward, and on the islands in the Gulf of California, including Carmen, Santa Cruz, San Josh, Espiritu Santo, Santa Margarita; also San Esteban Island (Sonora). Dendrocopos scalaris cactophilus (Oberholser). Che.j6 de los cactos. Dryobates scalarls cactophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 152 (Tucson, Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Deserts of southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and cen- tral New Mexico south to the Colorado River Delta and parts of northwestern Mbxico. M.xico: Baja California (extreme northeast), Sonora (northern half), Chihuahua (17 mi. E La Junta, 7500 feet, nesting, K-d), Durango, and northwestern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 22, nest). Intergrades with D. s. sinaloensis in Sonora in a wide belt south of latitude 30 ø . Dendrocopos scalaris sinaloensis (Ridgway). Che.jd sinaloense. Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 285 (vicinity of Mazatlan, Sinaloa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Southern Sonora, Sinaloa (nests from sea level at E1 Molino and Reforma up to 1000 feet at Potrerillo, K-d), and extreme western Durango (6 mi. W Birimoa, Tamazula, K-d). Most specimens from Sonora approach cactophilus. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 41 Dendrocopos scalaris graysoni (Baird). Chej& de Islas Mar/as. Picus (Dyctiopicus) scalaris var. graysoni Baird, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, Land Birds, 2, 1874, 501 (in key), 517 (Tres Marias Islands; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Confined to the Tres Marias Islands off Nayarit. Dendrocopos scalaris centrophilus (Oberholser). Chej6 jalisciense. Dryobates scalaris centrophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 157 (Ameca, Jalisco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from Nayarit (from sea level at San Bias, March 25, breeding, to 5500 feet, 10 mi. NW Santa Teresa, K-d), Jalisco (Atoyac, March 6, breeding, July), Colima ( 18 mi. E Colima, K-d), Michoacln (western; breeding, K-d), Durango (south- ern), Zacatecas, and Aguascalientes (San Jacinto, 7000 feet, 6 mi. SW Aguascalientes, 6275 feet, K-d). Dendrocopos sealaris azelus (Oberholser). Chej michoacano. Dryobates scalaris azelus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 141 (in key), 147 (La Salada, Michoacan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Portions of western central section. Recorded from Michoacgn (central and eastern), Guerrero, Oaxaca (west-central; east to Mitla, K-d), Mxico (Temascal- tepee, K-d), Morelos (Jiutepec, breeding, K-d; Las Estacas), and southwestern Puebla (Acatln, F-d). Dendrocopos scalaris percus (Oberholser). Che] de Co.mit,Sn. Dryobates scalaris percus 0berholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 144 (Comitan, Chiapas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Southeastern Oaxaca (5 mi. W Zapanatepec, K-d) and Chiapas (Monser- rate east to Comittin). Dendro½opos scalaris symplectus (Oberholser). Che] texano. Dryobates scalaris symplectus 0berholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 155 (Mouth of the Nueces River, Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern Colorado and western Oklahoma south through central and southern Texas to northeastern Mxico. M.xico: Coahuila (northeastern), Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas (Miquihuana, March 17, breeding, K-d). Dendrocopos scalaris giraudi (Stone). Che] de Giraud. Dryobates scalaris gitaudi Stone, Auk, 37, 1920, 146 (new name for Picus bairdi Malherbe pre- occupied; type locality Hidalgo by subsequent designation). Mxico: Recorded from Guanajuato, Queretaro (San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mxico, eastern), Coahuila (southern), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala (Ponotla), and Puebla (northern and central). 42 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Dendrocopos scalaris scalaris (Wagler). Chejfi de Wagler. Picus scalaris Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, 1829, col. 511 (Mexico, restricted to central Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from San Luis Potosi (southern), Tamaulipas (southern), and Veracruz (northern and central; Laguna Tamiahua, breeding, 20 mi. W Veracruz, K-d). Dendrocopos scalaris ridgwayi (Oberholser). Chej de Ridgway. Dryobates scalaris ridgwayi Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 143 (Jaltipan, Veracruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from Veracruz (southeastern coastal region), Tabasco, and southwestern Campeche (Palizada, specimen approaching D. s. parvus). Dendrocopos scalaris parvus (Cabot). Chejd de Sisal. Picus parvus Cabot, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 5, 1845, 92 (Ticul, Yucatan; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Campeche (south to Pacaytfin), Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo (northern and central, including Holbox and Cozumel islands). Breeds from March to May. Dendrocopos arizonae (Hargitt). Arizona ¾Voodpecker. Carpintero de Arizona. Transition and Upper Sonoran zones (chiefly oak belt) in the mountains of south- eastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and western Mxico. Dendrocopos arizonae arizonae (Hargitt). Carpintero de Arizona nortefio. Picus arizonae Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, ll5 (In montibus Santa Rita... Arizona; type in Brit. Mus.). Mountains of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south into north- western Mxico. Mxico: Sonora Sierra Madre). (mountains of northeast) and Chihuahua (northern and central Dendrocopos arizonae Irtterculus (Ridgway). Carpintero de Arizona de Ridgway. Dryobates arizonae fraterculus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 286 (Sierra Madre of Co- lima; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Parts of northwestern section. Recorded from Sonora (southeast), Sinaloa (Batel, April, breeding, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacgn, Chihuahua (Bar- ranca de Cobre, May, breeding), Durango, and Zacatecas. Birds from northeastern Sinaloa, adjacent Chihuahua, and northwestern Durango are intermediate toward D. a. arizonae. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 43 Dendrocopos stricklandi (Malherbe). Strickland Woodpecker. Carpintcro de Strickland. High mountains of south-central Mxico from 8000 to 13,000 feet. Apparently rare and local. Dendrocopos stricklandi aztecus Moore. Carpintero de Strickland azteca. Dendrocopos stricklandi aztecus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 59, 1946, 104 (Puerta Lengua de Vaca, 9350 ft., on the Michoacan-Mexico border; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mxic0: Central section, in Mich0ac/tn, Mxico (Rio Fri0, 11,000 feet, breeding; intergrades with D. s. stricklandi in the mountains east of the Valley of Mxico), Dis- trito Federal, and Morelos (Cuernavaca, July, breeding, C-d; Huitzilac, December 23, January 1, G-d). Dendrocopos stricklandi stricklandi (Malherbe). Carpintero de Strickland de este. Picus (Leuconotopicus) Stricklandi Malherbe, Rev. Zool., 1845, 373 (Mexico; restricted to Orizaba massif by Moore; location of type, if any, unknown). Mxico: East-central section, in Puebla and Veracruz. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis (Hartlaub). Guatemalan Ivory-billed XVoodpeckcr. Picotero. Tropical Zone forests and woodlands from the coasts of northern Mxico through Central America to western Panam/t. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis dorsofasciatus Moore. Picotero de Moore. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis dorso]asciatus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 1935, 113 (Guiro- coba, Sonora; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Sonora (extreme southeast) and northern and central Sinaloa (nesting at San Ignacio and 15 mi. WSW Cosal/t, K-d); intergrades with P. g. nelsoni in southern Sinaloa and Nayarit. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis nelsoni (Ridgway). Picotero de Nelson. Scapaneus guatemalensis nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 34 (El Rincon, Guer- rero; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Western section, in the states of Jalisco, Colima, Michoac/tn (5 mi. NE Apatzing/tn, January 18, young juvenile, K-d), Guerrero, and western Oaxaca. 44 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Phloeoceastes guatemalensis regius (Reichenbach). Picotero veracruzano. Campephilus regius Reichenbach, Handb. spec. Ornith., cont. xii, Scansoriae c Picinae, 1854, 393, pl. 669, figs. 4431, 4432 (Papantla, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from northeastern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, K-d), San Luis Potosl, Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, K-d), southern Tamaulipas (Victoria), and Veracruz (including southeastern section). Erroneously recorded from "near City of Mexico." Phloeoceastes guatemalensis guatemalensis (Hartlaub). Picotero guatemalteco. Picus guatemalensis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1844, 214 (Guatemala; type possibly in Bremen Mus.). Extreme southeastern Mxico to western PananA. Mxico: Recorded from Oaxaca (Isthmus of Tehuantepec eastward; 9 mi. W Tehu- antepec, February 6, laying, K-d), Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quin- tana Roo (breeds December 8 to June 2). Campephilus imperialis (Gould). Imperial Ivory-billed Woodpecker. Cuauhtotomomi (Nhuatl). Picus imperialis Gould, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, 1832, 140 (California: Jalisco, Mgxico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Mountain pine forests of no.rthwestern section, from 5000 to 10,000 feet. Now greatly reduced in numbers and in danger of extinction. Sonora (northeast in the Sierra Madre; no record since 1902), Nayarit (10 mi. NW Santa Teresa, 5500 feet, June, 1941, K-d), Jalisco, Michoacgn, Chihuahua (east side Mount Mohinora, 10,000 feet, May, 1937, K-d; Laguna Juanota, 9000 feet, July, 1937, K-d), Durango (Neviero, March, 1938, K-d), and Zacatecas. April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 45 FAMILY DENDROCOLAPTIDAE WOODHEWERS 1 Dendrocincla anabatina Sclater. Tawny-winged Woodhewer. Trepatroncos sepia. Tropical rain forest from southern Mxico to western PanamPi. Dendro½inda anabatina anabalina Sclater. Trepatroncos sepia cornfin. Dendrocincla anabatina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 54, 1859, pl. 150 (Omoa, Honduras; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to western Panarab. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca, Chiapas (Palenque, K-d; Ocosingo, N-d), Veracruz (Rio Jaltepec, May 18, breeding, K-d), Tabasco, southern Campeche, and southern Quintana Roo. Dendro½inda anabatina typhla Oberholser. Trepatroncos sepia yucateco. Dendrocincla anabatina typhla Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 56, 1904, 449 (in key), 452 (Puerto Morelos, Yucatan [ = Quintana Roo); type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Yucathn Peninsula. Recorded from northern Campeche, Yucathn, and central and northern Quintana Roo (Vigia Chico, April 8, breeding). Dendrocincla homochroa (Sclater). Ruddy $Vo.odhewer. Trepatroncos castafiorojizo. Southern Mxico to western Venezuela in the Tropical Zone, chiefly in arid or "gal- lery" forest. Dendrocincla homochroa homochroa (Sclater). Trepatroncos castafiorojizo del norte. Dendrornanes hornochrous Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 382 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to Guatemala and Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca (very rare, two records, Teoltacingo, Chimalaba), Chiapas (Socol- tenango, K-d), Campeche, Yucatgn (common), and Quintana Roo, including Cozumel and Mujeres islands. $ittasomus griseicapillus (Vieillot). Olivaceous Woodcreeper. Trepatroncos cabeza gris. Humid tropical rain forest from central Mxico to northwestern Peril, Bolivia, Ar- gentina, and Tobago. The descriptive term "woodcreeper" is used by some authors throughout for this family. 46 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Sittasomus griseicapillus jaliscensis Nelson.1 Trepatroncos cabeza gris jalisciense. Sittasomus sylvioides jallscensis Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 264 (San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Jalisco, San Luis Potosi (30 mi. E Ciudad del Malz, Naranjos, K-d), and southwestern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias). Sittasomus griseicapillus sylvioides Lafresnaye. Trepatroncos cabeza gris del sureste. Sittasomus sylvioides Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2), 2, 1850, 590 (Mexico; restricted to State of Veracruz; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern Mbxico to Costa Rica (both coasts). Mxico: Northern Oaxaca, Chiapas (6 mi. NNW San Fernando, April 26, breeding, O-d), Puebla, and Veracruz. Sittasomus griseicapillus gracileus Bangs and Peters. Trepatroncos cabeza gris yucateco. Sittasomus grlseicapillus gracileus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 1928, 392 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). YucatAn Peninsula of Mxico and British Honduras. Mxico: Tabasco, Campeche, YucatAn, and Quintana Roo; breeds from late March to May. Glyphorhynchus spirurus (Vieillot). Wedge-billed X¾oodhewer. Trepatroncos pico de curia. Humid tropical rain forest from southern Mxico to western Ecuador, the Guianas, Bolivia, and eastern Brazil. Glyphorhynchus spirurus pectoralis Sclater and Salvin. Trepatroncos pico de curia guatemalteco. Glyphorhynchus pectoralis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 299 (Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico through Central America to western Ecuador. Mexico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, Tutla, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque, K-d), and Veracruz (several records, north to Motzorongo). Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus (Lesson). Strong-billed Woodhewer. Trcpatroncos gigante. Subtropical and Temperate zones, from southern M&xico through the mountains of Central America to the Andes, extending from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia. 1Sittasomas griseicapillus harrisoni Sutton, Wilson Bull., 67, 1955, 210 (five miles northwest of G6mez Fadas, Tamaulipas) may prove to be a synonym when «aliscensis becomes better known topo- typically. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 47 Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus omiltemensis Nelson. Trepatroncos gigante guerrerensc. Xiphocolaptes emigrans omiltemensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 153 (Omilteme, Guerrero; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Montane cloud forest in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, from 5000 to 11,500 feet (Chilpancingo, Omilteme, Cuapongo, O-d; Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, K-d). Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus emigrans Sclater and Salvin. Trepatroncos gigante del sureste. Xiphocolaptes emigrans Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 118 (San Geronimo, Vera Paz, Guate- mala; type in Brit. Mus.). Central Mxico through Central America to north-central Nicaragua. Mxico: Chiapas (San Crist6bal, Santa Rosa, Comitfin; Ocosingo, N-d; breeding, April, O-d; intergrades with sclaeri in northwestern portion of state [Tumbalfi, K-d] ). Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus sclateri Ridgway. Trepatroncos gigante de Sclater. Xiphocolaptes sclateri Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 12, 1889 (1890), 3 (in key), 6 (Orizaba, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from ¸axaca, San Luis Potosi (Cerro Conejo, fairly common, 6200 to 7300 feet), and Veracruz. Dendrocolaptes certhia (Boddaert). Barred Xoodhewer. Trepatroncos listado. Chiefly Humid Tropical Zone from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador, east- ern Bolivia, Amazonia, and the Guianas. Dendrocolaptes certhia sancti-thomae (Lafrcsnaye).l Trepatroncos listado de Santo Tomils. Dendrocops Sancti-Thomae Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2), 4, 1852, 466 (In insula Sancti- Thomae, error: Santo Tomas, near Omoa, Honduras, designated by Salvin and Godman; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Caribbean slope of southeastern M&xico through Central America to Nicaragua. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, K-d), Chiapas (Monserrate, Palenque), Veracruz (Potrero, Rio Atoyac, C-d; Presidio and Sierra de Tuxtla, K-d), southern Campeche, and Quintana Roo (north to Carrillo Puerto). 1 Includes the recently described Dendrocolaptes certhia legtersi Paynter (Postilia, Yale Peabody Museum, no. 18, 1954, 1; Carillo Puerto, Quintana Roo) which has not been examined by us. 48 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Dendrocolaptes picumnus Lichtenstein. Black-banded Woodhewer. Trepatroncos puntado. Subtropical or Humid Tropical Zone from southwestern M6xico to mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama; Andes of Colombia to eastern Peril and Venezuela; also the Guianas to the north bank of the Amazon in Brazil. Dendrocolaptes pieuranus puncticollis Sclater and Salvin. Trepatroncos puntado guatemalteco. Dendrocolaptes puncticollis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 54, pl. 5 (Tactic and San Geronimo, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico, northern Guatemala, and northern Honduras. Very rare. Mxico: Chiapas (6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, 7300 feet, April 18, 1954, breeding, 28 mi. ESE Comitn, 4900 feet, April 8, 1950, two specimens, breeding, O-d). Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Swainson. Ivory-billed Woodhewer. Arafiero. Arid Tropical Zone from northern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster tardus Bangs and Peters. Arafiero sonorense. Xiphorhynchus fiavigaster tardus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 1928, 393 (Haci- enda San Rafael, Chihuahua [= Sonora], Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Southeastern Sonora (December, January through June, K-d) south through the northern third of Sinaloa (many localities, breeds, K-d). Specimens from extreme west-central Durango (6 mi. W Birimoa, Tamazula, K-d) are intermediate between X. J. tardus and X. ]. mentalis. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis (Lawrence). Arafiero occidental. Dendrornis mentalis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, 1867, 481 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Arid tropics in central and southern Sinaloa, Nayarit (Sauta, May 15, breeding, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Michoacn, Guerrero (extreme west; breeding 12 mi. S Zirndaro, intergrades with fiavigaster, K-d), and Durango. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster flavigaster Swainson.1 hrafiero guerrerense. Xiphorhynchu fiavigaster Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 440 (Mexico; type in Cam- bridge Univ. Mus.). 1 Dendrornis fiavigaster megarhynchus Nelson (Auk, 17, 1900, 265; Puerto Angel, Oaxaca) is a synonym. i \ IVORY-BILLED WOODI-IEWER XIPHORHYNCHUS FLAVI(;,qS FER Two-thJrd natural size Painting by Andrew Jackson Grayson 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 49 Mxico: Guerrero (most of State; breeding, May 7-July 26, O-d) and Oaxaca (west- ern half). Xiphorhynchus flavigaster eburneirostris (Des Murs). Arafiero pico de marill. Dryocopus eburneirostris Des Murs, Icon. Ornith., livr. 9, 1847, pl. 52 (Mexico ---- Realejo, Nica- ragua; type in Paris Mus.). Southern and southeastern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica. Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern half), Chiapas, Mxico, Puebla, central and southern Veracruz (common in lowlands to 1700 feet; Presidio, April, breeding, K-d), and Ta- basco. Recorded erroneously from Papayo, Guerrero. Xiphorhynchus fiavigaster saltuarius Wetmore. Arafiero de Wetmore. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster saltuarius Wetmore, Auk, 59, 1942, 266 (Altamira, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: San Luis Potosi (eastern; 30 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, K-d), northeastern Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, 5 mi. N Papantilla, K-d), Tamaulipas (southern; Rancho Acufia, 30 mi. NW Gonzales, nesting, K-d; additional specimens, F-d), and northern Veracruz (Orizaba, Papantla, intermediate). Requires comparison with yuca- tanensis Ridgway. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster yucatanensis Ridgway. Arafiero yucateco. Xiphorhynchus fiavigaster yucatanensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, 1909, 73 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the Yucatan Peninsula. Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo; breeding condition March 27-June 5. Xiphorhynchus striatigularis (Richmond). Stripe-throated Woodhewer. Trepatroncos garganta rayada. Dendrornis striatigularis Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 22, 1900, 317 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Known only from the unique type. Mxico: Tamaulipas (Alta Mira). Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Sclater). Spotted Woodhewer. Trepatroncos manchado. Subtropical or humid tropical rain forests in mountains of southern Mxico and Central America and in the Andes, from Colombia south to western Ecuador. 50 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Xiphorhynchus erythropygius erythropygius (Sclater). Trepatroncos manchado inexicano. Dendrornis erythropygia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 366 (Veracruz and Oaxaca; type from Jalapa, Veracruz, Mdxico, in Brit. Mus.). Southern M&xico to central Honduras. Mdxico: Guerrero (Omilteme, April, breeding, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (Triunfo, breeding, K-d), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla, 4200 to 6800 feet), and Veracruz. Specimens from Chiapas have been referred to X. e. parvus of Guatemala but are better allocated here. Lepidocolaptes leucogaster (Swainson). White-striped Broodhewer. Trepatroncos vientre blanco. Confined to western and central Mxico, with a remarkable zonal distribution from the arid tropics to the Alpine Zone on Mount Orizaba. Absent from heavy rain forest. Lepidocolaptes leucogaster umbrosus Moore. Trepatroncos vientre blanco nortefio. Lepidocolaptes leucogaster umbrosus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 47, 1934, 87 (between Guiro- coba and San Jose, Sonora, Mexico; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mdxico: Northwestern section, at altitudes from 1500 to 6500 feet. Recorded from Sonora (extreme southeast), Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco (northern), Chihuahua (southern only), and Durango (west of Sierra Madre Occidental; intergrades with leucogaster, K-d). Lepidocolaptes leucogaster leucogaster (Swainson). Trepatroncos vientre blanco de Swainson. Xiphorhynchus leucogaster Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), i, 1827, 440 (Temescaltepec, Mexico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus.). Mxico: Most of western southwestern and central parts of country. Recorded from Jalisco (Tapalpa, April 13, breeding, K-d), Colima, MichoacAn (5 mi. N Ario de Rosales, February 16, breeding, K-d), Guerrero, Oaxaca, Durango, Zacatecas, Guana- juato, Mxico (Temascaltepec, breeding, K-d), Morelos, San Luis Potosi, Puebla, and Veracruz. Lepidocolaptes souleyetii (Des Murs). Streaked-headed Woodhewer .Trepatroncos de Souleyet. Chiefly in Arid Tropical Zone from southern M&xico to northwestern Peril and east in northern South America to Trinidad and British Guiana. Lepidocolaptes souleyetii guerrerensis van Rossera. Trepatroncos de Souleyet guerrerense. Lepidocolaptes souleyetii guerrerensis van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, 1939, 16 (Rincon, Guerrero; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Known from only three specimens from the Sierra Madre del Sur in Guer- rero (one specimen 25 mi. S Chilpancingo, 3000 feet, O-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 51 Lepidocolaptes souleyetii insignis (Nelson). Trepatroncos de Souleyet nortefio. Picolaptes compressus insignis Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 54 (Otatitlan, Veracruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Mxico to Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (except southwest), Veracruz (north to Motzorongo), Tabasco, and southwestern Campeche. Lepidocolaptes souleyetti coxnpressus (Cabanis). Trepatroncos de souleyet centralamericano. Thripobrotus compressus Cabanis, Jour. fr Ornith., 9, 1861, 243 (Costa Rica; type in Berlin Mus.). Pacific coast of Central America from southwestern Mxico to western Panam/t. Mdxico: Chiapas (Finca Esperanza). Lepidocolaptes affinis (Lafresnaye). Spotted-crowned Woodhewer. Trepatroncos montds. Mountains of southern and eastern Mdxico south to western Panamgt, and the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia. Lepidocolaptes affinis affinis (Lafresnaye). Trepatroncos montfis mexicano. Dendrocolaptes afhnis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, 1839, 100 (Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern Mxico to Honduras and north-central Nicaragua. Mxico: Upper Tropical and Subtropical zones from 1800 to 11,500 feet. Recorded from Guerrero (Omilteme, April 28-May 1, breeding, O-d; Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, K-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (28 mi. ESE Comiffm, April 6 18, breeding, O-d; Volcn Tacangt, 3000 meters, K-d), Mxico, San Luis Potosi (extreme southeast; Xilitla, C-d), Hidalgo (10 mi. SW Jacala, K-d; E1 Barrio), Puebla, and Veracruz. Lepidocolaptes affinis lignicida (Bangs and Penard). Trepatroncos monts tamaulipeco. Picolaptes afhnis lignicida Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, 1919, 26 (Galindo, Tamaulipas; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M&xico: Confined to arid tropical hill country in northeastern section. Recorded from eastern San Luis Potosi (5 mi. NE Ciudad del Malz, 5000 feet, O-d) and Tamau- lipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 5, nest and eggs).  Includes Lepidocolaptes souleyetii matudae Brodkorb (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 369, 1938, 3; Finca Esperanza, Chiapas). April 10, 1952; Griscom 52 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 FAMILY FURNARI1DAE OVENBIRDS Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater. Rufous-breasted Spinetail. Carpintero de hoja. Southern Mxico to E1 Salvador and Honduras. Synallaxis erythrothorax furtiva Bangs and Peters. Carpintero de hoja furtivo. Synallaxis erythrothorax Jurtiva Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, 1927, 476 (Pre- sidio, Veracruz; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Oaxaca, northern Chiapas (San Cayeteno), Veracruz (Boca del Rio, July 20, laying; Presidio, breeding, K-d), and western Tabasco. Synallaxis erythrothorax pacifica Griscom. Carpintero de hoja guatemalteco. Synallaxis erythrothorax pacifica Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 414, 1930, 3 (San Felipe, Retal- huleu, Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Southwestern Chiapas to E1 Salvador and adjacent parts of western Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas (San Benito, Tuxtla, specimens in British Museum fide van Ros- sem; Tonallt, March 25, O-d). Synallaxis erythrothorax erythrothorax Sclater. Carpintero de hoja herrumbroso. Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, 75, pl. 86 (Coban and Honduras; type in Brit. Mus.). Extreme southeastern Mxico to central Honduras. M.xico: Eastern Tabasco, Campeche, Yucat/m, and Quintana Roo. Anabacerthia striaticollis Lafresnaye. Scaly-throated Tree-hunter. Trepador monts. Subtropical and humid temperate forests, from the mountains of southern Mxico and Central America through the Andes of South America to western Venezuela and northwestern Bolivia. Anabacerthia striaticollis variegaticeps (Sclater). Trepador mont6s nortefio. Anabazenops variegaticeps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 289 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mountains of southern Mxico south to western Panama. Mxico: Guerrero (Omilteme at 8000 feet), Oaxaca, Chiapas (Monserrate; 3700 to 6500 feet; 28 mi. ESE Comititn, 4900 feet, April, breeding, O-d; 50 mi. ESE Comititn, 3 700 feet, breeding, K-d), and Veracruz (10 mi. S Presidio, July 3, breeding, K-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 53 Automolus rubiginosus (Sclater). Ruddy Automolus. Trepador castafio. Subtropical rain forests, from the mountains of central M6xico through Central America to Venezuela, French Guiana, and Bolivia. Automolus rubiginosus guerrerensis Salvin and Godman. Trepador castafio guerrerense. Automolus guerrerensds Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 2, 1891, 157 (Omilteme, Guerrero; type in Brit. Mus.). M&xico: Known only from the Sierra Madre del $ur in Guerrero (Omilteme and Xautipa) and western Oaxaca (Pluma; Totontepec, three females approaching A. r. rubiginosus, K-d). Automolus rubiginosus rubiginosus (Sclater).l Trepador castafio del Arianrico. Ariabates rubiginosus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 288 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to northern Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas (numerous specimens, 1500 feet to 3000 meters), San Luis Potosi (Cerro San Antonio, 4000 feet), and Veracruz (ranging at least to 5000 feet). Automolus ochrolaemus (Tschudi). Buff-throated Automolus. Trepador rojizo. Tropical rain forest from southern Mxico to the Guianas, Bolivia, and Brazil. Automolus ochrolaemus cervinigularis (Sclater). Trepador rojizo garganta agamuzada. Ariabates cervinigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 288 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico, Guatemala, and parts of Honduras and Nicaragua. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (6 mi. NNW San Fernando, April 26, breeding, Od; Palenque), Veracruz (Presidio, breeding, K-d), and Tabasco. Erroneously recorded from near City of Mxico. Xenops minutus (Sparrman). Least Tree-runner. Barboncito. Humid Tropical Zone from southern Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Guianas. 1 We include Automolus rubiginosus veraepacis Salvin and Godman and A. r. umbrinus Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 2, 1891, 156, 157) from Guatemala, to which Chiapas specimens have on occasion been referred. 54 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Xenops minutus mexicanus Sclater. Barboncito mexicano. Xenops mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 289 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to Honduras. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, O-d; Palenque, K-d), Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (breeds in April). Sclerurus mexicanus Sclater. Tawny-throated Leaf-scraper. Saltaparcd mont6s. Humid tropical forests, from southern Mxico to western Ecuador, eastern Peril, and eastern Brazil. Sclerurus mexicanus mexicanus Sclater. Saltapared mont6s mexicano. Sclerurus mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 290 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to eastern Costa Rica. Mxico: Chiapas (Monserrate), Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, 2200 feet, breeding, K-d), and Veracruz. Uncommon; erroneously recorded from City of Mxico. Sclerurus guatemalensis (Hartlaub). Scaly-throated Leaf-scraper. Saltapared guatemalteco. Southern M6xico to western Ecuador in heavy tropical rain forest. $derurus guatemalensis guatemalensis (Hartlaub). SaRapared guatemalteco de Hartlaub. Tinactor guatemalensis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 7, 1844, 370 (no locality - Guatemala). Southern Mxico through Central America to Darien. M.xico: Rare. Recorded from Chiapas (twice), Veracruz (twice, SSE Jesfis Car- ranza), Tabasco (Teapa, two specimens, March 30 and April 4, 1900, G-d), and Quin- tana Roo (Laguna Chacanbacab, May 13, one specimen). April 10, 1952: Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO FAMILY FORMICARIIDAE ANTBIRDS 55 Taraba major (Vieillot). Great Antshrike. Bebel. Tropical forests, from southeastern Mxico to Argentina. Taraba major melanocrissus (Sclater). Bebel centralamericano. Thamnophilus melanocrissus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1860, 252 (Santecomapam, Orizaba, Veracruz = Choctum, Guatemala, as shown by Brodkorb; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to western Panamit. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, Palomares, Tutla, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque), Veracruz (30 mi. S Tezonapa, breeding, K-d), and Tabasco. Thamnophilus doliatus (Linnaeus). Barred Antshrikc. Chompipi. Tropical Zone, from eastern Mxico to western Peril, northern Argentina, Paraguay, Tobago, and Trinidad. Thamnophilus doliatus intermedius Ridgway.1 Chompipi listado. Thamnophilus intermedius Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887 (1888), 581 (Truxillo, Honduras; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Eastern M6xico and Central America southeast to eastern Costa Rica, exclusive of Yucatan Peninsula. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (Tonalit, March 26, breeding, 28 mi. ESE Comiffm, April 19, breeding, O-d), eastern San Luis Potosi, Puebla, southern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias), Veracruz (ranging to 6000 feet; Laguna Tamiahua and Presidio, breeding, K-d), and Tabasco. The subspecies pacificus Ridgway of western Nicaragua and Costa Rica has been erroneously recorded from Chiapas. Specimens from Tabasco approach the next race. Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis Ridgway. Chompipi yucateco. Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, 1908, 193 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). ¾ucatgn Peninsula, Petn, Guatemala, and northern British Honduras. Mxico: Campeche (specimens approaching intermedius), Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo, including Cozumel Island.  Includes Thamnophilus doliatus crepitans Brodkorb (Occas. Papers Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., no. 369, 1938, 3; Finca Esperanza, Pacific slope of Chiapas). 56 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Thamnistes anabatinus Sclater and Salvin. Tawny Antshrike. Pupero caf& Humid tropical rain forest from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador and east- em Peril. Thamnistes anabatinus anabatinus Sclater and Salvin. Pupero caffi guatemalteco. Thamnistes anabatinus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1860, 299 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico to eastern Honduras. Mxico: Tabasco (Teapa; two specimens, March 20 and April 14, 1900, G-d). Dysithamnus mentalis (Temminck.) Slaty-capped Antvireo. Hormiguero de matorral. Humid tropical rain forest from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Tobago, and Trinidad. Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis Ridgeray. ttormiguera de matorral guatemalteco. Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, 1908, 193 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico to western Panamfi. M6xico: Campeche (Pacaytfin in extreme southwest, two specimens). Myrmotherula schisticolor (Lawrence). Slaty Antwren. Hormiguero apizarrado. Southern Mxico, in tropical rain forest, south to western Ecuador and eastern Peril, and east to Santa Marta region, Colombia. Myrmotherula schisticolor schisticolor (Lawrence). Hormiguero apizarrado del noroeste. Formicivora schistlcolor Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, 1865, 172 (Turrialba, Costa Rica; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Mxico to western Ecuador; very rare north of Nicaragua. M&xico: Chiapas (recently collected series from Santa Rosa, Comifftn). Microrhopias quixensis (Cornalia). Dot-winged Antwren. Pupero negro. Humid tropical rain forest, from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, the Guianas, and Brazil. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 57 Microrhopias quixensis boucardi (Sclater). Pupero negro de Boucard. Formicivora boucardi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 26, 1858, 300 (Acatepec, Oaxaca; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern M&xico to northern Nicaragua. Mxico: Oaxaca (five records), Chlapas (i'alenque, July 5, breeding; Monte Libano, one specimen, K-d), southern Veracruz (uncommon; Playa Vicente), Tabasco (six specimens, G-d), and southern Quintana Roo (Laguna Chacanbacab and 46 mi. W Chetumal). Cercomacra tyrannina (Sclater). Tyrannine Antbird. Hormiguero tiranico. Tropical rain forest from southeastern M6xico to western Ecuador, the Guianas, and Amazonia. Cercomacra tyrannina crepera Bangs. Hormiguero tiranico del sureste. Cercomacra crepera Bangs, Auk, 18, 1901, 365 (Divala, Chiriqui; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern Mxico to western Panamg. M6xico: Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, K-d), Chiapas, Veracruz (Presidio, breed- ing, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (north to Ch'ich'). Formicarius analis (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). Black-faced Anthrush. Hur6n chiflador. Tropical rain forest from southeastern Mxico to the Guianas and Amazonia. Formicarius analis moniliger Sclater. Hur6n chiflador tenosiquefio. Formicarius moniliger Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 294 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico and Guatemala. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz (La Gloria, breeding, K-d; common in extreme southern portion), and Tabasco. Formicarius analis pallidus (Lawrence). Hur6n chiflador yucateco. Furnarius pallidus Lawrence, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2, 1882, 288 (Yucatan; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Confined to the Yucatgn Peninsula and northern Petn, Guatemala. Mxico: Campeche, Yucatgn, and northern Quintana Roo. Formicarius analis intermedius Ridgway. Hur6n chiflador belizano. Formicarius moniliger intermedius Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, 1908, 194 (Manatee Lagoon, British Honduras; type in Carnegie Mus.). Southern Quintana Roo, British Honduras, and Honduras. Mxico: Southern Quintana Roo (Xcopen). 58 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Grailaria guatimalensis Prvost and Des Murs. Scaled Antpitta. Fullino. Subtropical rain forest of mountains from central Mxico south to Peril, Venezuela, and Trinidad; rarely at lower altitudes. Grailaria guatimalensis ochraceiventris Nelson. Fullino nexicano. Grailaria ochraceiventris Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 1898, 62 (San Sebastian, Jalisco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Known from relatively few scattered records in the mountains of south- western section: Jalisco (one record), Michoacn (Cerro de San Andrds, 9600 feet, A-d), Guerrero (4000 to 11,500 feet; Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, K-d; Omilteme, June 6, laying, Cuapongo, O-d), Oaxaca (Totontepec, May-June, K-d, 6 mi. N Oaxaca, 7000 feet, September 11, O-d), Mxico (two records), and Morelos (one record). Grailaria guatimalensis guatimalensis Prdvost and Des Murs.1 Fullino guatemalteco. Grailaria guatimalensis Prdvost and Des Murs, Zool. Voyage Venus, Atlas, livr. 1, 1846 (1842), pl. 4 (Guatemala; type in Paris Mus.). Mountains of southeastern Mxico to north-central Nicaragua. Mdxico: Chiapas (Monserrate, August 9, nest and egg), Veracruz (300 to 8000 feet; Jalapa; Presidio, Motzorongo, Rancho Caracol, K-d; Jesfis Carranza, 300 feet), and Tabasco (Tropical Zone, one record).  Provisionally we follow Griscom and Wetmore in including Grailaria mexicana Sclater, pending an examination of the type and an adequate series. April 10, 1952; Gr;.acom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 59 F^MI¾ COTINGIDAE COTINGAS Cotinga amabilis Gould. Lovely Cotinga. Carladot turquesa. Xiuht6totl (Nfihuatl). Cotinga amabilis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, 64, pl. 123 (Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Tropical rain forest from southern Mxico to Costa Rica. Mxico: Oaxaca (one record), Chiapas (Palenque; 19 males and 8 females, 1936, K-d; one female, July 20, 1949, N-d), and Veracruz (three records). Attila spadiceus (Gmelin). Polymorphic Attila. Atila polimorœo. Most of tropical America from western Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, Trini- dad, and southern Brazil. Attila spadiceus pacificus Hellmayr. Atila polimorfo del Pacifico. Attila spadiceus paciyicus Hellmayr, Cat. Birds Am., 13, pt. 6, 1929, 140, new name to replace cinnamomea Lawrence preoccupied (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; types in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Sinaloa (north to junction with Sonora and Chihuahua, Huassa, K-d), Nayarit (breeding, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Michoacfin (Coalcomn, A-d; Uruapan. nest- ing, K-d), Guerrero, Oaxaca (western half), Durango (extreme west-central, Tama- zula, K-d), Mxico (Temascaltepec, K-d), and Morelos (Jutepec, breeding, K-d). Attila spadiceus flammulatus Lafresnaye. Atila polimorfo lamlgero. Attila flammulatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, 1848, 47 (Colombia; Veracruz, Mexico, substituted by Bangs and Penard; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southeastern Mxico to Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern lowlands), Chiapas, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco, and Quin- tana Roo (extreme south). Attila spadiceus gaumeri Salvin and Godman. Atila polimorfo de Gaumer. Attila gaumeri Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 2, 1891, 134 (Tizimin, Yucatan; type in Brit. Mus.). Confined to the Yucatfin Peninsula. M6xico: Campeche (specimens approaching flammulatus), Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (except extreme south), possibly including Holbox and Mujeres islands. Attila spadiceus cozumelae Ridgway. Atila polimoffo de Cozumel. Attila cozumelae Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 23 (Cozumel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Confined to Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo; uncommon. 60 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Laniocera rufescens (Sclater). Speckled Mourner. Llorona manchada. Chiapas south through Central America to northern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. Laniocera rulescerts rulescerts (Sclater). Llorona manchada guatemalteca. Lipaugus rufescens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 25, 1857 (1858), 276 (Coban, Guatemala; type in Liverpool Mus.). Chiapas south to northwestern Colombia. Mxico: Chiapas (El Ocote, 2000 feet, 50 km. NW Ocozocoautla, four specimens). Rhytipterna holerythra (Sclater and Salvin). Rufous Mourner. Llorona rojiza. Humid tropical forests from southern Mxico through Central America to northern Colombia and, on the Pacific coast, to northwestern Ecuador. Rhytipterna holerythra holerythra (Sclater and Salvin). Llorona rojiza nortefia. Lipaugus holerythrus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 300 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; types in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to northern Colombia. M6xico: Oaxaca (Tutla, 1478 meters, three specimens, N-d, two specimens, K-d; 18 mi. N Mattas Romero, June 3, O-d), Chiapas (Palenque, one male, May 8, K-d), and Veracruz (Presidio, one male, K-d; common in jungles of extreme south). One old specimen in British Museum labelled "Mexico." Lipaugus unirufus Sclater. Rufous Piha. Lipaugo rojizo. Tropical rain forests from southern Mxico to western Ecuador. Lipaugus unirufus unirufus Sclater. Lipaugo rojizo tnexicano. Lipaugus uniruJus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 385 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca = Vera- cruz; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico to northern Nicaragua. M.x[co: Oaxaca (Tutla, N-d; Palomares, Escuilapa, K-d; 18 mi. N Matias Romero, June 3, breeding, Juchiffm, February 27, O-d), Chiapas (Ocosingo, Ocozocoautla, N-d); Palenque), Veracruz, and Tabasco. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Lawrence. Cinnamon Becard. Picogrueso canelo. Humid tropical rain forests from southeastern Mdxico to western Ecuador and east through northern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 61 Pachyramphus cinnamomeus fulvidior Griscom. Picogrueso canelo amarillento. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus fulvidior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 1932, 357 (Toledo district, British Honduras; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern M6xico to eastern Costa Rica. M6xico: Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, Tutla, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque, July 16, abundant, nest), and Tabasco (four specimens, March 30, April 5, and 13, G-d). Pachyramphus major (Cabanis). Mexican Bccard. Picogrueso mexicano. Arid Tropical and Arid Temperate zones from western and central Mdxico to north- central Nicaragua. Pachyramphns major uropygialis Nelson. l'icogrucso mexicano sinaloense. Pachyramphus major uropygialis Nelson, Auk, 16, 1899, 28 (Plomosas, Sinaloa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Sinaloa (mountains of the southeast, 2500 to 6000 feet, Rancha Santa Bar- bara, Rancho Batel, seven specimens, K-d; Plomosas, one specimen, G-d), Michoacfin (Coalcoman, 4500 feet, A-d; 15 mi. ESE Morelia, 7300 feet, one specimen, O-d), Guer- rero (Rancho Portrero de Los Indios, May 30, breeding condition, K-d; Cuapongo, Ma- zatlan, Omilteme, Chilpancingo, O-d), and western Durango (6 mi. W Birimoa, K-d). Pachyramphus major major (Cabanis). Picogrueso mexicano de Cabanis. Bathmidurus major Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, 1847, 264 (Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; type in Heine Coil.). Mxico: Parts of eastern and central sections, ranging from upper tropical levels to over 8000 feet. Recorded from Oaxaca, Chiapas (extreme western section, K-d), M6xico, San Luis Potosi (16 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, K-d), Hidalgo (10 mi. SW Jacala, K-d; E1 Barrio), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas), and Veracruz. Pachyramphus major australis Miller and Griscom. Picogrueso mexicano suriano. Pachyramphus major australis Miller and Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 159, 1925, 3 (San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Typical only in Honduras, El Salvador, and north-central Nicaragua. Non-typical birds occur in Guatemala and extreme southern M6xico. M.6xico: Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, Tuxtla Guti6rrez, O-d; Comitan; Volcan Tacana, K-d) and Tabasco (Reforma). Pachyramphus major itzensis Nelson. Picogrueso nexicano yucatcco. Pachyrhamphus ma]or itzensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, 1901, 173 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent British Honduras. Mxico: Campeche, Yucatan (Xocempich, June 12, laying), and Quintana Roo. 62 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Platypsaris aglaiae (Lafresnaye). Rose-throated Becard. Degollado. Arid Tropical, Humid Tropical, and Sonoran zones from southern Arizona and southern Texas to Costa Rica. Possibly migratory in the extreme north. The ranges of the complex of subspecies still remain to be worked out, and the existence of paler and darker color phases is suspected. Platypsaris aglaiae richmondi van Rossem. Degollado de Richmond. Platypsaris aglaiae richmondi van Rossera, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 43, 1930, 130 (Saric, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Southeastern Arizona and northwestern Mxico. Mxico: Sonora (ranges from sea level to the Transition Zone, where possibly mi- gratory; Guirocoba, May 17, nesting, K-d), Sinaloa (south to Culiac&n and El Molino, breeding, where approaching the next subspecies, K-d), Chihuahua (extreme southwest- ern, San Feliz, K-d), and Durango (extreme west-central, Tamazula, K-d). Platypsaris aglaiae albiventris (Lawrence). Degollado vientre blanco. Hadostomus albiventris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, 1867, 475 (Plains of Colima, Mexico; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Sinaloa (except northern portion), Nayarit (nesting, vicinity of Tepic, K-d), Jalisco (Autl/m, July 20, nest), Colima, Michoa.cgn, Guerrero (specimens from extreme southeast at Cuajinicuilapa approach sumichrasti, K-d), Oaxaca (western), Chihuahua, and Durango (southern, Nombre de Dios, K-d). Birds of uncertain or inter mediate status recorded from Coahuila, Mxico, Morelos, and the interior of Veracruz. Platypsaris aglaiae insularis Ridgway. Degollado de Islas Marlas. Platypsaris insularis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 325 (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the Tres Marias Islands, Nayarit. Platypsaris aglaiae gravis van Rossem. Degollado de van Rossera. Platypsaris aglaiae gravis van Rossem, Condor, 40, 1938, 262 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Northeastern Mxico and extreme southern Texas. Mxico: San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (both interior highlands and hot, humid lowlands; G6mez Farias, April, breeding), and Veracruz (coastal region northward, some specimens approaching sumichrasti). ROSE-THROATED BECARD PI.4 TYPS' 41ti AGL 114F One-half natural size Painting by Andrew Jackson Grayson 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 63 Platypsaris aglaiae aglaiae (Lafresnaye). Degollado rosicler. Pachyrhynchus aglaiae Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, 1839, 98 (Mexico; Jalapa, Veracruz, designated by Nelson; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M&xico: Highlands of eastern section. Oaxaca (northern, where intergrading with P. a. sumichrasti), Puebla, and Veracruz (highlands, chiefly on Caribbean slope). Platypsaris aglaiae sumichrasti Nelson. Degollado de Sumichrast. Platypsaris aglaiae sumichrasti Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 52 (Otatitlan, Vera Cruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Hot lowlands of southern Mdxico south through Guatemala to the interior of E1 Salvador and Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca (lowlands), Chiapas (Cacahoatn, breeding, K-d), Veracruz (southern coastal; Presidio, breeding, K-d; Jalapa, nesting), Tabasco, Campeche (southern), and Quintana Roo (southern). Platypsaris aglaiae yucatanensis Ridg,ay. Degollado yucateco. Platypsaris aglaiae yucatanends Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, 1906, 120 (Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Confined to the outer parts of the Yucat/tn Peninsula. M&xico: Campeche (northern), Yucat/tn, and Quintana Roo (northern), including Holbox and Cozumel islands. Tityra semifasciata (Spix). Masked Tityra. Rechinador. Chiefly Tropical Zone, both humid and arid, from northern Mxico to western Ecua- dor, Bolivia, the Guianas, and Brazil. Tityra semifasciata griseiceps Ridgway.1 Rechinador teresita. Tityra personata griseiceps Ridgway, Auk, 5, 1888, 263 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; types in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M&xico: Tropical Zone north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Recorded from Sonora (San Francisco Cation, two specimens), Sinaloa (15 mi. WSW Cosalg, breeding, K-d; ranges to 5500 feet), Nayarit (Sauta and Chacala, K-d: San Blas, March 20, breeding, O-d), Jalisco, Colima (Lajuela, breeding, K-d), Michoacgn, Guerrero, Oaxaca (west- ½rn), and Durango (Chacala, March 1, 7, G-d; 6 mi. W Birimoa, K-d). Tityra semifasciata personata Jardine and Selby. Rechinador castafieta. Tityra personata Jardine and Selby, Illus. Ornith., 1, pt. 2, June, 1827, pl. 24 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico; location of type unknown). Tropical eastern M&xico to E1 Salvador and central Honduras. 1 Tityra semiJasciata hannumi van Rossem and Hachisuka, known from only two specimens from extreme southeastern Sonora, requires confirmation. 64 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Mxico: Oaxaca (extreme southeastern portion, Chivela), Chiapas (28 mi. ESE Comitan, 4900 feet, April 14, breeding, O-d; fairly common and widely distributed, K-d), Guanajuato, San Luis Potosl, Hidalgo, northeastern Puebla, 30 mi. E Huauchi- nango, K-d), Tamaulipas, Veracruz (common in lowlands; Presidio, La Gloria, breed- ing, K-d), Campeche, and Quintana Roo. Tityra semifasciata deses Bangs. Rechinador yucateco. Tityra semifasclata deses Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, 1915, 125 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Confined to the arid tip of the Yucatan Peninsula. Recorded from Yucatan and Quintana Roo (northern part). An inconstant and dubious subspecies, some speci- mens strikingly distinct, others indistinguishable from T. s. personata. Erator inquisitor (Lichtenstein). Black-capped Tityra. Viuda. Chiefly humid tropical forests from southern Mxico to the Guianas, Bolivia, and Argentina. Erator inquisitor fraserii (Kaup). Viuda de Fraser. Psaris fraserii Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1851 (1852), 47, pls. 37, 38 (Vera Cruz, Mexico, by subsequent designation; type restricted to no. 1868 Coll. Lord Derby, now in Liverpool Mus.). Southeastern Mxico to Panama west of the Canal Zone. Maxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, San Luis Potosi (uncommon in tropical lowlands), Puebla (K-d), Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 65 FAMILY PIPRIDAE MANAKINS Pipra mentalis Sclater. Yellow-thighed Manakin. Turquito cabeza de fuego. Humid tropical rain forests from southeastern M6xico to western Ecuador. Pipra mentalis mentalis Sclater. Turquito cabeza de fuego de Sclater. Pipra mentalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 299, pl. 121 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to eastern Costa Rica. M6xico: Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Tutla, Palomares, Escuilapa, K-d), Chiapas (Paval, 400 meters, nesting, K-d), Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucat&n, and Quintana Roo. Chiroxiphia linearis (Bonaparte). Long-tailed Manakin. Toledo. Arid Tropical Zone of Pacific slope from southern M6xico to western Costa Rica. Chiroxiphia linearis linearis (Bonaparte). Toledo mexicano. Pipra linearis Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. $oc. London, 1837 (1838), 113 (Mexico; location of type unknown). Pacific coast of southern Mxico, Guatemala, and possibly western E1 Salvador. M6xico: Oaxaca and Chiapas. Manacus candei (Parzudaki). White-collared Manakin. Sacafuego. Pipra candel Parzudaki, Rev. Zool., 4, 1841, 306 (Trujillo, Honduras; location of type unknown). Tropical rain forest from southeastern Mxico to eastern Costa Rica. Mxico: Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Tutla, Palomares, K-d), Chiapas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (extreme south; Agua Bianca, June 1, laying). Schiffornis turdinus (Wied). Thrush-like Manakin. Turquito card. Tropical rain forest from southern M6xico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, and eastern Brazil. Schiffornis tttrdinus verae-pacis (Sclater and Salvin). Turquito card guatemalteco. Heteropelma verae-pacis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 300 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to Pacific slope of western Panam&. M6xico: Chiapas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (breeding con- dition, February-June). April 10, 1952; Griscom 66 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 FAMILY TYRANNIDAE ''YRANT FLYCATCHERS Sayornis phoebe (Latham). Eastern Phoebe. Papamoscas Fib/. Muscicapa Phoebe Latham, Index Ornith., 2, 1790, 489 (Noveboraco: New York; new name for Muscicapa atra Gmelin). Eastern North America. Breeds from central Mackenzie, northscentral Saskatche~ wan, and southern parts of eastern Canada south to central Texas, northern Mississippi, and the highlands of Georgia. Winters from the south-central United States, chiefly south of latitude 37 ø N, south through central and eastern Mxico to Oaxaca and Quin- tana Roo. Mxico: Recorded frown Baja California (vagrant; one record), Jalisco (one speci- men, March 7, K-d), Michoacgtn (one record), Guerrero (November 21; February 2, O-d), Oaxaca (Tapanatepec), Chihuahua, Durango (December 2 and 9, K-d), Agua~ scalientes (October 20-24, K-d), Queretaro (eight specimens, K-d), Mdxico, Coahuila (November 4-14, Kd), San Luis Potosi (October 19, K-d), Hidalgo (October 30, December 12, K-d; Jacala, March 15, C), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (frequent to March 9), Tamaulipas (regular winter visitant; March 23, C), Veracruz (south to Tlacotalpam; as late as March 18 at Rio Ptnuco), and Quintana Roo (Camp Mengel, one record). Sayornis nigricans (Swainson). Black Phoebe. Papamoscas negro. Northwestern California south through the southwestern United States, M6xico, and the mountains of Central America to the mountains of Venezuela, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Sayornis nigcicans semiatra (Vigors)A Papamoscas negro occidental. Muscicapa semiatra Vigors, Zool. Voyage Blossom, 1839, 17 (no locality: Monterey, California; location of type unknown). Northwestern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western and central Texas south to southern Baja California, northern Nayarit, Zacatecas, and Coahuila. M6xico: Common summer resident from sea level to 8800 feet in northern states. Recorded from Baja California (breeds up to 7200 feet; extends south to Cape; winter visitant to Colorado River Delta), Sonora, Sinaloa (common, K-d), northern Nayarit (specimens approaching S. n. nigricans, K-d), Chihuahua, Durango (breeding up to 8800 feet, May-June, K-d), Zacatecas (breeding, May, K-d), and northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). $ayornis nigcicans nigcicans (Swainson). Papamoscas negro mcxicano. Tyrannula nigricans Swainson, Philos. Mag. (u.s.), 1, 1827, 367 (Table land of Mexico; location of type unknown). M6xico: Central and southern sections, exclusive of southern Caribbean lowlands and northeastern Chiapas; chiefly along mountain streams, usually above 5500 feet.  Sayornis nigricans salictaria Grinnell and Sayornis nigricans brunnescens Grinnell are synonyms. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 67 Recorded from Jalisco (Tapalpa, April 5-15, nesting, K-d), Michoacfin (Lake Pfitz- cuaro, May 24, breeding, C-d), Guerrero (breeding, late March to June, O-d), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec), southern Chiapas (Prusia, Chicharros), Aguascalientes (breeding, May, K-d), Guanajuato (nesting, .april 17-May 10, K-d), Queretaro, Mxico, Distrito Federal (K-d), Morelos, southern Coahuila (Saltillo), Hidalgo (breeding, May, K-d), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (Llera, 500 feet, K-d), and Veracruz. Sayornis nig-icans aquatica Sclater and Salvin. Papamoscas negro aguador. Sayornis aquatica Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 119 (Duefias, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Local resident of highlands of Central America, from northeastern Chiapas to west- ern Panamfi. Mdxico: Recorded from northeastern Chiapas (Ocosingo; Palma Real, 1600 meters). Sayornis saya (Bonaparte). Say Phoebe. Papamoscas boyero. Breeds from central Alaska, Yukon, and northwestern and central Mackenzie south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, Michoacfin, and Hidalgo. Winters from southwestern United States south to Puebla and Veracruz. $ayornis saya yukonensis Bishop. Papamoscas boyero de Yukon. Sayornis saya yukonensis Bishop, Auk, 17, 1900, 115 (Glacier, White Pass, Alaska; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in central and southeastern Alaska, Yukon, northwestern and central Mac- kenzie, and northwestern British Columbia. Winters from central California south to Michoacfin and Hidalgo. Mxico: Sparse winter visitant. Recorded from Baja California (Laguna Hanson; Santa Rosalia Bay), Michoacfin (Lake Pfitzcuaro, March 17, C-d), Queretaro (El Caracol, December 2, K-d), Hidalgo. (Tlaxacalilla, January 31, C-d), and Tamaulipas (Nuevo Laredo, December 21, 23, G-d). $ayornis saya saya (Bouaparte). Papamoscas t)oyero de Say. Muscicapa saya Bonaparte, Am. Ornith., 1, 1825, 20, pl. 11, fig. 3 (Arkansaw River, about twenty miles from the Rocky Mountains:near Pueblo, Colorado; type unknown). Breeds from central and northeastern British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba south to southern California, north- ern Sonora, Durango, and San Luis Potosl. Winters in southwestern United States and on mainland of Mxico south to Puebla and Veracruz. Mxico: Baja California (winters sparingly, to March 24), Sonora (breeds in north- central portion and possibly elsewhere), Jalisco (winter, K-d), Chihuahua, Durango (intergrades, Nombre de Dios, June 6, nestlings, K-d), Aguascalientes (October, K-d), Guanajuato (October 2-January 31, K-d), Mxico, Morelos (October 3, K-d), Coahuila, 68 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 San Luis Potosl (intergrades, breeding, K-d), Hidalgo (Real del Monte, G-d), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (intergrades, juveniles, K-d), Tamaulipas, and central western Veracruz (July 30-April 8). Sayornis saya quiescens Grinnell. Papamoscas boyero bajacaliforniano. Sayornis sayus quiescens Grinnell, Condor, 28, 1926, 180 (San Jos, ... Lower California, Mexico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Resident in northern Baja California. Migrates in part to lower Colorado River Basin of southeastern California, western Arizona, and western Sonora, and to southern Baja California. M6xico: Resident in Baja California north of latitude 28 ø, extending to Cape district in winter (O-d), and winter visitant to western Sonora (south to Mayo River valley). $ayornis saya pallida (Swainson). Papamoscas boyero palido. Tyrannula pallida Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 367 (Table land of Mexico; location of type unknown). Mxico: Southern part of Central Plateau. Recorded from Jalisco (Lagos de Moreno, Tapalpa, K-d), Michoacn (7 mi. N Pgtzcuaro, May 29, breeding, C-d; San Agustin, Lago de Cuitzeo, winter, K-d), Oaxaca (Mitla, winter, K-d), Zacatecas (Sombrerete, July 22, fledgling; Venta de las Amarillas, March, three breeding birds, K-d), Agua- scalientes (San Jacinto, March, K-d), Guanajuato (Puerta de Guadalupe, May 25, breeding pair, K-d), Queretaro (El Characol, winter, K-d), Mxico (Progreso, October, K-d), and Hidalgo (Portezuelo, April 15, breeding condition, K-d). Pyrocephalus rubinus (Boddaert). Vermilion Flycatcher. Cardenalito. Tlapalt6totl (NShuatl). Tutubixi Otomi). Laxinicu5 (Mixteco). Desert, open scrub, and savanna from southwestern United States south through Mxico to Honduras. Also South America, from Colombia and Venezuela south to Chile and Argentina, and the Galgpagos Islands. Pyrocephalus rubinus flammeus van Rossem. Cardenalito flamlgero. Pyrocephalus rubinus flammeus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 1934, 353 (Brawley, Imperial County, Califonfia; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, northwestern Oklahoma, western Texas, and northern Coa- huila south to southern Baja California and Nayarit. M6xico: Baja California (common resident), Sonora (common resident), Sinaloa (abundant on coastal plain up to 1100 feet, K-d), Nayarit (up to 3000 feet, K-d), Chihuahua (4700 feet, June, breeding, O-d), Durango (nesting, May. K-d), and north- ern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 69 Pyrocephalus rubinus xnexicanus Sclater. Cardenalito mexicano. Pyrocephalus mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 45 (Mexico; Tampico, Tamaulipas, designated by van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 1934, 353; cotypes in Brit. Mus.). South-central and southeastern Texas south through eastern and central Mxico to Guerrero, Oaxaca, and northern Veracruz. Mxico: Recorded from Jalisco (common resident, breeding, March-August, K-d), Colima, Michoacn (Lake Ptzcuaro, May 24, breeding, C-d), Guerrero (breeding, April 4-June 27, O-d), Oaxaca, Zacatecas (6300 feet, nesting, May, K-d), Aguascali- entes, Guanajuato (up to. 6000 feet, bre6ding, April-July, Kd), Queretaro (K-d), M6xico, Distrito Federal, Morelos (abundant, K-d), southern Coahuila (Saltillo), San Luis Potosl (breeding, July, K-d), Hidalgo (Tula, G-d), Tlaxcala, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (nesting, March 21, K-d), and northern Veracruz. Pyrocephalus rubinus blatteus Bangs. Cardenalito snriano. Pyrocephalus rubinlts blatteus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 189 (Sabune Dist., British Honduras; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southeastern M6xico south to southern Honduras. Mdxico: Chiapas, southern Veracruz (north to Dos Rios), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. Muscivora forficata (Gmelin). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Papamoscas tijereta. Muscicapa ]orficata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1789, 931 (in Nova Hispania = M6xico). Breeds in Great Plains from southeastern Nebraska, central Kansas, and western Arkansas south to southern Texas and western Louisiana. Winters from southern M6xico to western Panam/t and in southern Florida. Mdxico: Chiefly a transient (October to May), wintering in small numbers. Recorded from Guerrero (Chilpancingo, October 30, O-d), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, Octo- ber 2, A-d; October 25, January 31, February 1, 20, May 14, K-d), Chiapas (Tonal/t, May 7, A-d), Coahuila (Sabinas, April 21, Od), San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Veracruz (ranges up to 4000 feet; October 12-22; K-d; February to April 15, May 15), and Campeche (January, and March 5). Muscivora tyrannus (Linnaeus). Fork-tailed Flycatcher. Tijerilla. Southern Mdxico, Central America, southern Lesser Antilles, and South America south to central Argentina. Muscivora tyrannus xnonachus Harttaub. Tijerilla monja. Tyrannus (Milvulus) monachus Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 7, 1844, 214 (Guatemala; type in Bremen Mus.). 70 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Savannas of southern Mxico south to Colombia in South America. Reported, possi- bly as a migrant, from Venezuela and Brazil north of the Amazon River. Mxico: Oaxaca (near Loma Bonita, February 26, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque, Feb- ruary 9-March 13, K-d), Veracruz (Tres Zapotes, near breeding condition, April 11; Tlacotalpan, May 18-25, G-d), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. Reported to breed in January and February; no Mexican record later in summer than July 25. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus).  Eastern Kingbird. Madrugador mosquero. Lanius tyrannus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 94 (in America septentrionali = South Carolina). Breeds from northern interior British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, southern Manitoba, and southeastern Canada south to eastern Oregon, northern Nevada, north- ern Utah, northern New Mexic% central Texas, the eastern Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Winters in Peril and Bolivia, migrating through M.6xico, Central America, and northern South America. M6xico: Common transient through eastern section, erroneously reported as winter- ing. Recorded from Oaxaca (February 18, March 1, May 16), Chiapas (Esperanza, May 7, A-d; February 20, March 23, K-d), San Luis Potosi (October 1, K-d), Tamauli- pas (Nuevo, August 19, C-d; Bagdad, September 3, G-d), Veracruz (April, May, August), Campeche (La Tuxpefia, April 26, A-d), Yucatan (common, late August- September, mid-March-May), Quintana Roo (including Cozumel Island), and islands of Banco Campeche. Tyrannus vociferans Swainson. Cassin Kingbird. Madrugador chilero. Southwestern United States and Rocky Mountain area south to central M6xico. Partly migratory, wintering south to Guatemala. Tyrannus vociferans vociferans Swainson. Madrugador chilero Tiaraaria. Tyrannus vocUerans Swainson, Quart. Jour. Sci. Lit. Arts. Roy. Inst., 20, 1826, 273 (Temascalte- pec, Mexico; location of type unknown). Breeds from central California, southern Utah, eastern Montana, and extreme west- ern Oklahoma south to northern Baja California, Michoacn, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi. Winters from southern California, southern Arizona, Chihuahua, and cen- tral Tamaulipas south to Guatemala. Mdxico: Baja California (breeds in northwest; common transient elsewhere and winter visitant to May 15), Sonora (common summer resident, March 24-November 5; January 18, K-d), Sinaloa (resident; Culiacgn, April 15, breeding condition, K-d), Nayarit (breeding, June, July, K-d), Jalisco (breeds), Colima, Michoac/m (Uruapan, June, nesting, K-d), Guerrero (winters, October 21-April 17), Oaxaca, Chiapas, Chi- huahua (breeds up to 7000 feet, O-d), Durango (arrives in April; nesting, May, June, K-d), Zacatecas (nesting, May, K-d; Valderama, July 13, fledglings), Aguascalientes  Tyrannus tyrannus hespericola Oberholser is a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 71 (K-d), Guanajuato (breeds), Queretaro (November-December, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal (K-d), Morelos, Coahuila (nesting, July 7, K-d), San Luis Potosi (breeding, K.-d), Hidalgo (Ixmiquilpan, June 30, breeding, C-d), Tlaxcala, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (breeding, July 12-26, K-d), Tamaulipas (Miquihuana, June 14, G-d; March 17-April 1, K-d; once in February), and Veracruz (winter visitant in mountains). Tyrannus vociferans xenopterum (;riscore. Madrugador chilero glmrrerense. Tyrannus vociferans xenopterum Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, 391 (Chilpancingo, Guerrero; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M6xico: Resident in highlands of Guerrero (winters; breeds. April 10-June 10, O-d). Tyrannus verticalls Say. Western Kingbird. Madrugador avispero. Tyrannus verticalis Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts.. 2, 1823, 60, note (Ash River, near Rocky Mts.: La Junta, Colorado; type lost). Breeds in southern Canada from interior British Columbia east to Ontario and south through western United States and Great Plains to northern Baja California, Sonora, and Chihuahua. Winters chiefly from southwestern Mxico south to E1 Salvador. M6xico: Baja California (common summer resident north of latitude 30 ø in Sonoran and Transition zones; elsewhere transient; no mid-winter records), Sonora (common summer resident, March 31-September 26; Tesia, June 22, breeding), Sinaloa (common transient, March 25-May 26, K.-d), Nayarit, Colima, Guerrero (common transient and winter visitant, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas, Chihuahua (breeds), Durango (one specimen, August 12, K-d), Aguascalientes (one specimen, October 11, K-d), Guanajuato (one specimen, October 22, K-d), Morelos (winters), San Luis Potosi (one specimen, May 13, K-d), and Tamaulipas (Acufia, April 22, C-d). Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot. Tropical Kingbird. Madrugador abejero. Tropical America from southern Arizona and southern Texas south to central Argen- tina, including Grenada, Tobago, and Trinidad. Resident except at northern periphery of range. Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Harterr and Goodson. Madrugador abeje'o occidental. Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert and Goodson, Novit. Zool., 24, 1917, 412 (San Bias, Tepic, N. W. Mexico; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Breeds from southeastern Arizona south on Pacific coast of M6xico to Guerrero. Winters south of Sonora. Casual in California and Washington. Mxico: Sonora (common summer resident, chiefly near coast from Guaymas south- ward, April 26 on), Sinaloa (breeding, K-d), Nayarit (including Tres Marias Islands), Jalisco, Colima, Michoacgn, Guerrero (winter; breeding, July %26, O-d), northern Oaxaca (winter), and Morelos (intergrades with Tyrannus melancholicus couchii, breeding, K-d). 72 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Tyrannus melancholicus chloronotus Berlepsch. Madrugador abejero ]omo verdoso. Tyrannus chloronotus Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, 1907, 474 (Temax, Yucatan; type lost). Southeastern Mxico south through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela; also Grenada, Tobago, and Trinidad. Mxico: Resident in southern and eastern Oaxaca, Chiapas (Monserrate, July 28, nest; 28 mi. SE Comitfin, 4900 feet, April 8, breeding condition, O-d), southern Vera- cruz (Tres Zapotes), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (including islands). Tyrannus melancholicus couchii Baird. Madrugador abejero de Couch. Tyrannus couchii Baird, Rept. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, 1858, 170, 175 (New Leon, Mexico: Nuevo Le6n, Mxico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Resident in southern Texas and northeastern Mxico. Mxico: San Luis Potosi (Naranjo, K-d; Valles, June 5, breeding; Tamazunchale), Hidalgo (Jacala), Puebla (Papantilla, May 10, nesting, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (Estancia, Cerralvo), Tamaulipas (Tampico, June 25, fledglings, C-d), and northern and central Veracruz (Orizaba; Boca del Rio, O-d). Winter visitant to southern Veracruz (Tres Zapotes, March 18). Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmelin). Gray Kingbird. Madrugador dominicano. Breeds from coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida south through Greater and Lesser Antilles to the mainland of Venezuela. Partly migratory; winters regularly from Hispaniola to Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas, rarely to coast of Yucatfin Peninsula. Tyrannus dominicensis dominlcensis (Gnelin).l Madrugador dominicano de Gnelin. Lanius (Tyrannus) dominicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1788, 302 (in insula S. Dominici et Jamaica: Hispaniola). Coasts of southeastern United States, the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles (except from Barbuda to Grenada where T. d. vorax occurs), and mainland of Venezuela and offshore islands. Winters occasionally north to Cuba and Florida and south to Panamfi and central Colombia; rarely on islands off Yucatfin Peninsula. Mdxico: Rare winter visitant to islands off Quintana Roo (Isla Cancun, January 27, one specimen; Isla Cozumel, late January, one specimen). Tyrannus cubensis Richmond. Giant Kingbird. Madrugador cubano. Tyrannus cubensis Richmond, Auk, 15, 1898, 330 (new name for Tyrannus magnirostris d'Or- bigny preoccupied; Cuba). Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and the southern Bahamas. Accidental in Quintana Roo. Mxico: One record from Isla Mujeres (February 25, 1886), Quintana Roo.  Tyrannus dominicensis fugax Brodkorb and Tyrannus dominicensis sequax Brodkorb are regarded as synonyms. 1357 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 73 Tyrannus crassirostris Swainson. Thick-billed Kingbird. Madrugador picogrueso. Tropical Zone of Pacific slope of western and southern Mxico and western Guate- mala; apparently migratory in Sonora. Tyrannus crassirostris porepalls Bangs and Peters.l Madrugador picogrueso de noroeste. Tyrannus crassirostris pompalis Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 1928, 396 (Haci- enda de San Rafael, Chihuahua [now Sonora]; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Pacific slope from northern Sonora to Colima, chiefly in tropical lowlands and foothills. Recorded from Sonora (Rancho La Arizona in north, and latitude 27 ø 10' southward; recorded from December 21 to September 11, but partly migratory), Sinaloa (abundant throughout the year, sea level to 6000 feet, nesting, K-d), Nayarit (breeding, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero (winter visitant, Atoyac de Alvarez, March, Cuajini cuilapa and Punta Maldonado, February, K-d; Cuapongo, October 1, O-d), southwest- ern Chihuahua (San Feliz, 7500 feet, juvenile, K-d), and western Durango (Rancho Guasimal, 5500 feet, November 1, Tamazula, 2800 feet, December 5, K-d). Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris Swainson. Madrugador picogrueso occidental. Tyrannus crassirostris Swainson, Quart. Jour. Sci. Lit. Arts. Roy. Inst., 20, 1826, 273 (warm districts of Mexico = Temascaltepec, M6xico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus., England). Southwestern Mxico south to western Guatemala. M&xico: Michoactn, Guerrero (Chilpancingo, April 13-July 1, breeding, Amojileca, breeding, winters, O-d), Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe, G-d; Tamazulapan, K-d), Chiapas (Tonallt, October 30, O-d), Mxico (Temascaltepec, July, K-d), Morelos, and southern Puebla (Chietla). Legatus leucophaius (Vieillot). Pirate Flycatcher. Pap.amoscas rayado. Southeastern Mxico through Central America and tropical South America to north- ern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. Legatus leucophaius variegatus (Sclater). Papamoscas rayado mexicano. Elainea variegata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 24, 1857, 297 (Cordova [,Veracruz, Mxico]; type in Brit. Mus.). Caribbean slopes of southeastern Mxico south to Guatemala. Mxico: Oaxaca (February 13), Chiapas (Palenque; Berriozitbal, June 27, O-d), San Luis Potosi (Tamazunchale, April 15, breeding), Puebla (Papantilla, May 10, nesting, K-d), Veracruz (breeding, April 30-July 18, C-d, K-d; possibly summer resi- dent only at this latitude), Tabasco, and southern Quintana Roo (Camp Mengel).  Tyrannus crassirostris sequestratus van Rossem is regarded as a synonym. 74 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Myiodynastes luteiventris Sclater. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher. Ventura meca. Breeds from southern Arizona and central Nuevo Le6n through Mdxico and Central America to Costa Rica. Winters in Peril and Bolivia. Myiodynastes luteiventris swarthi van Rosscm. Ventura ineca de Swarth. Myiodynastes luteiventris swarthi van Rossera, Condor, 29, 1927, 126 (Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Breeds from southern Arizona through western Mxico to Colima. Winters chiefly in Peril and Bolivia. Mdxico: Recorded from eastern Sonora (May 2 to September 10; nesting, May 29- June 15), Sinaloa (abundant, to September 20, sea level to 3000 feet, breeding, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, and Chihuahua (Rio Gavilan, 5700 feet, August 22, small young, O-d). Records from state of Mxico and northern Oaxaca require redeter- mination. Myiodynastes lutelventrls luteiventris Sclater. Ventnra meca vientre amarillo. Myiodynastes luteiventris Sclater, Proc. Zoo1. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 42 (In Mexico merid., Guatemala, et America centrali; type from Vera Paz, Guatemala, in Brit. Mus.). Breeds from northeastern Nuevo Le6n and Michoacan to Costa Rica. Winters chiefly in Peril. M6xico: Summer resident, March 20 to August 14, from Michoacan, central Nuevo Le6n, and central Tamaulipas southward. Recorded from Michoacan (July 28, nesting, K-d), Guerrero (breeding, June 15), Oaxaca, Chiapas (Prusia, March 20-May 23, C-d), San Luis Potosl (Naranjos, July 13, K-d; Xilitla, August 5, O-d), Puebla (Izilcar de Matamoros, August 14, C-d), Nuevo Le6n (Rio Comacho), central Tamaulipas (Victoria; G6mez Farias, May 30, nest and eggs), Veracruz (nesting, April 26-July 17, C-d, K-d; Jalapa, 4500 feet, August 10, O-d), Tabasco, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo (breeding late April to late June). Myiodynastes maculatus (Mtiller). Streaked Flycatcher. Ventura pinta. Tropical Zone, locally, from eastern Mxico south through Central America and South America to Bolivia and Argentina. Myiodynastes maculatus insolens Ridgway. Ventura pinta mexicana. Myiodynastes audax insolens Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 332 (Mirador (Vera Cruz), Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Tropical Zone of Caribbean slopes of eastern Mxico, British Honduras, and north- ern Guatemala. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Santo Domingo), Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, July 12, K-d), San Luis Potosl (Xilitla), Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, May 17, breeding, K-d), 1;57 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 75 southern Tamaulipas (Sierra Madre above Victoria), Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (breeding, late April-June). Megarhynchus pitangua (Linnaeus). Boat-billed Flycatcher. Portugus. Xatifi (Mixteco). Tropical Zone from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas south to Bolivia and northern Argentina. Megarhynchus pitangua tardiusculus Moore. Portugus occidental. Megarhynchus pitangua tardiusculus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, 1941, 35 (Rancho Santa Barbara, 20 miles northeast of Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). M.xico: Resident from Arid Tropical Zone to Transition Zone in southern Sinaloa (Carrizo, April 18, laying, K-d) and Nayarit (Sauta, May 2, 3, breeding; San Blas, March 20, O-d). Megarhynchus pitangua caniceps Ridgway. Pot tugu(s canoso. Megarynchus pitangua caniceps Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, 1906, 116 (Barranca Veltran, southern Jalisco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Known only from two specimens from Barranca Beltr/tn, in humid tropics at east base of Volc/tn de Colima, Jalisco. Megarhynchus pitangua mexicanus (I,afresnaye). PortognUs mexicano. Scaphorhynchus Mexicanus Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool. (n.s.), 3, 1851, 473 (Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Eastern and southern Mxico to Panam/t. Mxico: Guerrero (Isgusgilite, intermediates toward M.p. caniceps), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, July 15, breeding, C-d), Chiapas (Monserrate, April 1, nesting), San Luis Potosi (Tamazunchale, June 3, breeding, C-d; Ciudad del Malz, March 22, breed- ing condition, K-d), Puebla, southern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias, April 13, laying), Veracruz (Tres Zapotes, April 7, nesting), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucat/tn, and Quin- tana Roo. Myiozetetes similis (Spix). Vermilion-crowned Flycatcher. Justojuez. Tropical Zone from northwestern and northeastern Mxico through Central America and South America to Argentina. Myiozetetes similis prhnulus van Rossem. Jnstojuez pistujl. Myiozetetes similis primulus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1930, 198 (Tesia, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mdxico: Locally common resident of Pacific slope, integrading with M. z. texensis from Jalisco southward. Recorded from southern Sonora (lower Mayo River valley, 76 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 common), Sinaloa (common resident, K-d), Nayarit (breeding, K-d; San Blas, O-d), Jalisco (intergrades), Colima, and western Durango (Tamazula, December, K-d). Myiozetetes similis texensis (Giraud). Justojuez chatillo. Muscicapa texensis Giraud, Sixteen New Species Texas Birds, 1841, pl. 1 (Texas = Veracruz, Mxico, probably; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Tropical Zone of southern and eastern Mxico and of Central America south to. northwestern Costa Rica. Mdxico: Recorded from Sonora (Guirocoba, December 5, one specimen, casual), Michoacgm (Los Reyes, September 16), Guerrero (intergrades in part, K-d; breeding, June 20, July 27, O-d; breeding, August 7-12), Oaxaca (May 14, eggs), Chiapas, Durango (one December specimen, casual, K-d), Morelos (common, breeding, K-d), southeastern San Luis Potosl (Tamazunchale, April 14, 21, nesting; Vailes, July 11, nesting, C-d), Puebla (nesting, May, K-d), southern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farlas, March 27-July 6, nesting, C-d), Veracruz (El Conejo, May 16, nesting), Tabasco (Frontera, January 25, G-d), Campeche, Yucatgm, and Quintana Roo (Laguna Cha- canbacab, mid-May, breeding). Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus). Kiskadee Flycatcher. Bienteveo. Tropical America from southern Sonora and southern Texas to Bolivia and Argen- tina; absent in most of Panam/t and western Peril. Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus (Kaup).l Bienteveo pitavil. Saurophagus Derbianus Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 19, 1851 (= October, 1852), 44 (Zaca- tecas, in Mexico; type possibly in Derby Mus.). Mxico: Pacific coastal, central, and southern sections. Common. Partly migratory. Recorded from southern Sonora (summer visitant in extreme south, March 8-Novem- ber 20; Camoa, February 16, K-d), Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco (coast and interior), Colima, Michoacgtn, Guerrero (August 9, laying; Pie de la Cuesta, August 23, breeding condition, Acapulco, winter, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (Monserrate, April 1, nesting), Durango (Tamazula, November, December, K-d), Zacatecas, Aguascalientes (Febru- ary, K-d), Guanajuato, Mxico, Morelos (breeding condition, March 1 O-April 16, K-d), San Luis Potosl (extreme southeast, K-d), Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, November, K-d), Veracruz (southern; April 13, eggs), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucafftn, and Quin- tana Roo (including Cozumel Island). Pitangus sulphuratus texanus van Rossem. Bienteveo texano. Pitangus sulphuratus texanus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, 1940, 82 (Browns- ville, Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Lower Rio Grande valley of Texas and northeastern Mxico, integrading over large area with P.s. derbianus to the south. 1 Pitangus sulphuratus palliatus van Rossem is considered to be a synonym. Populations of south- ern Mxico are best regarded as belonging here rather than in P.s. guatimalensis. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 77 Mxico: Nuevo Le6n (Monterrey, Linares), Tamaulipas (Rio San Fernando, Au- gust 11, breeding, C-d; G6mez Farias, April 23, laying), and northern Veracruz (south to Antigua; Veracruz, May 2, nest). Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus). Crested Flycatcher. Triste copet6n. Eastern North America, breeding from southern Canada to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. In winter from Veracruz, Yucatgn, and southern Florida south through Central America to Colombia. Mylarthus crinitus boreus Bangs. Triste copet6n nortefio. Myiarchus crinitus boreus Bangs, Auk, 15, 1898, 179 (Scituate, Mass.; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds from southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick south to central and southeastern Texas, central parts of Gulf states, and central South Carolina. Winters from Veracruz and Yucatgn south to southern Colombia. M.xico: Winter visitant and migrant. Recorded from Oaxaca (September on), Chiapas (March 19, September 29, K-d; Bagdad, September 3, G-d), Guanajuato, Nuevo Le6n, San Luis Potosi (Sabinal, January 8, C-d), Tamaulipas, Veracruz (April 25, May 7), and Yucatgn. Records from Campeche (La Tuxpefia, A-d) and Quintana Roo (Chetumal) may relate to this race. Myiarchus crinitus crinitus (Linnaeus). Triste copet6n de Linnaeus. Turdus crinitus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. lO, 1, 1758, 170 (in America---- South Carolina). Breeds from southeastern Louisiana east along Gulf coast and in southern South Carolina and Florida. Winters in southern Florida, Cuba, and eastern Mxico. Mxico: Known definitely only from Tamaulipas (Zamorina, May 6, C-d) and Veracruz (Matzorongo, February 9, 22; Presidio, May 1, K-d); many Mexican records for the species require racial determination. Myiarchus cinerascens (Lawrence). Ash-throated Flycatcher. Triste ciniciento. Breeds chiefly in Upper Sonoran and Lower Sonoran zones of western United States and northern Mxico, but south in uplands locally to Guerrero and Morelos. Winters from southern border of southwestern United States south to E1 Salvador. Relationships with Myiarchus nuttingi confused and poorly understood (see Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934:387-390 and van Rossem, Occas. Papers La. State Univ., 21, 1945, 152), but involving hybridization of considerable extent in some areas. Many early records for the species are not now assignable to race or even species and are shown with a question mark following the state concerned. 78 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence). triste ceniciento nortefio. Tyrannula cinerascens Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, 1851, 121 (Western Texas between San Antonio and the Rio Grande; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Breeds from central eastern Washington, southern Idaho, and southern Wyoming south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, and northern Coahuila. Winters from southeastern California, southern Arizona, and southern Ta- maulipas south to E1 Salvador and Yucafftn. Mxico: Baja California (breeds north of latitude 30ø; occasional in winter), Sonora (breeds in Sonoran zones south to about latitude 29ø30 ', intergrading exten- sively with M. c. mexicanus; also transient and winter visitant), Sinaloa (winter, K-d), Jalisco ( ? ), Colima (Manzanillo), Michoacm (Los Reyes), Guerrero (winter), Oaxaca (winter), Chiapas (winter), Chihuahua (breeds in northern section), Guanajuato (Sala- manca, February 2, C-d), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Coahuila (northern section; Sierra del Carmen, intergrades toward M. c. mexicanus, O-d), Hidalgo (Irolo), Puebla (?), Tamaulipas (winter), Veracruz (winter), and Yucafftn (?). Myiarchus cinerascens pertinax Baird. Triste ceniclento bajacaliforniano. Myiarchus pertinax Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860 (: 1859), 303 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident of Baja California south of latitude 29 ø and of San Esteban Island, Sonora. Myiarchus cinerascens mexicanus (Kaup). Triste ceniciento mexicano. Tyrannula mexicana Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1% 1851 (1852), 51 (type from Mexico [= state of Zacatecas] in Darmstadt Mus.). M6xico: Resident of Lower Sonoran and Tropical zones from central Sonora and southern Tamaulipas south to Guerrero and Puebla. Recorded from Sonora (from Tibur6n Island and Kino Bay southward), Sinaloa (breeds), Jalisco (Puerto Vallarta, June 24, small juvenile, K-d), Michoacgm (Uruapan, June 6, nesting, K-d; Pttzcuaro, May 26, breeding, C-d), Guerrero (breeds), Oaxaca (Puerto Angel, April 7, one speci- men, O-d), Chiapas (Monserrate, March 26, non-breeding, C-d), Chihuahua (La Junta, June 11, breeding, K-d), Durango (12 mi. NE Durango City, May 28, nesting, K-d), Zacatecas, Aguascalientes (March 1, K-d), Guanajuato (5 mi. W Ibarra, May 21, breeding, K-d), San Luis Potosf (30 mi. NE San Luis Po.tosl, August 24, C-d), Hidalgo (Portezuelo, April 16, breeding condition, K-d), Puebla (10 mi. SE Izficar de Mata- moros, August 14, C-d), and southwestern Tamaulipas (Juamave, March 25, breeding, K-d). Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgway. Nutting Flycatcher. Mosquero triste. Breeds in Tropical Zone from southern Sonora and southern Chihuahua south on Pacific drainage to western Costa Rica. Hybridizes with Myiarchus cinerascens (see p. 77). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 79 Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus Salvin and Godman. Mosquero triste guerrerense. Myiarchus inquietus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Cent.-Am., Aves, 2, 1889, 88 (Acaguisotla [= Acahuizotla], Guerrero; type in Brit. Mus.). M6xico: Pacific slope from southern Sonora and southern Chihuahua south to Chiapas. Recorded from Baja California (Catavifia, latitude 29 ø 46', October 6, one vagrant), Sonora (resident from latitude 28 ø 30' southward; vagrant or winter visitant north to latitude 30 ø, Oputa), Sinaloa (Potrerillo, May 28, nesting, Reforma, April 22, breeding, Elota, March 23, breeding, K-d), Nayarit (Sauta, May 13, breeding, 6 mi. E Las Varas, April, breeding, Tepic, June 28, breeding, K-d), Jalisco, Michoac/m, Guerrero (breeding, late April to early July, O-d), Oaxaca (Teotitlgn, May 13, breed- ing, K-d), Chiapas (Monserrate, March 29, intergrade or vagrant, C-d; Ocozocoautla, August 19, San Vicente, March 11, April 12-17, G-d), Chihuahua (breeds in southwest, Barranca de Cobre, May 18), Durango, Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano, August 20, 21, G-d), Guanajuato (?), Morelos (Jutepec, April 28, breeding, Cuautla, June 2, breeding, K-d), and southern Puebla (Tehuac&n, May 5, G-d). Myiarchus nuttingi nuttingi Ridgway.1 Mosquero triste de Nutting. Myiarchus nuttlngi Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, 394 (Southwestern Mexico (Tehuan- tepec) to Costa Rica (Pacific side): La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Pacific coast of Central America from Isthmus of Tehuantepec south to western Costa Rica. M6xico: Southeastern Oaxaca (Ixuat&n) and southern Chiapas (Tonal&, March 22, breeding condition, O-d). Myiarchus brachyurus (Ridgway). Ometepe Flycatcher. Triste colicorto. Myiarchus brachyurus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 334 (Ometepec, Nicaragua; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Central America, from Guatemala to Costa Rica; reported north to Chiapas. M6xico: Chiapas (Tonal&; specimens require redetermination). Myiarchus tyrannulus (Miiller). ,Vied Flycatcher. Portuguesito. Central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and southern Texas through Mxico and Central America to South America, extending south to Bolivia and northern Argen- tina; also Lesser Antilles, Dutch West Indies, Tobago, and Trinidad. Partly migratory in northern parts of range.  Myiarchus cinerascens flavidior van Rossem is regarded as a synonym. 8o PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Myiarchus tyrannulus magister Ridgway. Portuguesito occidental. Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, 1884, 90 (Camp Lowell, Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south on Pacific slope to Chiapas. Winters south of Sonora and Sinaloa. Mxico: Baja California (vagrant, San Jos del Cabo, April 30), Sonora (common summer resident, April 24 on, in Lower Sonoran and Tropical zones), Sinaloa (breed- ing, May 3-June 10, K-d), Nayarit (extends to Tres Marias Islands; Isabela Island, May 14, O-d), Jalisco, Michoac/tn, Guerrero (Chilpancingo, March 9, breeding con- dition; breeding, April 17-June 10, winters, O-d), Oaxaca (winters; Mitla, June 6, K-d), Chiapas (Monserrate, July), Chihuahua (Barranca de Cobre, May 18, nesting, K-d), Durango (Nombre de Dios, June 8-11, breeding condition, K-d), and Morelos (Jutepec, May 28-June 21, breeding, K-d). Myiarchus tyrannulus cooperi Baird. Portuguesito de Cooper. Myiarchus cooperi Baird, Rept. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, 1858, 180 (Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Summer resident in Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas and Caribbean slopes of northeastern Mxico south to Yucaffm Peninsula. Winters from San Luis Potosi south to Honduras and E1 Salvador. Mxico: Oaxaca (winter only, September 1 on), Coahuila (Sabinas), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla, December), Hidalgo (Metztitian, November 9, K-d), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (G6mez Farlas, April 22-July 6, nesting, C-d), Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, June 5, K-d; Boca del Rio, July 17-19, breeding, C-d), Tabasco (one record, July 2), Campeche, Yucaffm, and Quintana Roo (breeding, May, June; extends to Cozumel Island). Myiarchus yucatanensis Lawrence. Yucatftn Flycatcher. Triste yucateco. Myiarchus yucatenensis Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat .Sci. Phila., 22, 1871, 235 (Yucatan; type from MSrida in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mdxico: Confined to Yucatn Peninsula. Recorded from Campeche, Yucafftn, and Quintana Roo (Chetumal, December; Tabi, March 16, breeding condition; presence on Cozumel Island requires confirmation). Myiarchus tuberculifer (D'Orbigny and Lafrcsnaye). Olivaceous Flycatcher. Copetona. Southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, central Nuevo Le6n, and central Tamaulipas south through Mxico, Central America, and South America to Bolivia, northern Argentina, and southeastern Brazil. Migratory in northern part of range. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 81 Myiarchus tuberculifer olivascens Ridgway. Copetona olivtcea. Myiarchus lawrencei oIivascens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, 1884, 91 (Sta. Efigenia, Tehuantepec; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south to northern Nayarit. Winters from southern Sonora to Oaxaca. Mxico: Sonora (common summer resident; winters north to Mayo River Valley; Guirocoba, May 8, breeding, K'-d), Sinaloa (breeds up to 5000 feet, winters, K-d), Nayarit (breeds in northern third of mainland, integrading with M. t. querulus to southward, K-d), Jalisco (winter), Colima (winters to April 28, K-d), Michoacfin (Zacapu, August 23, postbreeding, K-d), Guerrero (winters to April 16), Oaxaca (win- ter), Chihuahua (7 mi. SW Pacheco, 5700 feet, July 17, breeding condition, O-d; Barranca de Cobre, 8200 feet, May 21, nesting), and Durango (breeds in May, most birds arriving in April; winters on west slope of Sierra Madre, November 4-December 7, K-d). Myiarchus tuberculifer tresmariae Nelson. Gopetona de Islas Marlas. Myiarchus Iawrencei tresrnariae Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, 1904, 49 (Maria Madre Island, Tepic, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Tres Marias Islands and Isabela Island (May 13, O-d), Nayarit. Vagrant to Baja California (Sierra Laguna, June 24). Myiarchus tuberculifer querulus Nelson. Copetona quejumbrosa. Myiarchus Iawrencei querulus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, 1904, 47 (Los Reyes, Michoacan, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident in southwestern section. Recorded from Jalisco, Colima, Michoa- can (resident), Guerrero (resident; breeds, April, May, O-d), Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus; Teotitln, nesting, K-d; Cerro San Felipe, April 2, breeding, O-d), Guana- juato (breeding, K-d), Mdxico (intergrades with M. t. lawrencei, winters, Temascalte- pec, breeding, K-d), and Morelos (intergrades with lawrencei.) Myiarchus tuberculifer lawrencei (Giraud). Copetona de Lawrence. Muscicapa Iawrencei Giraud, Sixteen New Species Texas Birds, 1841, 9, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Texas . Nuevo Le6n, probably; location of type unknown). Eastern Mxico south to Guatemala. Mdxico: Eastern Oaxaca (Isthmus area, variable and approaching M. t. connectens, K-d), Chiapas (Pacific slope south to Cacahoatn, approaching M. t. connectens of Central America, K-d; northern section, Palenque, Tumbalg, integrades toward M. t. platyrhynchus; 28 mi. ESE Comitn, 4900 feet, April 7-19, breeding, O-d), San Luis Potosl (March 19, breeding, K-d), Hidalgo, Puebla (Metlatoyuca; November, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (north to Monterrey area), southern Tamaulipas (Soto la Marina, Febru- ary, C-d; Sierra de Tamaulipas, July 7, nestlings), Veracruz (Presidio, May 3-7, breed- ing, K-d), Tabasco (approaching M. t. platyrhynchus eastwardly), and Quintana Roo (extreme south in winter). 82 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Myiarchus tuberculifer platyrhynchus Ridgway. Copetona de Yucat,Sn. Myiarchus platyrhynchus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 3 [of separate] (Cozumel Island [, Quintana Roo]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident on Yucafftn Peninsula. Recorded from Campeche, Yucat/tn (Chichdn Itz/t, August 2, breeding, C-d), and Quintana Roo (breeds in April and May). Deltarhynchus flammulatus (Lawrence). Flammulated Flycatcher. Alguacil de moscas. Myiarchus flammulatus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 11, 1875, 71 (Mexico, "Tehuante- pec, Cacoprieto"; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Western and southwestern section. Probably resident. Recorded from Sinaloa (Mazatl/tn, G-d; March-May, K-d), Nayarit (March-May, common at Sauta, April 15-May 17, K-d; also September 28), Jalisco, Colima (Lajuela, common, April 13-25, K-d), Guerrero (February-May, K-d), Oaxaca (January, K-d), and Chiapas (Tuxtla Guti6rrez]. Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Papamoscas de Nuttall. Tyrannus borealis Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 2, 1831 (1832), 141, pl. 35 (Cumberland House = Carlton House, Saskatchewan). Breeds in forested areas of North America from central Alaska to Newfoundland and south in the mountains to northern Baja California, Arizona, northern New Mexico, and North Carolina. Winters in South America from Colombia and Venezuela south to Peril. On migration through Mxico and Central America. Mxico: Baja California (breeds commonly.in northern mountains; transient in lowlands), Sonora (transient, April 22-May 17, August 15-September 25), Jalisco (April, August-September, K-d), Guerrero (September 29, O-d), Oaxaca (May 30), Chiapas (August 16; April, May, September, K-d; 6 mi. NE San Crist6bal, March 31, O-d), Chihuahua (May 30), Zacatecas (August 20, K-d), Guanajuato (September 26- October 6, April 25, K-d), Mxico. (Popocatepetl, 13,000 feet, May 18, K-d), Distrito Federal (September 25, K-d), Coahuila (April 24; Ocampo, June 16, C-d; September 26, K-d), Puebla (near Mount Orizaba, G-d), Tamaulipas, Veracruz (one winter record, January 23; many records of migrants, April 4-May 22, August 16), and Tabasco (May 16). Contopus virens (Linnaeus). Eastern ¾ood Pewee. Tengofrio verdoso. Muscicapa virens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 327 (in Carolina ad rlpas: South Carolina). Breeds in eastern North America, from southern Canada to Florida, west to eastern border of Great Plains. Winters from Panam/t (Canal Zone), Colombia, and Venezuela to Peril. On migration through M6xico and Central America, chiefly along Caribbean slope. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 83 Mxico: Migrants recorded from Guerrero (Chilpancingo, April 30), Oaxaca, Coa- huila (Chorro del Agua), Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias, April 25), Veracruz (April 10-mid-May, August 13), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucafftn (August 24-October 6), and Quintana Roo (including Cozumel Island; April 1-May 5). Contopus richardsonii (Swainson). XYestern X¾ood Pewee. Tengofrio cornfin. Western North America, breeding from central Alaska, southern Yukon, and south- ern Mackenzie south to the mountains of Central America; extends east to western portion of Great Plains. Winters in South America south to Bolivia and east to Venezuela. The wood pewees are an exceedingly difficult group, a definitive revision of which must lie far in the future. Museum specimens are not always separable into the species virens and richardsonii, which however appear to be biologically distinct. Migrants in southern areas are usually indeterminable as to race and are not entered where doubtful in the following treatment. The nomenclatural changes involving the replacement of the familiar species name richardsonii (see Phillips and Parkes, Condor, 57, 1955:245-246) are of uncertain validity. Contopus richardsonii richardsonii (Swainson).l Tengofrio comfin de Richardson. TyrannuIa Richardsonii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 2, 1831 (1832), 146, pl. 46, lower fig. (Cumberland House [, Saskatchewan, Canada]; type lost). Breeds from central eastern Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, and cen- tral Saskatchewan south to northern Baja California, southern Nevada, and central northern Sonora, and in the mountains of Mdxico to Guerrero, Zacatecas, and southern Tamaulipas. Winters from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia. Transient through west- ern and central M6xico. Mdxico: Baja California (breeds in Sierra San Pedro Mfirtir), Sonora (breeds in foothills and mountains of central and eastern section, May 2-October 3), Sinaloa (September 15), Nayarit (Isabela Island, May 14, transient, O-d), Michoacfin (Ptz- cuaro, April 29), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, April 11-June 7; breeds), Oaxaca (May 2, transient), Chiapas (transient, July 24, August), Chihuahua (breeds in mountains), Durango (possibly breeds), Zacatecas (Laguna Valderama, July 17, summer resident; Lulu, May 27, O-d), Coahuila (breeds), Nuevo Le6n (breeds), San Luis Potosl (moun- tains near Jesfis Maria, September 4, G-d), Tamaulipas (breeds in mountains), and Veracruz (Potrero, April 14, transient). Contopus richardsonii peninsulae Brewster. Tengofrio cornfin bajacaliforniano. Contopus richardsonii peninsulae Brewster, Auk, 8, 1891, 144 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower Cali- fornia; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds in mountains of southern Baja California; recorded elsewhere only from Oaxaca and Guatemala, in migration, and from Colombia (one record). 1 Contopus rlchardsonli saturatus Bishop, Contopus richardsonii velid Coues, and Contopus rich- ardsonii placens (van Rossem) are regarded as synonyms. 8 - PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Mxico: Baja California (common summer resident of mountains of Cape district, May 9-November 13) and Oaxaca (one record, Tapana, April 18). Contopus richardsonii sordidulus Sclater. Tengofrio comfin suriano. Contopus sordidulus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 43 (In Mexico meridionali et Guatemala; type from Orizaba, M6xico, in Brit. Mus.). Breeds in southern Mdxico and south in mountains of Central America to western Panam/t. Winters in Colombia, Ecuador, and Perfl. Mdxico: Oaxaca (Cuicatl/tn, Santa Efigenia), Chiapas (Monserrate, July, young), Hidalgo (Tulancingo, August 27, G-d), Veracruz, and Tabasco (Teapa). Contopus cinereus (Spix). Tropical Pewee. Tengofrlo ceniciento. Resident of tropical America from southern Mdxico to Bolivia, Paraguay, northem Argentina, the Guianas, and Trinidad. Contopus cinereus brachytarsus (Sclater). Tengofrio ciniciento paticorto. Empidonax brachytarsus Sclater, Ibis, 1, 1859, 441 (Cordova [, Veracruz, M6xico]; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico through Central America to Panamir (Canal Zone). Mdxico: Eastern Oaxaca (Santo Domingo), Chiapas, southern Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucafftn, and Quintana Roo (including Cozumel Island; resident). Contopus pertinax Cabanis and Heine. Coues Flycatcher. Tengofrlo grande. Central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, southern Coahuila, central Nuevo Le6n, and central Tamaulipas south to Nicaragua. Winters from southern Sono.ra, southern Chihuahua, and San Luis Potosi southward. Contopus pertinax pallidiventris Chapman. Tengofrlo grande nortefio. Contopus pertinax pallidiventris Chapman, Auk, 14, 1897, 310 (Pima County, Arizona; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist,). Breeds from central and southeastern Arizona and central western New Mexico south in mountains of western Mdxico to Jalisco and Guanajuato, 3000 to 10,000 feet; intergrades over broad zone to south and east with C. p. pertinax. Winters from southern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua south to Oaxaca, from sea level to 6400 feet, and in Guatemala. Mdxico: Sonora (breeds in Transition Zone; winters north to Alamos), Sinaloa (breeds in mountains, June-July, Babizos, 6400 feet, winter, K-d), Nayarit (variable intergrading populations, breeds 3000-6000 feet, winters down to sea level, K-d), Jalisco (variable intergrades, April, breeding condition, K-d), Colima (January, G-d; Augusb 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 85 C-d), Guerrero (winter), Oaxaca (January 12-February 29, K-d), Chihuahua (breeds, May 21-July, Mount Mohinora, 10,000 feet, K-d; Durazno, winter), Durango (breeds from 6000 feet upward, June-July, Tamazula, 2800 feet, December 7, K-d), Zacatecas, Guanajuato (breeding intergrades, May 1-July, K-d), and Queretaro (December 14- 19, K-d). Contopus pertinax pertinax Cabanis and Heine. Tengo[rio grande suriano. Contopus pertinax Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, 1859, 72 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; location of type unknown, formerly in Museum Heineanum). Mountains of southern and eastern Mxico south to Guatemala and British Hon- duras; essentially resident. Mdxico: Recorded from Colima, Michoacfin (intergrades with C. p. pallidiventris, breeds 5200-7000 feet, June-July, 9500 feet, November 2, K-d), Guerrero (Omilteme, May 30, laying), Oaxaca (breeds; Tapanatepec, January 11, K-d), Chiapas, Mxico (breeds from 5500 to 11,000 feet, winters to 8775 feet, K-d), D istrito Federal (Decem- ber-March 15, K-d), Morelos, southern Coahuila (reported as pallidiventris), San Luis Potosi (2000-4500 feet, October, K-d), Hidalgo (immature, 8500 feet, August 10, K-d), Puebla (Huauchinango, 5600 feet, March 29-April 14, breeding, and wintering, Decem- ber 11, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (Galeana, 6000 feet, K-d), Tamaulipas (Sierra de Tamauli- pas, 800 meters), and Veracruz (Mirador, November 10, K-d). Aechmolophus mexicanus Zimmer. Crested Woot Pewee. Papamoscas pardo obscuro. Aechmolophus mexicanus Zimmer, Auk, 55, 1938, 664, fig. 1 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mdxico: Known only from central section; scarce. Recorded from Michoacfin (Tzitzio, locally fairly common in oak-thorn scrub, July 21-26, two adults and three juvenal specimens, one of which not fully grown), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, October 26, one specimen, E1 Mogote, June 2, one specimen, O-d), Oaxaca (49 mi. NW Tequisistlfin and Tamazulapan, six breeding specimens and one nestling, July 8-13, two February specimens, K-d), Morelos (the type, April 9, and two other specimens, C-d, G-d, both from near Cuernavaca), and Puebla (Rancho Papayo, July 27, one breeding male, K-d). Xenotriccus callizonus Dwight and Griscom. Cinnamon-banded Flycatcher. Papamoscas chiapaneco. Xenotriccus callizonus Dwight and Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 254, 1927, 2 (Panajachel, Lake Atitlan (altitude 5500 ft.), Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Chiapas and Guatemala; rare and little known. Mdxico: Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, July 14, one adult specimen, one nestling, June 23, K-d; February 18, 21, two specimens, K-d; Rancho Chichimi, 1700 meters, two adult specimens). 86 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Empidonax  flaviventris (Baird and Baird). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Mosquerito de vientrc amarillo. Tyrannula fiaviventris W. M. and S. F. Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1843, 283 (Cumber- land County, Pennsylvania = Carlisle, Pennsylvania; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in southern Canada and northern Onited States from east-central British Columbia to southern Labrador and south to North Dakota and to the mountains of Pennsylvania. Migrates through eastern Mxico, wintering from Tamaulipas to eastern Panam/t. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (August 15 through winter, K-d), San Luis Potosl (Au- gust 23-March 10), Puebla (Metlatoyuca, G-d), Nuevo Le6n (August 3, K-d), Tamau- lipas (February 27, 28; G6mez Farias, August 13; October, March), Veracruz (com- mon up to 5000 feet, August 14-May 28), Tabasco, and Campeche (Canasayab, G-d; Aguada Seca, February 6). Empidonax virescens (Vieillot). Acadian Flycatcher. Mosquerito verdoso. Platyrhynchos virescens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. d., 27, 1818, 22 (near Philadel- phia, Pa.). Breeds from South Dakota east through southern Ontario to New York and Mas- sachusetts and south to central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and central Florida. Winters from southern Mxico to Ecuador, Colombia and western Venezuela. Mxico: Sparse migrant and winter visitant to central and eastern states. Recorded from Oaxaca (December 11, K-d), Chiapas (January 17, K-d), Mdxico (October 14, December 5-9, K-d), San Luis Potosi (October 12, K-d), Puebla (December 4, K-d), Tamaulipas, Veracruz (Jalapa, May 10), Yucat/tn, and Quintana Roo (Palmul, Febru- ary 7, one specimen). Empidonax traillii (Audubon). Traill Flycatcher. Mosquerito de Traill. Breeds from northern Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and central southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba northwestern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to southwestern California, southern Nevada, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, northeastern Oklahoma, northwestern Arkansas, southern Illinois, West Virginia, and Maryland. Winters from Guatemala south to Bolivia and northern Argentina. Empidonax traillii brewsteri Oberholser.2 Mosquerito de Traill occidental. Empidonax traillii brewsteri Oberholser, Ohio Jour. Sci., 18, 1918, 93 (Cloverdale, Nye County, Nevada; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from southern British Columbia and northern Montana south to southwest- ern California, southern Nevada, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico. Winters 1 The genus Empidonax comprises an exceedingly difficult group of closely similar, usually migra- tory, species. Good specific characters are often found in song, habitat, nests, and eggs, concerning which little is known of the Mexican forms. Migrants through Mxico present especially difficult problems of identification and many records will require redetermination in future years. The treat- ment of the group here cannot be considered in any sense definitive. ' Empidonax traiIlii adastux Oberholser and Empidonax traillii extimus Phillips are regarded as synonyms. F357 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 87 chiefly from. Guatemala south to Peril, Bolivia, and western Venezuela, occasionally north to Jalisco. Mxico: Transient, chiefly along Pacific coast. Recorded from Baja California (pos- sibly breeds in extreme north, transient elsewhere), Sonora (erroneously reported as breeding; common transient, May 10-June 7, August 3-October 6), Sinaloa (March 19- June 9, August 29-November 15), Nayarit (September 19-27), Jalisco (up to 6500 feet, September 9, February 10, K-d), Colima (April 6-25, February 2, K-d), Michoa- cin (March 18), Guerrero (April 29-May 29, August 22, O-d; February 7, 11, K-d), Oaxaca (May 3-20), Durango (Rio Sestin, erroneously reported as breeding), Tamauli- pas (Acufia, June 7, C-d), and Veracruz (Jalapa, May 27, one specimen). Enpidonax traillii traillii (Audnbon).l Mosquerito de Traill oriental. Muscicapa Traillii Audubon, Birds Am., 1, 1828, pl. 45; Ornith. Biogr., I, 1831, 236 (Arkansas River; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from northern Alaska across northern Canada to Newfoundland and south to central British Columbia, southern Alberta, central Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma, northwestern Arkansas, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, West Virginia, and Mary- land. Winters chiefly from E1 Salvador to Bolivia and northern Argentina. Mdxico: Transient, chiefly along Caribbean coast. Many old records require verifi- cation as to species and subspecies. Recorded from Baja California (San Bernardo Mountain in Cape district, May 15, one specimen), Nayarit (Topic, August, one speci- men), Colima (one record), Michoacfin (La Salada), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, October 30, O-d), Oaxaca (August 14-September 9, May 14, 15), Chiapas (Monserrate, August 17), Tamaulipas (August 11-September 22, May 26, C-d), and Veracruz (August 19; May 6-21, August 29-September 12, December 3, K-d; records for June and July are unreliable). Erroneously recorded from Yucat/tn. Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird). Least Flycatcher. Mosquerito mlnimo. Tyrannula minima W. M. and S. F. Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1843, 284 (Cumberland County, Pennsylvania  Carlisle, Pennsylvania; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from southern Yukon, central Mackenzie, central Manitoba, northern On- tario, and central Quebec south, principally east of the Rocky Mountains, to south- western South Dakota, northeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, the Ohio River Valley, northern Georgia, and eastern Pennsylvania. Winters from Sinaloa and southern Texas south through Central America to Panamfi; also to Bolivia. Mxico: Common winter visitant and transient except in northwestern section. Recorded from Sonora (Alamos, March 7, one record), Sinaloa (fourteen specimens, Au.ust-February-April, K-d), Nayarit (August 10-May, K-d), Jalisco (October-May, K d), Colima (Lajuela, winters regularly, K-d), Michoacgn (Coalcomfin, August 10, A-d; March 7, C-d), Guerrero (winter visitant, to May 19), Oaxaca (common, August- May), Chiapas (Palenque, August 6; Cacahoatfin, June 2, K-d), Durango (Tamazula, December 12), Zacatecas (August 7-20, K-d), Guanajuato (February 14, August 10-  Empidnax trailli alascensis Phillips and Empidon:'x :al'ii cmestris A'dr;ch are rega-'ded as synonyms. 88 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 October 1, K-d), Mdxico, Morelos, Coahuila (Las Delicias), San Luis Potosl (up to May 12, K-d), Hidalgo (Tulancingo, August 17, G-d), Puebla (Izilcar de Matamoros, August 14, C-d), Nuevo Le6n (July 24-August 4, K-d), Tamaulipas, Veracruz (com- mon throughout, August-May 17; July 27, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (including coastal islands; winters commonly). Empidonax hammondii (Xantus). Hammond Flycatcher. Mosquerito de Hammond. Tyrannula hammondii Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 117 (vicinity of Fort Tejon, California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in western North America from southeastern Alaska and central Yukon south in forested areas to central California, northern Utah, Colorado, and central northern New Mexico. Winters in mountains from northern Sinaloa and central Nuevo Le6n to northern Nicaragua; also to Peril. No records in tropical lowlands. Despite biological separation of hammondii and wrightii and separation of most individuals on basis of wing formula, there is a number of equivocal winter specimens from Mxico which cannot be allocated safely as to species. Ranges of these species in M.xico are outlined on basis of specimens of fairly certain identity. Mxico: Baja California (rare transient northward), Sonora (common transient eastward in mountains; August 11-October 15, April 4-May 21 ), Sinaloa (September 7- December 9, K-d; wintering at Babizos), Nayarit (August 20), Jalisco (March 29- May 12, K-d), Michoacfin (March 2, 19, 28, G-d; May 6, August 26-September 18), Guerrero (November 15; October 1, March 5, O-d), Oaxaca (winters, September 12- February 28, K-d), Chiapas, Chihuahua (common transient, March 21-May 21; August 27-November 27), Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajuato (winters), Queretaro (winters), Mxico (winters), Distrito Federal (January 12, K-d), Morelos, Hidalgo (winters, K-d), Coahuila (transient), San Luis Potosi (January 18-March 10), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (Monterrey, winters regularly), Tamaulipas, and Veracruz (fairly common above 3500 feet). Empidonax wrightii Baird. 1 lVright Flycatcher. Mosquerito de Vright. Empidonax wrightii Baird, Rept. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, 1858, 200 (El Paso, Texas; type in U.S. Nat Mus.). Summer resident of mountains of western North America from southern Yukon south to southern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico. Winters from southern Arizona and central Nuevo Le6n south to Guatemala, in mountains and plateaus, not in tropical lowlands. (See comment under E. hammondii concerning Mexican records.)  The identification of the type of wrightli with griseus as currently known, thereby requiring a confusing shifting of names, with wrightii replacing griseus and oberholseri replacing wrightii, has been advocated by Phillips (Auk, 56, 1939, 311-312). We think this identification of the type of wrightii, in view of complications in distinguishing all specimens of the species in question, is dubious and can never be fully substantiated in an old faded specimen. It is best to conserve current usage and avoid endless confusion when there is reasonable doubt of identity, and we therefore do not follow the majority of the A.O.U. Check-list Committee (Auk, 70, 1953, 360) which subscribed to this unfortunate change. Empidonax wrightii of the present work is, therefore, the E. oberholseri of the 5th edition of the A.O.U. Check-list; E. griseus of this list is E. wrightii of that book. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 89 M6xico: Baja California, rare transient, April, May), Sonora (common transient and winter visitant, August 8-April 17), Sinaloa (common, winters, K-d), Jalisco, Michoacfin, Guerrero (to May 23), Oaxaca, Chiapas (August 27, April 14, K-d), Chi- huahua (winter record), Durango (July 8-December 10, K-d), Zacatecas (August 12- December 18, K-d), Aguascalientes (K-d), Guanajuato (common, winters, rare in spring, one record on April 25, K-d), Quer6taro, M6xico (up to May 11, K-d), Distrito Federal (March 17, K-d), Morelos, Coahuila (winters, San Pedro), San Luis Potosi (Ciudad del Maiz, February 24, O-d; May 12, K-d), Hidalgo (Metztitlgtn, November 6, K-d), Tlaxcala, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (Monterrey, winters), Tamaulipas (Victoria, winters), and Veracruz (rare, Orizaba, January 26). Empidonax griseus Brewster. Gray Flycatcher. Mosquerito gris. Empidonax griseus Brewster, Auk, 6, 1889, 87 [separate issued January 31] (La Paz, Lower Cali- fornia; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds in Sonoran zones of Great Basin and Rocky mountain regions of western North America from eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, and north-central Colorado south to southern Nevada, central Arizona, and central western New Mexico. Winters from southern California, southern Arizona, central Chihuahua, and southern Coahuila south to central M6xico. Mdxico: Baja California (August 27, O-d; common winter visitant to April 21), Sonora (common winter visitant, September 18-April 20), Sinaloa (common from sea level to 1000 feet, rarely to 5500 feet, August 27-April 16, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco (Sep- tember 8-March 7, K-d), Michoacgtn (San Agustin), Chihuahua (Chihuahua, Novem- ber 21; Casas Grandes, May 22, G-d), Durango, Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano, August 21, G-d: August 9, December 10, K-d), Aguascalientes (common, K-d), Guana- juato (August 13-May 11, K-d), Quer6taro, M6xico, Distrito Federal (March 16, K-d), Morelos (Cuernavaca, January 10, G-d), Coahuila (San Pedro, winter), San Luis Potosi (to April 24, Kd), Hidalgo (to April 30, K-d), Puebla (Chalchicomula; Tehua- cfin, G-d), Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas (Jaumave, March 24, 29, K-d; Victoria, February 23). Empidonax affinis (Swainson). Pine Flycatcher. Mosquerito pincro. Breeds in pine-lands of highlands of M6xico. In migration south to Guatemala. Empidonax affinis pulverius Brewster. Mosquerito pinero occidental. Empidonax pulverius Brewster, Auk, 6, 1889, 86 [separate issued January 31] (Pinos Altos, Chihuahua; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Pine and oak forests of northwestern M6xico; in winter south rarely to western Guatemala. Mdxico: Sinaloa (winters rarely on western side of Sierra Madre), western and northern Jalisco (Tapalpa, 7600 feet, April, laying, K-d; Bolafios, San Sebastifin), Chi- huahua (north to Rio Gavilfin, juveniles, August 10, O-d; breeds to 10,000 feet, May-  See ncte p. 88. 90 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 July, K-d), Durango (common, breeding, June 21-July 7, K-d; March 28, C-d), and Zacatecas (Valparaiso Mountains, December 3). Erroneously recorded from Sonora; reported occurrence in Guerrero (April 5) probably relates to E. affinis affinis. Empidonax affinis trepidus Nelson. Mosquerito pinero del nordeste. Empidonax trepidus Nelson, Auk, 18, 1901, 47 (Hacienda Chancol, Guatemala; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Pine-oak forests of central and northeastern parts of Mexican Plateau, wintering south to Chiapas and Guatemala. Little known and poorly defined. Mxico: Michoac/m (June 11-November 6, February 22, K-d; August 25, C-d; Zacapu), Chiapas (winters, September 21; 6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, March 31, O-d), central Guanajuato (17 mi. NE Guanajuato, April 30, laying; winters), southern Coahuila (Sierra Guadalupe), and southwestern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana). Empidonax affinis affinis (Swainsou).l Mosquerito pincro de la Mesa Central. Tyrannula affinis Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), I, 1827, 367 (Maritime parts of Mexico = Temascaltepec, Mxico, probably; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus., England). Breeds in mountains of southern and southeastern parts of Central Plateau. Winters south to Guatemala. Mxico: Guerrero (Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, May-June, breeding, eleven speci- mens, K'-d; Omilteme, April 28, laying, and December 7, O-d), Oaxaca (La Parada), Chiapas (6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, March 27-April 4, O-d), northeastern Guanajuato (near Xichfi, breeding), Mxico (up to 13,000 feet, laying, May-July, K-d; December), Distrito Federal (July, September, K-d), Morelos (breeds,'K-d; December), San Luis Potosi (Alvarez, July 20), Hidalgo (Real del Monte, October 26), Puebla (El Vener- able, July, ten specimens, K-d), and west-central Veracruz (20 mi. WNW Jalapa, 7500 feet, August 2, O-d; Las Vigas, 9000 feet, breeding, recorded variously as Empidonax dilcilis salvini and Empidonax alnis vigensis ). Empidonax diflicilis Baird. Western Flycatcher. Tristecito. Breeds in mountains and coastal woodlands from southeastern Alaska to eastern base of Rocky Mountains in Montana and to the Black Hills of South Dakota, extend- ing south to southern Baja California, Guerrero, and Oaxaca; also mountains of Chiapas, Guatemala, and Honduras. Northern races migratory, wintering north to Baja California and Sonora. Numerous early Mexican records cannot be referred to subsequently de- scribed races. Empidonax dilticilis difficilis Baird. Tristecito occidental. Empidonax difficilis Baird, Rept. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, 1858, 198 (the west coast; Fort Steila- coom, Washington, as restricted by Brodkorb, Condor, 51, 1949, 39; cotypes in U.S. Nat. Mus.). 1 Empidonax bairdi Sclater, Empidonax affinis vigensis Phillips, and Empidonax fulvipectus Lawrence are regarded as synonyms of affinis. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 91 Breeds from southeastern Alaska, southern British Columbia, and western Montana south to southwestern California and central Nevada. Winters from southern Baja California and Sonora to Oaxaca. Mxico: Winter visitant on Pacific coast. Baja California (common transient, and winter visitant in Cape district; September 6-June 6), Sonora (erroneously reported breeding; common transient and winter visitant), Nayarit (October 6-10): Jalisco (Zapotlfin, April 29, G-d), Colima (January, G-d), Michoacfin (La Huacana, March 25, G-d), Oaxaca (Puerto Angel, March 13; Pluma, March 18, 20, G-d), and Durango (Chacala, March 6). Probably occurs in Sinaloa and Guerrero but specimens require re-examination. Empidonax ditticilis cineritius Brewster. Tristecito de San Lucas. Empidonax cineritius Brewster, Auk, 5, 1888, 90 (La Laguna, Lower California; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Breeds in mountains of B aja California (Sierra San Pedro Mfirtir, Victoria Mountains, 4000-7500 feet; breeds in May; transient and winter visitant in lowlands). Empidonax difficilis hellmayri Brodkorb. Tristccito de Helhnayr. Empidonax dicilis hellmayri Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 306, 1935, 1 (Boot Spring, 6,800 feet, Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas). Breeds from south-central Montana and western North Dakota (Black Hills) south through Rocky Mountain area and eastern Great Basin to southeastern Sonora, central Chihuahua, and Coahuila. Winters south to Guerrero and Hidalgo. Mdxico: Baja California (migrant, two records, May 11, November 15), Sonora (summer visitant to eastern mountains; intergrades with E. d. culiacani in extreme south, K-d), Sinaloa, Nayarit (Tres Madas Islands, to May 27; Tepic), Jalisco (Zapotlfin, April 29; Las Palmas, March 30, G-d; Tapalpa, March 29, April 8, K-d), Michoacfin (La Huacana, March 26, G-d), Guerrero (San Vicente, November 29, K-d; Acahuizotla, May 9, G-d), Chihuahua (summer resident in northwestern and west-central sections; Pinos Altos), Durango (Chacala, February 27; Rancho Guasimal, November 13), and Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, breeding; Sierra Guadalupe, April 21, 23, 25, G-d). Empidonax difficilis culiacani Moore. Tristecito de Cnliac,Sn. Empidonax difficilis culiacani Moore, Auk, 57, 1940, 370 (Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, altitude 55 feet; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Breeds in Lower Arid Tropical Zone, up to 3500 feet, in Sinaloa. Partly migratory, wintering south as far as Guerrero. Recorded from Sinaloa (sea level to 3500 feet; intergrades in north; winters occasionally up to 6200 feet at Batel), Nayarit (intergrades with E. d. occidentalis in Lower Arid Tropical Zone, twelve specimens, K-d), western Jalisco (Zapotillo, 1500 feet, October 15, K-d), Colima (winters, ten specimens, K-d), Michoacn (Apatzinghn, January 16, February 2; La Huacana, March 15, G-d), Guerrero (El Lim6n, Papayo, Acapulco, January 13-April 19, G-d), and western Durango (Tamazula, 2800 feet, November 28-December 4, possibly resident). 92 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Empidonax difficilis immodulatus Moore.1 Tristecito de la Sierra Madre. Empidonax difficilis immodulatus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 53, 1940:24 (east side of Mr. Mohinora Peak, S. W. Chihuahua, Mexico; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mxico: Pine and oak forests of Sierra Madre Occidental from southern Chihuahua to Nayarit. Migrates south to Guerrero. Recorded from Sinaloa (Sierra Madre above 5000 feet; Batel, June 4, nesting), Nayarit (breeds in mountains; Tepic, August 20-23), Jalisco (intergrades with E. d. occidentalis in mountains of central section; Sierra de Ameca, July 24, laying, O-d), Colima (sea level to 2000 feet, wintering, K-d), Michoa- c&n (intergrades in mountains of central section, K-d), Guerrero (Acahuizotla, May 9, G-d; San Vicente, May 9, K-d), Chihuahua (Barranca de Cobre, 7350 feet, May 13, eggs; Mount Mohinora, 10,500 feet, May 12, breeding), Durango (Muertocito, June 11, breeding), Zacatecas (near Sombrerete, August 20, K-d), and Guanajuato. (western mountains, intergrades with E. d. occidentalis). Empidonax difficilis occidentalis Nelson. Tristecito oaxaquefio. Empidonax bairdl occidentalls Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 53 (Pluma, Oaxaca; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Mountains of southern section of Central Plateau south to Guerrero and Oaxaca. Recorded from southern Jalisco (intergrades with E. d. immodulatus, Tapalpa, April 5, breeding, Sapotillo, October 10-20, K-d), Michoac&n (Uruapan, June 7- July 5, intergrades with E. d. immodulatus, K-d; Tiquicheo, December 24-January 4, Apat- zing&n, February 7, K-d; Cerro de Tancitaro, 10,600 feet), Guerrero (Omilteme, 8200 feet, April 30-May 21, breeding, O-d; winters, K-d), Oaxaca (5 mi. NE Cerro San Felipe, April 4, breeding, O-d), Guanajuato (Xichfi, breeding), Mdxico (Temascaltepec, June 23, breeding, December 6, wintering, K-d), Distrito Federal (July 6, breeding, K-d), Morelos (Chapultepec, May 23, June 21, breeding, K-d), San Luis Potosi (July), Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosl, intergrades with E. d. hellmayri, K-d), and Tamaulipas (Miquihuana, Galindo, summer resident, intergrades with hellmayri; G6mez Farias, March 21, nesting, C-d). Empidonax difficHis salvini Ridgway. Tristecito de Salvin. Empidonax salvlni Ridgway, Ibis, 1886, 459 (Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of Chiapas and Guatemala. Mdxico: Chiapas (Santa Rosa, June 9, one specimen, Turnhal&, June 18, one speci- men, K-d). Empidonax difficilis immemoratus Moore. Tristecito olvidado. Empldonax difflcills immemoratus Moore, Auk, 57, 1940, 375 (five miles north of Jalapa, Vera- cruz, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Temperate Zone of northern Puebla and west-central Veracruz. Recorded from Hidalgo (Mineral del Chico, March 31, Real del Monte, August 1, intergrades 1 Empidonax difficilis batell Moore is here regarded as a synonym, in that it represents a stage in intergradation toward more southern races. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 93 with E. d. occidentalis, K-d), Tlaxcala (El Venerable, March 31, intergrades with occidentalis), Puebla (Huauchinango, April 1-12, breeding, and December 1, K-d), and Veracruz (Jalapa, Perote, Mirador; Aculzingo grade near Orizaba, K-d). Empidonax flavescens Lawrence. Yellowish Flycatcher. Mosquerito amarillento. Breeds in Temperate and Humid Subtropical zones, from southeastern Veracruz and Chiapas through Central America to western Panam/t. Empidonax fiavescens iraperturbatus Vetmore. mosquerito amarillento veracruzano. Empidonax flavescens imperturbatus Wetmore, Auk, 59, 1942, 267 (Volefin San Martin, Sierra de Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mdxico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Known only from the Sierra de Tuxtla, southern Veracruz (above 3000 feet). Empidonax flavescens dwighti Dickey and van Rossetn. Mosquerito amarillento de Dwight. Empidonax flavescens dwighti Dickey and van Rossera, Auk, 45, 1928, 359 (Los Esesmiles, Chala- tenango, E1 Salvador; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mountains from Chiapas to E1 Salvador and Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas (Monserrate; Santa Rosa, June, nesting; San Crist6bal, 7300 feet, April 4, 7, breeding, 28 mi. ESE ComitAn, 4900 feet, April 14, Pueblo Nuevo, 1950 meters, April 7, 14, O-d; Mount Ovando, March 7-11, September 3, A-d; Laguna Ocotal, July 31, August 13, F-d; VolcAn TacanA, 3000 meters, April 14-28, K-d). Empidonax albigularis Sclater and Salvin. White-throated Flycatcher. Mosquerito barbablanca. Breeds in mountains of Mdxico from 5000 to 11,500 feet from southern Chihuahua south, disjunctly, through the Tropical Zone to PanamA. Empidonax albigularis subtilis Moore. Mosquerito barbablanca sinaloense. Empldonax cdbigularis subtills Moore, Auk, 57, 1940, 381 (Ahome, Sinaloa, Mexico, near sea level; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). M.xico: Known only from the coastal plain of Sinaloa (up to 1000 feet, May, August-October, Ahome, Potrerillo, Rosario). Empidonax albigularis timidus Nelson. Mosquerito barbablanca tinfido. Empidonax timldus Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 263 (El Salto, Durango; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Sierra Madre Occidental. In winter ranges south to Isthmus of Tehuan- tepec. Recorded from MichoacAn (PAtzcuaro, May 23-June 8, C-d), Guerrero (Coyuca, October 27-January 29), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, October 7), southwestern Chihuahua 94 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 (Laguna Juanota, San Feliz; July 26-August 11, breeding), Durango (El Salto, June 17, breeding, K-d; Laguna del Progreso, July 8, C-d), and Guanajuato (6 mi. NW Irapuato, December 4, K-d). Empidonax albigularis albigularis Sclatcr and Salvin. Mosquerito barbablanca chiapaneco. Empidonax albigularis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 122 (Duefias [, Guatemala]; type in Brit. Mus.). Mountains of Chiapas southeast through western Guatemala to central Honduras. Imperfectly known. Mgxico: Chiapas (Santa Rosa, June 3-July 9; Tumbalfi, June 6, K-d; 28 mi. ESE Comit/tn, 4900 feet, April 9-17, breeding condition, O-d; Volcfin Tacanfi, April 2, Silte- pec, June 27, A-d). Empidonax alblgularis axillaris Ridgway. Mosquerito barbabtanca oriental. Enpidonax axillaris Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 2, 1874, 363 (Orizaba [, Veracruz, Mdxico]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in mountains of eastern Mxico south, possibly through central eastern Guatemala and northern Honduras, to mountains of central Nicaragua, central Costa Rica, and western Panama. Winter range imperfectly known; apparently descends to sea level in Tropical Zone. Mbxico: Recorded from Oaxaca (Tamazulapan, 6000 feet, July 4, nesting, Toton- tepec, April 8-May 3, K-d), Mxico (three locations, breeding), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla, 4000 feet, June 17), Hidalgo (Minas Viejas, 7500 feet, June 17, K-d), Puebla (Huexo.titla; Huauchinango, April 15, K-d), and Veracruz (Jalapa, April 9-July 6, breeds, Potrero, January 25, Tlacotalpan, sea level in humid tropics, February 20; Aculzingo Grade, 5000 feet, July 21-27, nesting, K-d). Empidonax fulvifrons (Giraud). Buff-breasted Flycatcher. Mosqucrito canelo. Breeds in mountains from central and southeastern Arizona and central western New Mexico south to south-central Honduras and northern E1 Salvador. Descends in winter to Tropical Zone, remaining north as far as southern Sonora. Enpidonax fulvifrons pygmaeus Coues. Mosquerito canelo pigmeo. Empidonax pygmaeus Cones, Ibis (n.s.), 1, 1865, 537 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in central and southeastern Arizona, central western and southwestern New Mexico, and western Chihuahua. In winter migrates to tropical lowlands of southeastern Sonora and Sinaloa; also south to Morelos. M6xico: Sonora (breeds in northeastern mountains; migrant and winter visitant in tropical lowlands and foothills of southeast; Tesla, December; Nacozari, March 24), Sinaloa (winter visitant and transient in tropical lowlands; also Batel, November 9), Jalisco (Bolafios, September), Chihuahua (7 mi. SW Pacheco, 6700 feet, August 2, dependent young, O-d; Los Frailes, 7500 feet, June 21-July 1, breeding, intergrades 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 95 toward E. f. rubicundus, one winter record, Durasno), Durango (migrant and winter visitant, Tamazula, November-December, Neviero, March 29), Zacatecas (Plateado, April 21), Mgxico (November 20), Distrito Federal (Rio Frlo, July 5, C-d), Morelos (Ocotepec, June 16, non-breeding), and Coahuila (Sierra Guadalupe, April 21, G-d). Records for Nayarit and Michoac/tn require confirmation. Empidonax fulvifrons rubicundus Cabanis and Heine. Mosquerito cando rojizo. Empidonax rublcundus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, 1859, 70 (Mexico  Jalapa, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). M&xico: Breeds in mountains of Central Plateau from Nayarit to Veracruz. Nayarit (intergrades toward E. f. pygmaeus, Tepic, July 3-August 20, nesting; Santa Teresa, August 8, G-d), Jalisco (breeds), Micho.acgm (nesting, June 15-23, common; Febru- ary 25-August 29, C-d), Guerrero (breeds; Cuapongo, July 24, juvenile, O-d), Oaxaca (old record requires confirmation), Durango (4 mi. W E1 Salto, June 26, breeding, intergrades toward E. ]. pygmaeus, O-d), Guanajuato (breeds, April 28-May 5; win- ters), Mdxico (common, breeds), Distrito Federal (Tlalpan, G-d), Morelos (June), Hidalgo (Tulancingo), Tlaxcala (April 2), Puebla, and Veracruz (Las Vigas). Empidonax fulvifrons fusciceps Nelson. Mosquerito canelo cabeza obscm'a. Empidonax fulvifrons fusciceps Nelson, Proc. Bio]. Soc. Wash., 17, 1904, 152 (Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of Chiapas and western Guatemala. Mxico: Chiapas (Comitfin, Teopisca; 28 mi. ESE Comitfin, April 13, breeding condition, O-d). Enpidonax fulvifrons fulvifrons (Giraud). Mosquerito canelo frente amarilla. Muscicapa fuIvifrons Giraud, Sixteen New Species Texas Birds, 1841, pt. 4, fig. 2 (Texas  error, probably northeastern Mfxico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Known only from the type which apparently came from the mountains o.f north- eastern Mdxico; not identical with any of other better known races of the species. Mitrephanes phaeocercus (Sclater). Tufted Flycatcher. Papamoscas burlista. Common resident of mountains from northwestern Mxico south through Central America to the Andes of Peril and Bolivia. Moves to tropical lowlands in northern Mxico in winter. Mitrephanes phaeocercus tenuirostris Brewster. Papamoscas burlista picodelgado. Mitrephanes phaeocercus tenuirostris Brewster, Auk, 5, 1888, 137 (near Oposura, Sonora, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Sonora (breeds in mountains of northeast; formerly a common winter visi- tant to the southern tropical lowlands, February 2-April 21), Sinaloa (Santa Gertrudis, 96 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Ne. 33 6200 feet, May 27, nesting, Babizos, July 6-16, young, K-d; Batel, 5700 feet, October 16, O-d; Mazatl/m), Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoac/m (breeding and nesting, June-August, K-d), Guerrero (Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, May 28, nesting, K-d), Chihuahua (Pinos Altos; breeds up to 10,000 feet, laying, May 7, K-d), Durango (8000 feet, March 30, laying, K-d), Zacatecas (Sierra de Valparaiso), and Mxico (northern and central). Specimens from southern Sinaloa and Durango southward intergrade toward M.p. phaeocercus. Mitrephanes phaeocercus phaeocercus (Sclater). Papamoscas burlista colipardo. Mitrephorus phaeocercus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 44 (Cordova [, Veracruz, Mxico]; type in Brit. Mus.). Mountains of southeastern Mxico; erroneously recorded from Guatemala and Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca (western), M6xico (southern part, Temascaltepec area), Morelos (laying, June 19, K-d), Puebla (laying, April 13), and Veracruz (west-central; breed- ing condition, March 15, K-d). Mitrephanes phaeocercus quercinus Dickey and van Rossem. Papamoscas burlista encinero. Mitrepkanes pkaeocercus quercinus Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, 1927, 2 (Mr. Cacaguatique, Department San Miguel, E1 Salvador; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mountains of southern Mxico, Guatemala, E1 Salvador, and Honduras. Mxico.: Chiapas (Rodeo, Siltepec; 6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, 7300 feet, April 3, 4, breeding condition, O-d). Mitrephanes phaeocercus hidalgensis Sutton and Burleigh. Papamoscas burlista hidalguense. Mitrephanes phaeocercus hidaIgensis Sutton and Burleigh, Wilson Bull., 52, 1940, 30 (La Placita (elevation about 600 feet) ... six miles south of Jacala, Hidalgo; type in Cornell Univ. Mus.). Mxico: Southwestern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farlas, February 13-March 4, Rancho del Cielo, 3300 feet, April 20, C-d), and northern Hidalgo (Jacala area; E1 Barrio, G-d). Myiobius sulphureipygius (Sclater). Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher. Mosquero rabadilla azufrada. Southeastern Mxico south, chiefly in Humid Tropical Zone, to western Ecuador. Myiobius sulphureipygius sulphureipygius (Sclater). Mosquero rabadilla azufrada de Sclater. TyrannuIa suIphureipygia Sclater, ?roc. Zool. Soc. London, 24, 1857, 296 (Cordova [, Veracruz, Mxico]; type in Brit. Mus.). Caribbean slope of southeastern Mxico south to eastern Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca (four specimens, K-d), northern Chiapas (Palenque; Laguna Oco- tal), Veracruz (central and southern sections), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island; Camp Mengel; Agua Blanca, June 4, breeding). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 97 Onychorhynchus mexicanus (Sclater). Royal Flycatcher. Rey de los papamoscas. Southeastern Mxico south through Humid Tropical Zone of Central America to northern Colombia (Santa Marta region). Onychorhynchus mexicanus nexicanus (Sclater). Rey de los papamoscas mexicano. Muscivora mexicana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 24, 1857, 295 (Cordova [, Veracruz, Mxico]; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern M.xico south to eastern Honduras. Mdxico: Oaxaca (Acatepec, Santa Efigenia), Chiapas (Palenque, July 9, nesting), Veracruz (central and southern sections; April 23, breeding condition, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (Agua Blanca, early June, breeding). Platyrinchus mystaceus Vieillot. Spade-billed Flycatcher. Picoplano. Southeastern Mxico to Peril and Brazil in humid tropical forests. Platyrinchus mystaceus cancrominus Sclater and Salvin. Picoplano mexicano. Platyrhynchus cancrominus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 28, 1860, 299 (In prov. Verae Pacis regione calida  Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico, exclusive of Yucatfin Peninsula, south through central and south- ern Guatemala to Honduras, E1 Salvador, Nicaragua, and western Costa Rica. M6xico: Oaxaca (Escuilapa, Soyaltepec, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque; Huehuetn, G-d; Ocozocoautla, O-d), Veracruz (central and southern sections; breeding, April- August, laying, April 18, K-d), and Tabasco. Platyrinchus mystaceus thnothei Paynter. Picoplano de Quintana Roo. Platyrlnchus mystaceus timothei Paynter, Postilia, Yale Peabody Mus., no. 18, 1954, 2 (24 km. NW. Xtocomo, Quintana Roo, Mexico; type in Yale Peabody Mus.). M6xico: Rain forest in southern Campeche and southern Quintana Roo. Tolmomyias sulphurescens (Spix). Sulphury Flat-billed Flycatcher. Mosquerito azufrado. Southern Mxico to Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and Brazil. Tolmomyias sulphurescens cinereiceps (Sclater). Mosquerito azufrado cabeza gris. Cyclorhynchus cinereiceps Sclater, Ibis, 1, 1859, 443 (In Statu Oaxaca, reipubl. Mex.; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico south in tropical forests to Costa Rica. 98 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern), Chiapas (Monserrate, Tuxtla Gutierrez), Veracruz (central and southern; breeding condition, April 23-27, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo (breeding, late April to late June). Rhynchocyclus brevirostris (Cabanis). Eye-ringed Flat-billed Flycatcher. Mosquero piquicorto. Southern Mfxico south to northwestern Ecuador, chiefly in heavy rain forest. Rhynchocyclus brevirostris brevirostris (Cabanis). Mosquero piquicorto mexicano. Cyclorhynchus brevirostris Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13 (1), 1847, 249 (Mexiko (Xa]apa) Jalapa, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern; Santa Efigenia), Chiapas, Puebla (Papantilla, May 14, laying, K-d), Veracruz (Coyame, R-d; Santa Lucrecia, January 25, G-d); Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. Todirostrum cinereum (Linnaeus). Common Tody-Flycatcher. Piquito de ganso. Southern Mdxico to western Peril, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. Todirostrum cinereum finitinmm Bangs. Piquito de ganso capulero. Todirostrum cinereum finitimum Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, 1904, 114 (San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southeastern Mxico south to the Canal Zone in Panama. Mxico: Oaxaca (extreme northern section, Soyaltepec, K-d), Chiapas (Tonalfi, March 27, O-d), Veracruz (southern; Rio Jaltepec, May 14, nesting), Tabasco, Cam- peche (Pacaytfin), and Quintana Roo (Isla Mujeres, Vigla Chico). Todirostrum sylvia (Desmarest). Slate-headed Tody-Flycatcher. Papamoscas gansito. Southern Mxico to the Guianas and northern Brazil. Todirostrum sylvia schistaceiceps Sclater. Papamoscas gansito mexicano. Todirostrum schistaceiceps Sclater, Ibis, 1, 1859, 444 (In Statu Oaxaca, Reipubl. Mexicanae; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico south to the Canal Zone of PanamJ. Mxico: Eastern Oaxaca (Tuxtepec), southern Veracruz (Playa Vicente, Tres Za- potes), Tabasco (Teapa, San Juan Bautista), and central Quintana Roo (one record, Chi'chi', May 6). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 99 Oncostoma cinereigulare (Sclater).X Bent-billed Flycatcher. Mosquero garganta cenicienta. Todirostrum cinereigulare Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 24, 1857, 295 (Cordova [, Veracruz, Mdxico]; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to Canal Zone in Panamfi, in understory of forests. Mxico: Eastern Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz (central and southern sections; breed- ing condition, April 18-28, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (fairly common, breeding condition, April to late June). Elainea ttavogaster (Thunberg). Yellow-bellied Elainea. Mosquero vientre amarillo. Southern Mxico south to Bolivia and northern Argentina; east to the Lesser Antilles and the Guianas. Elainea ttavogaster subpagana Salvin and Sclater.2 Mosqnero vientre amarillo mexicano. Elainea subpagana Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 2, 1860, 36 (Duefias, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico south on the Pacific slope to northwestern Costa Rica and on the Atlantic slope to central Panamfi. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Tuxtepec, Tutla), Chiapas (Ariantic and Pacific slopes), Veracruz (Orizaba, Mirador, Boca del Rio, southward; laying, April 29-May 4, K-d; Rio Jaltepec, May 14, nesting), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (in- cluding Isla Mujeres). Elainea martinica (Linnaeus). Antillean Elainea. Mosquero antillano. Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Cayman, Old Providence and St. Andrews islands, and islands of coast of Yucatfin Peninsula. Elainea martinica remota Berlepsch. Mosquero antillano de Cozumel. Elainea martinica remota Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, 1907, 396 (Cozumel Isl.; type probably lost). Mxico: Islas Mujeres and Cozumel (dependent young, August 5, C-d), and prob- ably Isla Holbox and at Meco, Quintana Roo. Elainea martinica chinchorrensis Griscom. Mosquero antillano de Chinchorro. Elainea chinchorrensis Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 236, 1926, 3 (Great Key, Chinchorro Bank, Quintana Roo, Mexico; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mxico: Known only from the type specimen from Chinchorro Bank, Quintana Roo; probably now extinct.  Ontostoma cinereigulare pacifica Brodkorb is regarded as a synonym.  Elainea flavogaster saturata Brodkorb is considered a synonym. 100 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Myiopagis viridicata (Vieillot). x Yellow-crowned Elainea. Papamoscas verdoso. Nayarit and southwestern Tamaulipas south to Argentina and Brazil. Myiopagis viridicata minimus Nelson. Papamoscas verdoso. de Islas Marias. Myiopagis placens rainlinus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 1898, 9 (Maria Madre Island, Tres Mafias Islands, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the Tres Marias Islands, Nayarit. Myiopagis viridicata jaliscensis Nelson. Papamoscas verdoso jalisciense. Myiopagis placens jaIiscensis Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 264 (San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Pacific coast region from mainland of Nayarit and Durango to Guerrero. Recorded from Nayarit (San Bias, Chacala, Sauta on coast, Arroyo de Obispo, 3000 feet, June 20-July 6, nesting, K-d; early records from Tres Mafias Islands probably relate to M. v. rainlinus), Jalisco (San Sebastigtn, Barranca Ibarra), Colima (Lajuela, K-d), Michoacgtn (Tzitzio, breeding), Guerrero (El Mogote, June 2, breeding, Chilpan- cingo, May-July, breeding, May 12, laying, also October, Amojileca, May, June, O-d), and Durango (Nombre de Dios, May 31-June 6, nesting, K-d). Erroneously recorded from Veracruz and without substantiation from southern Sinaloa. Myiopagis viridicata placens (Sclater). Papamoscas verdoso del sureste. Elaenla placens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 46 (Cordova [, Veracruz, Mfixico]; type in Brit. Mus.). Caribbean slope of southern Mxico south to Honduras. Mxico: Recorded from northern Oaxaca (Tutla), northern Chiapas (Palenque), M.xico (Temascaltepec, approaching jaliscensis, K-d), Morelos (Coajomulco, Chapul- tepec, K-d), San Luis Potosl (Naranjos, K-d), Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, Tehui- tzingo, K-d), southwestern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farlas, May 18, C-d), Veracruz (cen- tral and southern sections), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatgtn, and Quintana Roo (Xcan, April 29, breeding; record from Isla Mujeres requires verification). Myiopagis viridicata pacificus (Brodkorb).2 Papamoscas verdoso del Pacifico. Eleania viridicata pacifica Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 478, 1943, 3 (Finca Esperanza, Chiapas, altitude, 150 meters; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Pacific lowlands from southeastern Chiapas to E1 Salvador. Mxico: Pacific coast of Chiapas (Finca Esperanza, Finca Jugtrez, Finca San Vicente). 1 For use of generic name Myiopagis instead of Elainea see Zimmer, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 1108, 1941, 20. 2Race of uncertain validity, requiring substantiation. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 101 Camptostoma imberbe Sclater. Beardless Flycatcher. Mosquero lampifio. Southern Arizona and southern Texas south to northwestern Costa Rica. In winter north to southern Sonora and central Nuevo Le6n. Camptostoma imberbe ridgwayi (Brewster). Mosquero lampifio de Ridgway. Ornithion imberbe ridgwayi Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 7, 1882, 208 (Tucson, Arizona; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds from southeastern Arizona south through northwestern Mxico; boundary lines with C. i. imberbe imperfectly known. Mxico: Sonora (common summer resident; winters in Tropical Zone in south north to Alamos), Sinaloa, Nayarit (including Tres Marias Islands), Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro, May 26, breeding condition), and Guerrero (intergrade area; Chilpancingo, April 21, breeding condition, O-d; May 12, breeding). Camptostoma bribethe imberbe Sclater. Mosquero lampifio mexicano. Camptostoma imberbe Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 25, 1857, 203 (S. Andres Tuxtla [, Vera- cruz, Mxico]; type in Brit. Mus.). Breeds from central Nuevo Le6n and southern Texas south through eastern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica. Common; resident except in Texas. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, Morelos, San Luis Potosi (Rio Naranjo, May 14, nesting, C-d), Hidalgo (Portezuelo, April 3, breeding, K-d), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (Monterrey, breeds and winters), Tamaulipas (Victoria, winters; G6mez Farlas, late April, nesting), Veracruz, Tabasco, C ampeche (breeding, April 24), Yucatan, and Quintana Roo (breed- ing condition, June 18). Tyranniscus vilissimus (Sclater and Salvin). Paltry Tyrannulet. Mosquero centroamericano. Chiapas south through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. Tyranniscus vilissimus vilissimus (Sclater and Salvin). Mosquero centroamericano nortefio. F. lainia vilissimus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 122, pl. 4, fig. 1 (type from Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala, in Brit. Mus.). Eastern Chiapas, Guatemala, and Honduras. Mxico: Eastern Chiapas (Mount Ovando, Volcan Tacan, Pico de Loro, Santa Rosa in Escuintla, June-October, A-d). 102 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Microtriccus semiflavus (Sclater and Salvin). Yellow-bellied Tyrannulet. Mosquero pequefiito. Southern M.6xico south to Ecuador and northwestern Venezuela. Microtriccus semifiavus semifiavus (Sclater and Salvin). Mosquero pequefiito guatemalteco. Tyrannulus semiflavus $clater and $alvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 28, 1860, 300 (In prov. Verae Pacis regione calida = Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to Pacific coast of Costa Rica in heavy tropical rain forest. Scarce. M6xico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Tutla, Palomares, K-d), northern Chiapas (Palenque), Veracruz (Paso Nuevo, Buena Vista, Santa Lucrecia; Presidio, K-d), and Tabasco (Teapa). Leptopogon amaurocephalus Tschudi. Brown-capped Leptopo,gon. Mosquero gorra parda. Southern M6xico south to northern Argentina and east to British Guiana, chiefly in heavy rain forest. Leptopogon amaurocephalus pileatus Cabanis. Mosquero gorra parda mexicano. Leptopogon pileatus Cabanis, Jour. fiir Ornith., 13, 1865, 414 (Guatimala; type in Berlin Mus.). Southern M6xico and Guatemala. Scarce. M6xico: Northern Oaxaca (Escuilapa, Soyaltepec, K-d), Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, April 19, breeding condition, O-d; Laguna Ocotal), Veracruz (Playa Vicente, Buena Vista; Presidio, April 29-May 3, nesting, K-d), and Tabasco (Teapa). Pipromorpha oleaginea (Lichtenstein). Oleaginous Pipromorpha. Pipromorfa. Southern M6xico south to Bolivia and central Brazil; east to Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas. Pipromorpha oleaglnea assimilis (Sclater). Pipromorfa mexicana. Mionestes assimilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 46 (In Mexico roerid., Cordova [ Veracruz]; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to eastern Costa Rica in heavy tropical rain forest. M6xico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, K-d; Tutla), Chiapas (Ocozo- coautla, April 13, 17, Tuxtla Guti6rrez, January 13, O-d; Laguna Ocotal), Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, November, December, Papantilla, May 15-17, nests and eggs, K-d), Veracruz (common, central and southern sections; breeding, March 30-August 16, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucafftn (one record), and Quintana Roo (including Isla Mujeres; Agua Bianca, late May-early June, breeding condition). September 1, 1956; Griscom, Miller, and Moore 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 103 FAMILY ALAUDIDAE LARKS Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus). Horned Lark. Alondra. Alondra cornuda. Casilda. Monjita 11anera. Torito. Holarctic grasslands and arctic and alpine barrenlands. Ranges south in Old World to North Africa; in New World breeds from Alaska and Arctic coast of Canada south to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, M6xico; an isolated race occurs in the vicinity of Bogota, Colombia. Southern races resident; northern races winter from southern Canada south to northern M6xico. Eremophila alpestris leucolaema Coues. Alondra del desierto. Eremophila alpestris b. leucolaema Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 38 (Fort Randall [, South Dakota]; type iu U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from southern Alberta southeast to eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas. Winters from Montana south to northern parts of Baja California, Sonora, and Chihuahua. M6xico: Sparse winter visitant north of about latitude 30 ø. Recorded from Baja California (Valle de la Trinidad), Sonora (Punta Pefiascosa; Altar), and Chihuahua (Chihuahua; GuzmAn). Eremophila alpestris actia (Oberholser). Alondra californiana. Otocoris alpestris actia Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, 1902, 806 (in key), 845 (Jacumba, San Diego County, California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Coast of California and northwestern Baja California. Mxico: Common locally in northwestern Baja California south to latitude 30 ø, including San Martin Island. Eremophila alpestris enertera (Oberholser). Alondra de Bahia Magdalena. Otocoris alpestris enertera Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, 1907, 41 (Llano de Yrais (near Magdalena Bay, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Common locally in west-central Baja California from latitude 29 ø south to Magdalena Bay region, including San Benitos, Cedros, Natividad, San Roque, and Santa Margarita islands.  Otocoris alpestris baileyi van Rossem from the San Benitos Islands i.s considered a synonya. 104 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Eremophila alpestris ammophila (Oberholser). Alondra œronteriza. Otocoris alpestris ammophila Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, 1902, 806 (in key), 849 (Coso Valley, [Inyo County,] California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mohave Desert and southern San Joaquin Valley of California. Winters in breeding range and south to Colorado Desert region of northwestern Mxico. Mgxico: Sparse winter visitant to northeastern Baja California (20 mi. SW Pilot Knob, three specimens, O-d) and northwestern Sonora (Punta Pefiascosa). Eremophila alpestris leucansiptila (Oberholser).l Alondra del Rio Colorado. Otocoris alpestris leucansiptila Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, 1902, 806 (in key), 864 (Yuma Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Resident in Colorado Desert region of southeastern California, southwestern Ari- zona, and adjoining parts of M6xico. Mxico: Common locally in northeastern B aja California south to latitude 31 ø (San Felipe) and on gulf coast of Sonora south to vicinity of Punta Pefiascosa. Erenophila alpestris adusta (Dwight). Alondra de Arizona. Otocoris alpestris adusta Dwight, Auk, 7, 1890, 148 (Camp [= Fort] Huachuca, Arizona; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora. Mxico: Common resident along northern border of Sonora from about longitude 112 ø eastward. Eremophila alpestris occidentalis (McCall). Alondra de Moctezuma. Otocoris? occidentalis McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 218 (Santa Fe, New Mexico; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Northeastern, central and east-central Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Win- ters south to northern Sonora (Altar), Chihuahua, and western Texas. Mxico: Fairly common winter visitant to Sonora (along northeastern border and south to Altar), and to Chihuahua (south to Chihuahua). Eremophila alpestris aphrasta (Oberholser). Alondra chihuahuense. Otocoris alpestris aphrasta Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, 1902, 806 (in key), 860 (Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.).  Chionophilus alpestris dwighti Stresemann is considered a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 105 Mxico: Common resident locally in northern plateau in states of Chihuahua and Durango (south to Nombre de Dios). Durangan specimens are atypical as noted by Oberholser. Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema (Wagler). Alondra mexicana. Alauda chrysolaerna Wagler, Isis yon Oken, 1831, col. 530 (Mexico; restricted to Valley of Mexico; type in Munich Mus.). Mxico: Locally common in southern and southwestern parts of Central Plateau from Zacatecas and eastern Jalisco to western Veracruz. Recorded from Jalisco (Tux- pan), Michoacfin (breeding, K-d), Zacatecas (intermediates toward aphrasta from Sombrerete and Fresnillo area, K-d), Aguascalientes (6 mi. SW Aguascalientes, K-d), Guanajuato (nesting, K-d), Mxico (breeding up to 12,000 feet, May, K-d), Distrito Federal, Morelos (Huitzilac, G-d; Tres Marias, K-d), Tlaxcala, southern Puebla, and Veracruz (Cruz Blanca; Perote). Eremophila alpestris oaxacae (Nelson). Alondra oaxaquefia. Otocorls alpestrls oaxacae Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 54 (San Mateo del Mar, Oaxaca, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Valley of Oaxaca and Pacific coastal plain of Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Re- corded only from Oaxaca (sea level to 6000 feet, breeding, K-d; San Mateo del Mar, Oaxaca; Mitla, July 31, breeding, P-d). Eremophila alpestris enthymia (Oberholser). Alondra de las planadas. Otocoris alpestris enthymia Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, 1902, 807 (in key), 817 (St. Louis, Saskatchewan, British America; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in Great Plains from central Saskatchewan to southern Coahuila and from eastern Montana to central North Dakota and central Kansas. In winter ranges to south- eastern California and southern Texas. Mxico: Recorded from south-central Coahuila (4 mi. S Hip61ito, ten specimens, November 2 to February 24, four specimens, June, breeding, K-d). Eremophila alpestris diaphora (Oberholser). Alondra tamaulipeca. Otocoris alpestris diaphora Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, 1902, 806 (in key), 829 (Miquihuana, Tamaullpas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Locally fairly common in eastern section of Central Plateau from extreme southeastern Coahuila south to eastern Puebla. Recorded from Queretaro (San Juan del Rio, intermediates toward E. a. chryso.laema, K-d), Coahuila (Saltillo, ten specimens, May, G-d; La Ventura), Hidalgo (breeding, May, Kd), northeastern Puebla (Alchi- 106 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 chica, where probably intergrading with E. a. chrysolaema), Nuevo Le6n (Galeana), and southwestern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana). A November record from Oaxaca (Ober- holser, loc. cit.) is doubtful and probably represents a variant of E. a. oaxacae. Eremophila alpestris giraudi (Henshaw). Alondra texana. Otocorys alpestris giraudi Henshaw, Auk, 1, 1884, 260, 266 (Corpus Christi, Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Gulf coast from Galveston Bay, Texas, south to northern Tamaulipas. Mxico: Extreme northeastern Tamaulipas (Bagdad, breeding, C-d). September 11, 1951; Miller 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 107 FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE SWALLOWS Progne subis (Linnaeus). Purple Martin. Avi6n negro. Breeds in North America from southwestern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick south to the West Indies and to Michoadtn and Guanajuato in Mxico. Winters in South Amer- ica, south to Brazil; migrates through Mxico and Central America. Progne subis subis (Linnaeus).l Avi6n negro oriental. Hirundo Subls Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 192 (ad sinurn Hudsonis: Hudson Bay). Breeds from southwestern British Columbia, southern parts of prairie provinces of Canada, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to southern Califor- nia, the mountains of Arizona and the highlands of Mxico to Michoac/tn and Guan- ajuato, the Gulf coast of the United States, and southern Florida. Winters in South America, east of the Andes, south to southeastern Brazil. Mxico: Reported breeding at 5000 feet and above in Sonora (Huachinera, N/tcori), Jalisco, Michoac/tn (Cerro Mohca, May 2, breeding), Chihuahua (except southwestern area), Durango, Guanajuato, Coahuila, and Veracruz (migrants); birds breeding at Tepic, Nayarit, may belong to another race. Recorded in migration from Sinaloa (Gua- muchil, October 5, K-d, formerly reported as P.s. hesperia), Campeche, YucatAn, and Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo. Progne subis hesperia Brewster. Avi6n negro occidental. Progne subis hesperia Brewster, Auk, 6, 1889, 92 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds in Baja California and lowlands of southern Arizona and Sonora. Winter range unknown. Reported on migration in Nicaragua. M6xico: Recorded as summer resident, April to August (one November record), throughout Baja California (up to 8 500 feet) and lowlands of Sonora, including Tibur6n Island, south to Agiabampo. Progne subis shaloae Nelson. Avk',n negro sinaloense. Progne sinaloae Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 1898, 59 (Homosas, Sinaloa, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Breeds on western slopes of Sierra Madre Occidental from 5500 to 7500 feet in southwestern Chihuahua (San Feliz, six specimens, K-d), and northern Nayarit (Santa Teresa, fourteen specimens, a breeding colony, K-d). The type specimen from 1 Progne subis oberholseri Brandt is regarded as a synonym. 108 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Plomosas, Sinaloa, possibly was taken from a non-breeding group at 3500 feet. Inter- gradation apparently occurs in Sonora (B-d) and Jalisco (La Laja, 9000 feet, May 16, 19); we cannot agree with Zimmer (Am. Mus. Novit., no. 1723, 1955, 1-5) in his treat- ment of the martins of western Mxico and in his maintenance of sinalo.ae as a race of a species separate from P. subis. Winter range unknown. Progne chalybea (Gmelin). Gray-breasted Martin. Avi6n de vientre blanco. Central and northeastern Mxico south through Central America and South America to Peril, Bolivia, central Argentina, and Uruguay. Essentially resident. Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmelin). Avi6n de vientre blanco nortefio. Hirundo chalybea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1789, 1026 (in Cayerma: Cayenne). Lower levels of northeastern Mxico, below 5000 feet, and Pacific coast from Nayarit south through Central and South America to eastern Peril and northern Brazil. Casual in Rio Grande Valley of Texas. M6xico: Locally common at lower elevations. Recorded from Nayarit, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Coahuila, San Luis Potosl (Valles, C-d; Presa de Guadalupe, 4500 feet, eighteen specimens, K-d), Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillot). Cliff Swallow. Golondrina vencejo. Breeds from central Alaska, western Mackenzie, Ontario, and southern Quebec south through United States (except South Carolina, Florida, and eastern Gulf states) and M6xico to Oaxaca and Veracruz. Migrates through Central America and West Indies to winter chiefly in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and central Argentina. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pyrrhonota (Vieillot). Golondrina vencejo comfin. Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d.. 14. 1817, 519 (Paraguay). Breeds on Pacific coast of North America from southern British Columbia to north- ern Baja California and in interior and eastern North America (exclusive of Alaska, Yukon, Mackenzie, and Great Basin, northern Rocky Mountain, and northern prairie re- gions t ) from southern Manitoba, Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, south to northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, northern and central Texas, northern Alabama and North Carolina. Migrates through M6xico, Central America, and West Indies. Winters in South America from northern Chile and southern Brazil to Paraguay, Uruguay, and central Argentina. 1 These areas represent the breeding range of P. p. hypopolia Oberholser, which race presumably migrates through M6xico, although it is not as yet specifically recorded there. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 109 Mxico: Breeds in northwestern Baja California south to latitude 30 ø. Rarely re- corded elsewhere as a migrant. Known from Baja California (migrant, Cape district), Sonora (one specimen, March 14), Sinaloa (Chele, 400 feet, February 14, one specimen, K-d), Chiapas (October 3, A-d), San Luis Potosi (K-d), and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island). Petrochelidon pyrrhonota tachina Oberholser. Golondrina vencejo pequefia. Petrochelidon luni/rons tachina Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 15 (Langtry, Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in extreme northeastern Baja California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas (Rio Grande Valley). Migrates through Mdxico and Central America. Winter range unknown; probably South America. M6xico: Recorded from Baja California (Colorado River valley, intergrades, breed- ing, O-d) and Guanajuato (Irapuato, September 10, K-d). Petrochelidon pyrrhonota melanogaster (Swainson).X Golondrina vencejo mexicana. Hirundo melanogaster Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 366 (table-land of Mexico). Breeds from vicinity of United States border in southeastern Arizona and New Mex- ico south over Mexican plateau to Oaxaca and the Pacific plains to Nayarit. Migrates through Central America to winter in southeastern Brazil and northern Argentina. Mxico: Locally common breeding bird, from March to September. Recorded from Baja California (migrant at Todos Santos, Cape district, September 21, B-d), Sonora, Sinaloa (breeding, K-d), Nayarit (breeds), Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Chihuahua (breeding, K-d), Durango, Guanajuato, Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano, August, G-d), Distrito Federal, Morelos (12 mi. NW Huitzilac, nests; Ocotepec, Atlacomulco, Cuer- navaca, Chapultepec, breeding, K-d), San Luis Potosi (Presa de Guadalupe, 4500 feet, breeding, K-d), Hidalgo, Puebla, and Oaxaca (breeds). Petrochelidon fulva (Vieillot). Cave Swallow. Golondrina antiliana. Breeds in northeastern New Mexico, south'-central Texas, northeastern M6xico, Chiapas, northern Yucatan, and the Greater Antilles. Migrates in part through southern Mxico and Central America. Winter range imperfectly known. Related forms of swal- lows in Peril and Ecuador are uncertainly conspecific. Petrochelidon fulva citata Van Tyne. Golondrina antiliana de Van Tyne. Petrochelidon fulva citata Van Tyne, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 385, 1938, 2 (Yucatftn, Chichen Itzft, Ixil Cenote; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). M6xico: Breeds in Chiapas (vicinity of Tuxtla Gufi6rrez, May 17, nesting; specimen intermediate toward P. f. pallida), Yucatan, and Quintana Roo; winters in Yucatan.  Petrochelidon pyrrhonota minima van Rossera and Hachisuka is considered a synonym. The color and size differences claimed are not substantiated in good series of breeding birds from Sonora and Sinaloa (B-d, K-d) compared with typical melanogaster from Morelos (K-d). 110 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Petrochelidon fulva pallida Nelson. Golondrina antiliana de Nelson. Petrochelidon ]ulva pallida Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15, 1902, 211 (Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from northeastern New Mexico and south-central Texas south to eastern San Luis Potosl. Migrates through southern Mxico and Central America (Costa Rica). Winter range unknown. Mxico: Recorded sparingly in breeding season in southern Chihuahua (Camargo, 4025 feet, June 21, two juveniles, K-d), Coahuila, San Luis Potosi (Presa de Guada- lupe, 4500 feet, July 18-20, late breeding condition, K-d), and Tamaulipas. In period of fall migration: San Luis Potosi (Santo Domingo, 5100 feet, October 11, K-d) and Chiapas (August 20). $telgidopteryx ruficollis (Vi½illot). Rough-winged Swallow. Golondrina aliaserrada. Southern parts of Canadian provinces south over North, Central and South America to Paraguay and northern and eastern Argentina. Absent in West Indies. Breeding pop- ulations from northern Mxico northward are migratory, wintering sparingly in south- ern United States, but chiefly south of latitude 27øN. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis (Audubon). Golondriua aliaserrada de cidnega. I-Iirundo serripennis Audubon, Ornith. Biogr., 4, 1838, 593 (Charleston, South Carolina; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from southern British Columbia, southern parts of prairie provinces, south- ern Ontario, southern Quebec, central Vermont, and southern Maine south to central California, southern Utah, northern New Mexico, central Texas, the eastern Gulf coast, and central Florida. Winters from southern United States south through Mxico and Central America to Panamfi, but chiefly south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Mxico: Migrant, chiefly in March and April, and sparse winter visitant. Most re- ports of this form probably apply to S. r. psammochrous; many records of the species are now racially unidentifiable. Recorded on the basis of recently determined specimens from Baja California (Colorado River, March 5, and Eureka, August 20, O-d), Sonora, Sinaloa (San Marcos, February 22, K-d; Labradas, September 18, 25, Calif. Acad. Sci., redetermined), Michoacgn (Apatzinggn, January 10, K-d), Guerrero (O-d), Chiapas (to May 3), Morelos, San Luis Potosi (El Salto, May 15, C-d), Puebla (Huauchinan- go, K-d), and Quintana Roo (winter). Stdgidopteryx ruficollis psammochrous Griscom. Golondrina aliaserrada del desierto. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis psammochrous Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 11, 1929, 72 (Oposura, Sonora, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds from southern California, southern Arizona, and southern Texas south through northern coastal plains and the Central Plateau of Mxico to Oaxaca. Partly migratory, extending south to Chiapas. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 111 Mxico: Common in arid interior and uplands and in northern coastal districts, breeding from April to June. Occasional migrants or winter visitants occur on southern coasts and in Chiapas. Recorded from Baja California (breeding season; E1 Mayor, La Grulla, San Ignacio, O-d), Sonora (breeding and winter), Sinaloa (breeding and winter, many localities, K-d; Labradas, September 17, Calif. Acad. Sci., redetermined), Nayarit (K-d), Jalisco (Tapalpa, 7800 feet, breeding, K-d), Colima (K-d), MichoacAn (K-d), Guerrero (February 6,-March 8, K-d), Oaxaca (Tamazulapan, 6000 feet, July 6, K-d), Chiapas (spring migrant), Chihuahua, Durango (breeding, also five specimens, November 26-March 8, K-d), Morelos (breeding, May, K-d), Puebla (Huauchinango, April, breeding condition, K-d), Coahuila (Saltillo, G-d), Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias, breeding; race not verified), and Veracruz (Jalapa, March 16, migrants, K-d; Gutier- rez Zamora, March 18, G-d; Orizaba). Stelgidopteryx ruficollis fulvipennis (Sclater). Golondrina aliaserrada mexicana. Cotfie fulvipennis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859 (1860), 364 (vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Resident of lowlands and middle altitudes from Guerrero and Veracruz in Mxico south through Central America to Costa Rica. Replaced by S. r. ridgwayi in Yucatan and by S. r. stuarti at higher elevations. Mxico: Recorded from southern Guerrero (intergrades), Oaxaca (Totolapan, 1100 meters, September 27, P-d), Chiapas, Veracruz, and Tabasco. Winter vagrants have been taken in Jalisco (La Barca, one specimen, January, G-d) and MichoacAn (Los Reyes, two specimens, February, G-d; Volc/tn de Jorullo, October 13, 17, P-d). Stelgidopteryx ruficollis stuarti Brodkorb. Golondrina aliaserrada de Stuart. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis stuarti Brodkorb, Condor, 44, 1942, 217 (Finca Panzamalfi, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude 1230 meters; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Mountains from southern Veracruz, Mxico, south through uplands of Chiapas to Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (breeds), and western British Honduras. Mxico: Recorded from Oaxaca (Moctum, September 29, K-d), Chiapas (Tuxtla Gutierrez, June 2, 28 mi. ESE ComitAn, 4900 feet, April 13, breeding, O-d; E1 Carmen, September 11, K-d), Veracruz (Motzorongo, winter), Tabasco (foothills at Teapa), Campeche (Ichek, September 25), and YucatAn (winter). Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ridgwayi Nelson. Golondrina aliaserrada yucateca. Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, 1901, 174 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident of Yucatan Peninsula in states of Campeche (Ichek), Yucatan, and Quintana Roo (breeds in March and April). Records from other states are of un- certain identity or pertain to S. r. stuarti and S. r. serripennis. 112 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Atticora cyanoleuca (Vieillot). Blue and White Swallow. Golondrina sudamericana. Breeds in southern Central America and South America from Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego. Partly migratory, reaching north to Chiapas. Atticora cyanoleuca patagonica (Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny). Golondrina sudamericana de Patagonia. H[irundo] patagonica Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny, Synop. Avium, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, 1837, 69 (Patagonia = Rfo Negro; type in Paris Mus.). Breeds in South America from northern Argentina southward. Migrates north to Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela and through Central America to Nicaragua and Chiapas. Mxico: Chiapas (one record of winter visitant, Tuxtla Gutierrez, May 24, 1954). Notiochelidon pileata (Gould). Cobfin Swallow. Golondrina del sureste. Atticora pilerlta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 26, 1858, 355 (Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Highlands of Chiapas, Guatemala, and E1 Salvador. M6xico: Known only from a few specimens from Chiapas (Pueblo Nuevo, May 18, nesting; Triunfo, 1850 meters, April 21, K-d; Volcfin Tacan/, 3000 meters, April, A-d, K-d). Riparia riparia (Linnaeus). Bank Swallow. Golondrina riberefia. Breeds in North America and Eurasia from arctic regions south to southern United States, northwestern Africa, Abyssinia, Iraq, Iran, northwest India, and Japan. Winters in South America, eastern and southern Africa, and southern Asia. Migrates, in New World, through West Indies, Mxico, and Central America. Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus). Golondrina tiberefta nortefia. Hirundo riparia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 192 (in Europae collibus arenosis abruptis Sweden). Breeds in Palearctic region and in North America from northern Alaska, northwest- ern Mackenzie, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, Quebec, and southern Labrador south to southern California, southeastern Arizona, southern Texas, central Louisiana, and eastern Georgia. Winters, in New World, in South America from Colombia and Venezuela to Peril, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Mixico: Infrequently reported migrant. Recorded from Baja California, Chihuahua (Ramos, 4800 feet, September 8, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (San Crist6bal, April 14, A-d), 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 113 Tamaulipas (Nuevo, August 18, C-d), Veracruz (Jalapa, May 6), Campeche (Cayos Arcas), Yucatan (Isla Prez), and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island). Hitundo rustica Linnaeus. Barn Swallow. Golondrina comfin. Cuicuitzcatl (Nfihuatl). Tishicuml (Mixteco). Cuzam (Maya). Breeds in holarctic region from northern edge of tree belt south to central Mxico, western Florida, northwestern Africa, Egypt, Asia Minor, northwestern India, and northern China. Winters in South America, and, in Old World, south to South Africa, East Indies, the Philippines, and Micronesia. Hirundo rustlea erythrogaster Boddaert. Golondrina cornfin americana. Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert, Tabl. PI. enlum., 1783, 45 (Cayenne). Breeds from north-central Alaska, Mackenzie, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, Quebec, and southern Labrador south to northwestern Baja California and northern Sonora, in uplands of Mxico as far as Puebla, and to northern parts of the Gulf coast states and North Carolina. Winters chiefly in South America, from Panam and the Guanas south to central Chile and central Argentina; occasionally from southeastern California and central Arizona to Patagonia. Mxico: Breeds fairly commonly, April to July, in northwestern Baja California and northern Sonora and at middle elevations south to Michoacgn, Valley of M.xico, central Puebla, and northern interior Veracruz. Common migrant, August to October, and March to early April, throughout. Noted as winter resident at Mxico City and in Mo- relos. Recorded from Baja California (breeds locally on north coast and Coronados Islands; Todos Santos, November 1, O-d), Sonora (breeds in north-central foothills), Sinaloa (one specimen, El Molino, November 3, K-d), Nayarit (breeding), Revilla Gigedo Islands (casual; Clari6n, San Benedicto, November 17), Jalisco (breeding), Michoacn (May 31, nesting, C-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (San Crist6bal, Pijijiapan, Bar- ranca de Cahuacgn, April 12-May 1, A-d), Chihuahua (breeding, O-d and Kd), Du- rango (breeding), Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano, two specimens, August 22, G-d), Guanajuato (breeding, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal (breeding; winter), Morelos (winter), Coahuila (Saltillo, two specimens, May, April, G-d), Puebla (Atlixco, breed- ing), Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (Miquihuana, one specimen, June 14, G-d), Veracruz (Las Vegas, Perote, breeding), Campeche, Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo. Iridopro.cne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. Golondrina arbolera. Hirundo blcolor Vieillot, Oiseaux Am. Sept., 1, 1807 (1808), 61, pl. 31 (au centre des Etats-Unis : New York; type in coll. P. L. Vieillot). Breeds from north-central Alaska, west-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northeastern Manitoba, northeastern Ontario, northern Quebec, and southern Labrador south to southern California, western Colorado, eastern Kansas, northeastern Louisiana, 114 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 and Virginia. Winters from central California, southern Arizona, southern Texas, the Gulf coast of the United States, and Virginia south to southern Baja California and through mainland of Mxico to Honduras and Nicaragua; also to Cuba and casually to Bermuda and Caribbean coast of South America. Mxico: Fairly common winter visitant and migrant, from August to April. Re- corded from Baja California (as late as April 28), Sonora, Sinaloa (Ahome, August 19 to February 23, K-d), Jalisco (K-d), Colima (K-d), Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Guanajuato (K-d), Mxico, Coahuila (Hip61ito, February 22, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Veracruz (June records from near Mirador are evidently stragglers), Campeche, Yuca- tan, and Quintana Roo. Iridoprocne albilinea (Lawrence). Mangrove Swallow. Golondrina de manglar. Coasts of Mxico, from central Sonora and southern Tamaulipas southward, and Central America south to Panama. Represented by a form of uncertain status on coast of Peril. Iridoprocne albilinea rhizophorae van Rossem. Golondrina de manglar nortefia. lridoprocne albilinea rhizophorae van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, 1939, 155 (T6bari Bay, Sonora, Mxico; type in Dickey Co11., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Fairly common resident of coastal belt from Guasimas Lagoon (latitude 27 ø 50t), Sonora, south at least to Colima. Possibly migratory in northern part of range in Sonora. Southern boundary of this poorly defined race is as yet uncertain, but prob- ably is situated in western Guerrero. Recorded from Sonora, Sinaloa (breeding, April, May, K-d), Nayarit, and Colima (Lajuela, April 9, K-d). Iridoprocne albilinea albilinea (Lawrence). Golondrina de manglar coinfin. Petrochelidon albilinea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, 1863, 2 (Panama; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Common resident on Atlantic coastal plain of Mxico from southern Tamaulipas southward, and on west coast from Oaxaca southward, through Central America to Panama. Mxico: Recorded from Oaxaca (Tuxtepec, April 13, G-d; Punta Paloma, Febru- ary 9, Tutla, June, K-d), Chiapas (Chiapa de Corzo, breeding, A-d), Tamaulipas (Tampico; Magiscatzin, nesting, June 17, K-d), Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, May 27, nesting, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo (Holbox Island). A vagrant taken in interior Michoacan (Cerro Tancitaro, June 27). Tachycineta thalassina (Swainson). Violet-green Swallow. Golondrina verde. Breeds in forested and wooded areas from central Alaska and southwestern Yukon south through Pacific coastal districts to southern Baja California and through Rocky 1957 THE BI'RDS OF MEXICO 115 Mountains (also Black Hills) and cordilleras of Mgxico to Oaxaca; occupies desert areas in southern Baja California and southern coastal Sonora. Winters chiefly in Mxico and northern Central America, sparingly from central coastal and southern California, south- ern Arizona, Chihuahua, and Coahuila in the north and to Costa Rica in the south. Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Golondrina verde nortefia. Tachyclneta lepida Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15, 1902, 31 (Campbell's ranch in the Laguna Mountains (Coast Range) 20 miles north of Campo, in San Diego County, California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from Yukon River valley in Alaska and Yukon south along Pacific coast to northern Baja California and southeastwardly through southwestern Alberta, central Montana, western South Dakota, western Nebraska, central Colorado, and central New Mexico to northern Coahuila, northern Chihuahua, and northeastern Sonora. Intergra- dation with T. t. thalassina occurs over a broad area from latitude 30 ø in Chihuahua south through eastern Sonora, Durango, and Coahuila to Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Nuevo Le6n. Winters from central coastal California and southern Arizona south to Costa Rica. Mgxico: Common migrant and winter visitant apparently throughout. Breeds in northwestern Baja California, northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, and northern Coahuila. Birds satisfactorily determined as to race are recorded only from Baja Cali- fornia (breeds south to latitude 30ø; Cape district in winter), Sonora (probably inter- grades with T. t. brachyptera; winters in Colorado delta), Sinaloa (only in winter, K-d), Jalisco (Ojuelos, breeding intergrades, K-d), Michoacgn, Guerrero (November 1 to March 15, O-d), Chiapas (March, A-d), Chihuahua (breeding intergrades, Colonia Pacheco, B-d; Rio Gavil/tn, O-d; Laguna Juanota and Los Frailes, K-d), Durango (K-d), Guanajuato (K-d), Mxico (winter, K-d), Morelos (K-d), Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, breeding), and Nuevo Le6n. Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera Brewster'. Golondrina verde bajacaliforniana. Tachycineta thalasslna brachyptera Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, 1902, 167 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Common resident of southern half of Baja California, from latitude 29 ø to the Cape, and of coast of southern Sonora from Kino Bay (B-d) south to vicinity of Guaymas (breeding; Empalme, February 7, B-d) and Tesia; intergrade with lepida taken at Guirocoba, March 8 (K-d). Tachycineta thalassina thalassina (Swainson). Golondrina verde mexicana. Hirundo thalassinus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 366 (tableland and Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus.). Mxico: Central Plateau and cordilleras from intergrading areas with lepida (which see) in northern states south to Oaxaca and Veracruz. Apparently resident, except for local movements. Recorded on the basis of racially determined specimens from southern 116 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Sonora (March vagrants in lowlands), Sinaloa (vagrant, March 28, K-d), Jalisco (breed- ing intergrades closest to this race, K-d), Michoacn, Oaxaca, Guanajuato (breeding intergrades closest to this race, K-d), Mxico (wintering intergrades and June-taken T. t. thalassina, K-d), Querdtaro (December 15, K-d), Distrito Federal (K-d)  Morelos (Mount Popocatepetl, February 23, G-d), Hidalgo, Nuevo Le6n (intergrades), Puebla (K-d), and Veracruz. September 11, 1951; Miller 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 117 FAMILY CORVIDAE CROWS AND JAYS Corvus corax Linnaeus. Holarctic Raven. Cuervo holarctico. Northern Eurasia, northern Alaska, Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island, and Greenland south to northern Africa, Asia Minor, northwest India, and Japan and through a large part of the United States to Nicaragua. Corvus corax principalis Ridgway. Cuervo holarctico principal. Corvus corax principalis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 361 (Northern North America = St. Michael, Alaska; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Northern Alaska, Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island, and Greenland south to western Washington, Minnesota, Michigan, and Maine; formerly to the coast region of New Jersey and Virginia; in the higher Alleghenies south to Georgia. Accidental in Mxico. Mdxico: Only two specimens known (K-d), a female taken March 10, 1944, at Charco Redondo, 20 miles west of Ojuelos, Jalisco, and a male taken March 12, 1946, at Las Flores, 55 kilometers south of Durango City, Durango. Corvus corax clarionensis Rothschild and Hartert. Cuervo holarctico de ClariCn. Corvus corax clarionensis Rothschild and Harterr, Novit. Zool., 9, 1902, 381 (Clarion Island, Revilla Gigedo group; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mxico: Islands of the Revilla Gigedo group (ClariCn and San Benedicto). Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler. Cuervo holarctico serrano. Corvus sinuatus "Lichtenstein" Wagler, Isis, 22, 1829, col. 748 (Mexico; designated as Yxmiquil- pah, Hidalgo; type in Berlin Mug.). Western United States, from Oregon, southeastern British Columbia, Montana, and South Dakota south through MCxico and Central America to Nicaragua. MCxico: Resident through most of northern and central parts of country; ranges from sea level to summit of Mount Orizaba at 18,250 feet. Recorded from Baja Cali- fornia (common resident on mainland, on Cedros Island, and on many islands of the Gulf of California, but not on Guadalupe Island), Sonora (common resident from sea level to 6000 feet, including many islands of the Gulf), Sinaloa (not uncommon, sea level to 6400 feet at Babizos, K-d), Jalisco, Michoacn (fairly abundant up to 6000 feet, but more so at lower altitudes and in arid areas), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, August 15, 27, December 11, O-d), Oaxaca (two specimens, L-d), Chihuahua (G-d), Durango (up to 7500 feet, K-d), Guanajuato, Distrito Federal (Cerro San Felipe and 15 mi. W 118 PACIFIC COAST A¾IFAUNA No.33 Oaxaca, G-d; two specimens, L-d), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Coahuila, San Luis Potosl (Santo Domingo, K-d; Alvarez, nesting, R-d), Puebla, and Veracruz. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. White-necked Raven. Cuervo de cuello blanco. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, 66 (State of Tamaulipas = Charco Escortdido, Tamaulipas, Mgxico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Arid regions of western United States and Mxico from Arizona, New Mexico, Colo- rado, and south-central Nebraska south to Guanajuato, Mxico. Mxico: Sonora (common resident), Sinaloa (one specimen, Rosario, January 7, K-d), Michoacgtn (Ptzcuaro, one specimen, August, G-d), Chihuahua, Durango, Zaca- tecas (two specimens, February, Kd), Aguascalientes (one specimen, December 21, K-d), Guanajuato, Coahuila, San Luis Potosi (breeds, R-d), Nuevo Le6n, and Tam- aulipas. Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm. American Crow. Cuervo americano. Central interior British Columbia and Mackenzie (lower Anderson River) east through Canadian Boreal Province to Newfoundland and south to Florida; also from Puget Sound south to Baja California, northern Sonora, southern Arizona, and south- western Texas. Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis Ridgway. Cuervo americano del oeste. Corvus americanus hesperis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362 (Western United States  Fort Klamath, Oregon; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Western North America, from central British Columbia, central Alberta, and south- ern Saskatchewan south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, and central New Mexico. Mxico: Baja California (common and probably resident locally south to latitude 32 ø ) and Sonora (one specimen from lower Colorado River). Coms imparatus Peters. Mexican Crow. Cuervo mexicano. Corvus imparatus Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1929, 42,123 (Rio La Cruz, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Common resident of northern coastal provinces in Tropical Zone, from sea level to at least 3000 feet, chiefly in farming districts. Recorded from Sonora (common), Sinaloa (common), Nayarit (breeding, May 1, K-d; casual on Maria Madre Island), Colima, Durango (Tamazula, K-d), San Luis Potosi (breeding), Nuevo Le6n (com- mon), and Tamaulipas (common; La Carbonera, nesting, C-d; Magiscatzin, June 11, nesting, K-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 119 Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). Clark Nutcracker. Cascanueces. Corvus columbianus Wilson, Am. Ornith., 3, 1811, 29, pl. 20, fig. 2 (shores of the Columbia = 2 mi. N Kamiah, Idaho; type apparently lost). Breeds in coniferous forests of western North America, from interior British Colum- bia, western Alberta, and southeastern Wyoming south to northern Baja California, eastern Arizona, and New Mexico. Mdxico: Sparingly resident on higher parts of Sierra San Pedro M/trtir, Baja Cali- fornia, chiefly in Canadian Life-zone. Reported from no other states except Sonora (El Tigre, 7000 feet, Sierra de la Madera, June 14, 1956, one specimen, P-d) and Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosl, July 16, 1945, one immature specimen; flock observed in 1954 by Lamb and Medina). Cissilopha san-blasiana (Lafresnaye). x San Blas Jay. Quexquex san blasiano. Resident of the Nayarit-Guerrero Biotic Province of western Mxico. Cissilopha san-blasiana nelsoni Bangs and Penard. Quexquex san blasiano de Nelson. Cissilopha san-blasiana nelsoni Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, 1919, 40 (Colima, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M.xico: Apparently confined to the northern and central parts of the Nayarit- Guerrero Biotic Province in Nayarit, Jalisco (Autln, June, breeding, Cd), Colima, Michoactn (Ojos de Agua, July 2, A-d), and western Guerrero (La Lagunilla, G-d). Cissilopha san-blasiana san-blasiana (I.afresnaye). Quexquex san blasiana acaptfiquefio. Pica san-blasiana Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 4, 1842, Ois., pl. 28 and text (Acapulco . . . Mexique; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mdxico: Apparently confined to the southern district of the Nayarit-Guerrero Biotic Province in central coastal Guerrero (Tecpn, G-d; 10 mi. S Atoyac and Pie de la Cuesta, Od; Acapulco and vicinity). Cissilopha yucatanica (Dubois). Yucatfin Jay. Chfichara. Northeastern Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucattn south to British Honduras and northern Guatemala (Petn district).  Hellmayr (Cat. Birds, Am., pt. 7, 37, footnote) was incorrect in his guess that Cissilopha san-blasiana and Cissilopha beecheli are conspecific. McLellan (Proc. Calif. Sci., ser. 4, 16, 1927, 51) collected three san-blasiana in the vicinity of San Bias and the Moore Collection contains three beecheli, taken at Sauta, about 25 miles northeast of San Blas. C. san-blasiana and C. beecheli do not show an approach to each other in any character indicating intergradation. 120 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Cissilopha yucatanica rivularis Brodkorb. Chichara de riachuelo. Cissilopha yucatanica rivularis Brodkorb, Auk, 57, 1940, 547 (Balanc/tn, Tabasco; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Mxico: Tabasco and southwestern Campeche. Cissilopha yucatanica yucatanica (Dubois). Chichara yucateca. Cyanocitta yucatanica Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lettr. Beaux-Arts Belg., ser. 2, 40, 1875, 797 (Yucatan; type in Brussels Mus.). Southeastern Mdxico, British Honduras, and northern Guatemala (Petdn district). Mxico: Northern Campeche (Champot6n; San Juan Capisco, K-d), Yucafftn (very common), and Quintana Roo (very common). Cissilopha beecheii (Vigors). Beechey Jay. Quexquex de Beechey. Pica beecheli Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, no. 15, Oct., 1828, to Jan., 1829, 353 (Montereale  MazatlAn, Sinaloa, or San Bias, Nayarit, M6xico; type apparently lost). M.dxico: Sinaloa Biotic Province of northwestern Mdxico from sea level to 1500 feet elevation. Reported from Sonora (Alamos Faunal District, from 300 to 1500 feet), Sinaloa (common resident in the Sinaloa Coastal District from sea level to at least 700 feet, breeding, May, June, K-d), and Nayarit (breeding condition, May, June; Sauta near San Bias, K-d; San Bias, Santiago, G-d). Records from the states of Jalisco and Colima and from Tres Marias Islands are probably incorrect. Cyanolyca cucullata (Ridgway). Hooded Jay. Azul de toca. Southeastern Mxico, from San Luis Potosi and Veracruz through Oaxaca and Chiapas, and Central America south to western Panama. Cyanolyca cucullata mitrata Ridgway. Azul de toca mexicano. Cyanolyca mirrata Ridgway, Auk, 16, 1899, 255, new name for Pica ornata Lesson (Mexico; type formerly in coil. M. Abeill, Bordeaux, France; type locality restricted by Pitelka, Con- dor, 53 1951:97, to mountains near Jalapa, Veracruz). Mxico: Extreme southern San Luis Potosi, Veracruz (Presidio, 1000 feet, April 29, breeding condition, K-d), and adjacent Oaxaca (Choapam, G-d). Cyanolyca cucullata guatemalae Pitelka. Azul de toca guatemalteco. Cyanolyca mitrata guatemalae Pitelka, Condor, 53, 1951, 97 (San Jos&, Chiapas, M&xico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mountains of east-central Oaxaca interior Chiapas, and Guatemala (Barr?1os, Coban). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 121 Mxico: Oaxaca (four specimens, Moctum, K-d) and Chiapas (Tumbal; Yaxolob, 1200 meters, near Ocosingo; Simojovel, 1200 meters, and Santa Rosa, K-d). Cyanolyca mirabilis Nelson. Omilteme Jay. Quesque de Omilteme. Cyanolyca mirabilis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 154 (Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Common locally in oak and pine forests of the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guer- rero, up to 11,500 feet (Mount Teotepec, May-June, breeding, K-d). Cyanolyca nana (DuBus). Dwarf Jay. Quesque azul chico. Cyanocorax nanus DuBus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lettr. Beaux-Arts Belg., 14, pt. 2, 1847, 103 (Le Mexique; type in Brussels Mus.). Mdxico: Temperate Zone, from 5000 feet up, in states of Oaxaca, Mxico, and Vera~ cruz. Cyanolyca pumilo Strickland. Strickland Jay. Quesque de Strickland. Common in oak forests up to 3000 meters, from Chiapas through western Guatemala and E1 Salvador to Honduras (Volchn de Puca). Cyanolyca pumilo pumilo Strickland. Quesque de Strickland del surcstc. Cyanolyca pumilo Strickland, in Jardine's Contrib. Ornith., 1849, 122, in text (Guatemala Antigua, probably; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus., England). Northern and eastern Chiapas through southern Guatemala to Honduras (Volcn de Puca). Mxico: Chiapas (Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuactn, O-d; Turnbaler; Volcn Tacan, 3000 meters, ten specimens, K-d; Pinabete, G-d; Monte Ovando, Escuintla). Aphelocoma coerulescens (Bosc). Scrub .lay. Urraca azulejo. North-central and southern Oregon, southern Idaho, and southern Wyoming south to southern Baja California, New Mexico, and central Texas and along Sierra Madre Occidental to Jalisco and Guanajuato; Sierra Madre Oriental south to Veracruz, Puebla, and Mdxico, thence to Oaxaca and Guerrero; peninsula of Florida. 122 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Aphelocoma coerulescens obscura Anthony. Urraca azulejo obscuro. Aphelocoma caliJornica obscura Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, 1889, 75 (Vailadores, L.C. m Valladares, Sierra San Pedro Mtrtir, Baja California; type in Carnegie Mus.). Coast of southern California (Los Angeles County southward) and northern Baja California. Mxico: Common resident in northern Baja California, chiefly in the Sierra San Pedro Mrtir and on Pacific drainage north of latitude 30 ø (includes one specimen re- ported as A. c. cana). Aphelocoma coerulescens cactophila Huey. Urraca azulejo de los cactos. Aphelocoma coerulescens cactophila Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, 1942, 432 (3 miles north of Punta Prieta, Lower California, Mexico; type in coll. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.). Mxico: Central portion of peninsula of Baja California from western slopes of the Sierra de Calamajue south to Pacific coast at Santa Rosalia Bay; thence southward east of Vizcaino Desert on Pacific side to Magdalena Bay and on Gulf side to latitude 26 ø N (Loreto). Aphelocoma coerulescens hypoleuca Ridgway. Urraca azulejo 1)ajacaliœorniano. Aphelocoma caliJornica hypoleuca Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds., 1887, 356 (La Paz, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident in the Cape district of Baja California. Aphdocoma coerulescens nevadae Pitelka. Urraca azulejo nevadense. Aphelocoma coerulescens nevadae Pitelka, Condor, 47, 1945, 24 (3 miles east of Jackass Springs, 6200 feet, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Southeastern Oregon and southern Idaho south through Great Basin and Arizona to northern Sonora, northwestern Chihuahua, and extreme southwestern New Mexico. M&xico: Northeastern Sonora and extreme northwestern corner of Chihuahua. Aphdocoma coerulescens grisea Nelson. Urraca azulejo grisaceo. Aphelocoma grisea Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, 1899, 27 (near Guachochi = Guachochic, l almost on the longitude 10.7 and slightly north of the Rio Fuerte of the Sierra Madre of southern Chihuahua; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua (La Junta, June 2, breeding condition, K-d), Durango (Rio Florida, mountains 25 mi. S Durango City, Ojito, August 27, breeding, K-d; Cerro Prieto, G-d), Zacatecas (25 mi. W Som- brerete, K-d), Jalisco (common, Lagos de Moreno, K-d), and central Guanajuato (specimens approach A. c. cyanotis, Dolores Hidalgo, April 27, nesting, K-d). 1 In a letter to Robert T. Moore of March 17, 1939, the late Major E. A. Goldman, who collected the type, wrote: "According to my notes this bird seemed to be restricted to the pinyon pine belt on the east slope of the Sierra Madre." 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 123 Aphelocoma coerulescens remota Griscom. Urraca azulejo lejano. Aphelocoma californlca remota Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, 392 (Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Apparently confined to the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero (Chilpan- cingo, Omilteme, Apetlanca, La Laguna, Cuapongo). Aphelocoma coerulescens cyanotis Ridgway. Urraca azulejo del nordeste. Aphelocoma cyanotis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357 (Mexico: Real del Monte, Hidalgo; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Southern Coahuila (El Diamante, K-d) south to Distrito Federal (Tlalpan) and Hidalgo (Real del Monte). Recorded also from Nuevo Le6n, San Luis Potosi, and M6xico. Aphelocoma coerulescens sumichrasti (Baird and Ridgway). Urraca azulejo de Sumichrast. Cyanocitta floridaria var. sumlchrasti Baird and Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, 1873, 199 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: High mountains, from 7000 to 10,500 feet, in southeastern portion of Mexi- can plateau from Tlaxcala through west-central Veracruz and Puebla to eastern and central Oaxaca. Aphelocoma ultramarina (Bonaparte). Mexican Jay. Grajo azul. Apparently of interrupted distribution; one group of races ranges from southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south along the Sierra Madre Occidental to northern Jalisco (Bolafios) and Nayarit; a second group ranges from southwestern Texas (Chisos Mountains) south along the Sierra Madre Oriental to Veracruz and west- ward to northwestern Michoacgn and northeastern Colima. Poorly known populations evidently occur in central Jalisco and Guanajuato. Aphelocoma ultramarina arizonae (Baird and Ridgway). Grajo azul nortefio. Cyanocitta ultramarina var. arizonae Baird and Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, 1873, 199 (Fort Buchanan: Fort Crittenden, 45 miles southeast of Tucson, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south into northern Sonora and northwestern Chihuahua. Mxico: Sonora (common resident in Upper Sonoran Zone, in Sierra de San Antonio and Sierra de Oposura) and Chihuahua (northwestern portion; 30 mi. W Mifiaca, 7 mi. W Sauz). 124 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Aphelocoma ultramarina wollweberi Kaup. Grajo azul de Wolhveber. Aphelocoma wollweberi Kaup, Jour. f/Jr Ornith., 2, no. 12, suppl., 1854, p. lv (Zaccatekas, Mexico; restricted to Valparaiso Mountains, Zacatecas, by Pitelka, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 50, 1951:330; type unknown). Mxico: Southeastern Sonora (Rancho Santa Bfirbara, Mina Abundancia) and southwestern Chihuahua (Bravo, Jesfis Maria, E1 Carmen; La Junta, K-d; Barranca del Cobre, May 21, 22, eggs) south through the mountains of Sinaloa (Pino Gordo, Sierra de Choix, La Providencia, Santa Gertrudis, juvenile, May 28, K-d) and Durango (El Salto, La Boquilla) into western Zacatecas (Valparaiso, Plateado) and immediately adjacent parts of extreme northern Jalisco. Aphelocoma ultramarina gracilis G. S. Miller. Grajo azu] gracioso. Aphelocoma gracilis G. S. Miller, Auk, 13, 1896, 34 (Sierra Bolafios, Jalisco, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Eastern Nayarit (Santa Teresa; R [ancho] de Buenavista, Sierra de Naya- rit) and northern Jalisco (Bolafios). Aphelocoma ultramarina colimae Nelson. Grajo azul colimense. Aphelocoma sieberi colimae Nelson, Auk, 16, 1899, 27 (Jacala, Jalisco, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Resident from northwestern Jalisco (San Sebastifin, Sierra de Juanacatlfin; Tapalpa, April, breeding condition, K-d) southeastward to south-central Jalisco and northeastern Colima (Sierra Nevada de Colima). It is doubtful if Nelson's record for Rio Santiago, Jalisco, is based upon collected specimens (Pitelka, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 50, 1951, 334). Aphelocoma ultramarina couchii (Baird). Grajo azul de Couch. Cyanocitta couchii Baird, Rept. Expl. Surv. R.R. Pac., 9, 1858, 588 (Monterey, Mex.: Guajuco, 18 mi. SE Montetrey, Nuevo Le6n, Mxico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of extreme southwestern Texas (Chisos Mountains) and northeastern Mxico southeast to southern Nuevo Le6n and west-central Tamaulipas. Mxico: Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen; Diamante Pass, April 13, nesting in juni- pers), Nuevo Le6n (common in mountains from Galeana westward; Cerro Potosi, K-d; Cameros), and Tamaulipas (Carricitos, Ciudad Victoria; Miquihuana, March, breed- ing, K-d). Aphelocoma ultramarina sordida (Swainson). Grajo azul hidalguense. Garrulus sordidus Swainson, Philos, Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 437 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus., England). Mxico: East-central section from San Luis Potosl (Jesfis Maria) south to northern Guanajuato (Puerta de Guadalupe, May 13, nesting, K-d), Queretaro (Amoles), and central Hidalgo (common in mixed woodland about Jacala, 5500-7000 feet). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 125 Aphelocoma ultramarina ultramarina (Bonaparte). Grajo azul suriano. Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 4, 1825, 387 (Mexico; type locality restricted to Temascaltepec, Mxico; type probably lost). Mxico: Southern part of Central Plateau. Recorded from northwestern and north- ern Michoacfin (Patambfin, Tancltaro, in pine forests up to 11,000 feet; Tzitzio, Aug- ust 10, nesting, K-d; Pfitzcuaro), M6xico (Temascaltepec, 5500 feet, common, K-d; Volcfin de Toluca), Morelos (Coajomulco, K-d; Huitzilac, Tetela del Volcfin), southern Hidalgo (Tulancingo), Tlaxcala, Puebla (4 mi. E Rio Frlo, about 9800 feet, K-d; Mount Orizaba), and central western Veracruz (Las Vigas, Cofre de Perote, Jalapa, Miradot). Aphelocoma unicolor (DuBus). Unicolored Jay. Grajo azulejo. Southeastern and southern M6xico, in Mdxico, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, and Guer- rero, thence from Chiapas to E1 Salvador and Honduras. Aphelocoma unicolor guerrerensis Nelson. Grajo azulejo guerrerense. Aphelocoma guerrerensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 154 (Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Mountains of south-central Guerrero (7000 feet to at least 11,500 feet on Mount Teotepec, K-d). Aphelocoma unicolor concolor (Cassin). Grajo azulejo poblano. Cyanocorax concolor Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 4, 1848, 26 (South America; type locality designated by Brodkorb, Auk, 61, 1944, 402, as eastern part of the state of Mxico; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). M6xico: Mountains of southeastern Mgxico, in eastern part of state of M6xico, Puebla (Pinal) and west-central Veracruz (Jico, Teziutl&n, Jalapa, Cordova, Miradot, Coatepec); not reported from Mdxico and Puebla since middle of nineteenth century. Aphelocoma unicolor oaxacae Pitelka. Grajo azulejo oaxaqnefio. Aphelocoma unicolor oaxacae Pitelka, Condor, 48, 1946, 44 (Moctum, Oaxaca, Mexico; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mdxico: Apparently confined to the central highlands of Oaxaca (Moctum, many specimens, juveniles, April 11-May 22, K-d; Mount Zempoaltepec, one specimen, G-d). Aphelocoma unicolor unicolor (DuBus). Grajo azulejo de DuBus. Cyanocorax unicolor DuBus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lettr. Beaux-Arts Belg., 14, pt. 2, 1847, 103 (le Mexique; locality restricted by Brodkorb, Auk, 61, 1944, 402, to San Crist6bal, Chiapas; type in Brussels Mus.). 126 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Mountains of Chiapas and Guatemala at elevations from 5000 to 10,000 feet. Mxico: Resident in two highland areas of Chiapas, separated by the Rio Grijalva: one from San Crist6bal and Triunfo (C-d) southeastward to the Guatemalan boundary, and the other from the ?ico de Loro southeastward to Volcm Tacant, on the Guate- malan boundary (Volcm Tacanfi, about 10,000 feet, April 26-May 25, five adults, two juveniles, K-d). Cyanocitta stelleri (Gmelin). Steller Jay. Cuauhgallito. Pacific coast of North America from Cook Inlet in southern Alaska south to central coastal and interior southern California, and in the Transition, Canadian, and Boreal zones of the Rocky Mountains east to Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico; thence south through the larger part of the mountains of Mxico to E1 Salvador and the high- lands of Nicaragua. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgway). Cuauhgallito californiano. Cyanura Stelleri var. frontalis (Ridgway, Am. Jour. Sci., ser 3, 5, 1873, 41, 43 (the Columbia along the Sierra Nevada to southern California: Carson City, Nevada; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Canadian and Transition zones of southern Oregon and California (except central coast belt) south to the Cuyamaca Mountains of southern California; casual in north- western Baja California. Mxico: Recorded definitely only once (May vagrants) from the extreme north- western corner of Baja California. C'yanocitta stelleri macrolopha Baird.1 Cuauhgallito copet6n. Cyanocitta macrolopha Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, 118 (100 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Rocky Mountain district of the United States and the Sierra Madre of northwestern Mxico from northeastern Utah (Wasatch and Uinta mountains) and southern Wyo- ming east to Colorado and south to the higher mountains of northern Sonora and Chi- huahua. Mxico: Resident in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones from the Pajaritos Mountains (Sierra de Huacomea) of Sonora eastward to the Sierra Madre. Recorded from northern Sonora (south to Sierra de Oposura; in winter casually to the lower So- noran deserts to westward at Sonoyta) and Chihuahua (Mount Mohinora, 10,700 feet, May 14, nesting, specimens from Laguna Juanota show intergradation with the next race, K-d). Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte). Cuauhgallito verdugo. C[yanogarrulus] diadematus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, 1850 (1851), 377 (Ex Mexico mer. Zacatecas: Zacatecas, Mxico; type in Darmstadt Mus.). 1 Cyanocitta stelleri browni Phillips (Condor, 52, 1950, 253) is considered a synonym of macro~ lopha. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 127 Mxico: Transition and Temperate zones, chiefly of the Sierra Madre Occidental, from southeastern Sonora south to Nayarit and Jalisco; also in Nuevo Le6n. Recorded from Sonora, Sinaloa (common resident above 6000 feet, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco, ex- treme southwestern Chihuahua (San Feliz, K-d), Durango (common, Muertocito, K-d; Cerro Prieto, E1 Salto), Zacatecas, and western Nuevo Le6n (seven specimens, Cerro Potosl, K-d). Cyanoitta stelleri purpurea Aldrich.1 Cuauhgallito michoacanense. Cyanocitta stelleri purpurea Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 57, 1944, 24 (Patamban, Michoacan, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M.xico: Western and central Michoacn. Cyanocitta stelleri azteca Ridgway. Cuauhgallito azteca. Cyanocitta stelleri azteca Ridgway, Auk, 16, 1899, 256 (mountains near Vera Cruz, Mexico; type locality restrictec[  to Rio Frio, State of Mexico, by Brodkorb, Auk, 61, 1944, 403; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Eastern Michoacn (Ptzcuaro, where intergrading with purpurea) east through the state of Mxico to western central Veracruz. Reported from eastern Micho- achn, Mxico (Mount Toluca, 11,000 feet, Puerta Lengua de Vaca, K-d), Distrito Fed- eral (Mount Popocatepetl, 13,000 feet, K-d; Iztacihuatl, Ajusco), Morelos (Tetela de Volcfin), Puebla (Tochimilco), and Veracruz (Orizaba, Mirador, top of Aculzingo grade). Cyanocitta stelleri teotepecensis Moore. Cuauhgallito guenerense. Cyanocitta stelleri teotepecensis Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 67, 1954, 236 (Cerro Teotepec, Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mgxico; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mxico: Apparently confined to high mountains of central and southern Guerrero. Cyanocitta stelleri coronata (Swainson). Cuauhgallito suriano. Garrulus coronatus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 437 (tableland of Mexico; locality restricted to Real del Monte, Hidalgo, by Brodkorb, Auk, 61, 1944, 403, and subsequently restricted by W. B. Davis, Auk, 62, 1945, 280, to the vicinity of Cofre de Perote, Veracruz; type lost.). Mxico: Oaxaca, 3 Guanajuato (7 mi. NW Xichfi, 8000 feet, April 7, breeding, K-d), San Luis Potosl (Cerro Conejo; Cafiada Grande, R-d), Hidalgo (Mineral del Chico.and Real del Monte up to 8600 feet, K-d), and Veracruz (Las Vigas). 1 The extraordinary relation of the blue-crested jays and the blackish-blue crested jays of central, eastern and southern Mxico, which almost surround the black-crested jays of the high mountains of the state of Mxico, requires more specimens for clarification (see Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 67, 1954, 235-237).  The restriction of the type locality to "Rio Frlo, in the State of Mexico" by Brodkorb seems appropriate. W. B. Davis (Auk, 62, 1945, 281) makes azteca a synonym of coronata, which seems unnecessary. 3 The birds recorded from various localities in Oaxaca must be reexamined to determine their status. 128 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Cyanocitta stelleri ridgwayi Miller and Griscom. Cuauhgallito guatemalcnse. Cyanocitta stelleri ridgwayi Miller and Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 184, 1925, 7 (Volcan del Fuego, Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Southeastern Mxico to the highlands of western Guatemala. Mxico: Highlands of Chiapas (Teopisca, Ciudad Las Casas, Volcan Tacana, 10,000 feet). Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied. Pition Jay. Urraca pintonera. Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied, Reise in Nord-amerika, 2, 1841, 22 (junction of Marias and Yellowstone Rivers, Montana; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Breeds in arid Transition and Upper Sonoran zones from central eastern Oregon, Idaho, and central Montana south to northern Baja California, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Oklahoma, and from east side of Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range east to eastern side of Rocky Mountains; winters casually west to coast of California, east to Nebraska and Kansas, and south to Chihuahua. M6xico: Common, even abundant, resident in the pine belts of the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of the Sierra Juarez and the Sierra San Pedro Martir of Baja Cali- fornia. Casual in Chihuahua (17 mi. E La Junta, June 1 o, 1949, one specimen; Babicora Hills, 7500 feet, December 4, 1936, one specimen). Cyanocorax dickeyi Moore. Tufted Jay. Urraca de Dickey. Cyanocorax dickeyi Moore, Auk, 52, 1935, 275 (Rancho Batel, 5 miles N.E. of Santa Lucia, Sinaloa, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Apparently confined as a resident to the Tepehuane Faunal District of the Sierra Madre Occidental. So far known from restricted area represented by five locali- ties in southeastern Sinaloa (Palos Vetdes mine; Rancho Batel, two nests, one with eggs, one with nestlings, K-d), central Nayarit (Sierra de Nayarit, June, breeding, K-d), and southwestern Durango (Neviero, Piedra Gorda, March, K-d). Cyanocorax yncas (Boddaert). Green Jay. Picachayote. Southern Texas (lower Rio Grande valley) south through eastern Mxico to Chiapas and Yucatan thence south through Central America to northern Honduras; west coast of Mxico from Nayarit southward; also Subtropical Zone of northern coastal moun- tains of Venezuela and the Andes of Mrida south along the slopes of the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador to northern Bolivia. Cyanocorax yncas speciosa (Nelson). Picachayote jalisciense. Xanthoura luxuosa speciosa Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 265 (San Sebastian, Jalisco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Apparently known only from two states on western coast. Recorded from Nayarit (near Tepic, July 14-August 4, large young, Rancho Moloti, Chacala, Sauta, K-d) and Jalisco (San Sebastian; Teomatlan, C-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 129 Cyanocorax yncas vivida (Ridgway). Picachavote de Tehuantepec. Xanthoura luxuosa vivida Ridgway, Auk, 17, 1900, 28 (Pluma, Oaxaca; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Pacific coast from the Sierra Madre of Colima southeast through Oaxaca and Chi- apas to northwestern Guatemala. Mxico: Colima (intergrades nearer this form), Guerrero, Oaxaca (birds of north- eastern Oaxaca, from Soyaltepec and Moctum, although of small size, are nearer this form, K-d), and Chiapas (thirteen new specimens from Sierra Gineta, Socoltenango, Cacahuafin, and Ocozocoautla conform to characters of this form, K-d; Simojovel, May 14, laying, O-d; Laguna Ocotal). Three specimens from northeastern Chiapas near the Tabasco boundary (Petalcingo and Tumbal/t) are paler blue above especially on the pileurn and are closer to C. y. centralis. Cyanocorax yncas luxuosa (Lesson). Picachayote verde. GarruIus luxuosus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, 1839, 100 (Mexico; type in Abeill Coll., Bordeaux). Lower Rio Grande valley of southern Texas south on Atlantic slope of Mxico to Veracruz. Mxico: Recorded from Nuevo Le6n (San Diego, Monterrey, Rodrigues), Tamau- lipas (Camargo, Matamoros; Llera, June 28, breeding, Jaumave, March 25, breeding, K-d), San Luis Potosl (Rio Axtla, April 25, common), Hidalgo, Puebla, Guanajuato, Distrito Federal, and Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, May 19-June 3, common, breeding, Presidio, May 1, breeding, K-d; birds of southeastern portion of the Sierra de Tuxtla area intergrade with C. y. vivida, G-d). Cyanocorax yncas centralis (van Rossem). Picachayote central. Xanthoura luxuosa centralis van Rossera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 397 (Secanquim, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Extreme eastern Tabasco through northern and eastern Guatemala to British Hon- duras and Honduras. Mxico: Northeastern Chiapas (near boundary of Tabasco, intergrades), extreme eastern Tabasco (Reforma), and extreme southern Quintana Roo (Bacalar, Agua Bianca). Cyanocorax yncas maya (van Rossera). Picachayote maya. Xanthoura luxuosa maya, van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 397 (Rio Lagafros, Yucatan; type in Mus. Comp. Zool). Mxico: Campeche, Yucaffm, and northern and central Quintana Roo. Cyanoeorax yncas cozumelae (van Rossem). Picachayote de Cozumel. Xanthoura luxuosa cozumelae van Rossera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 397 (Cozumel Island, off the coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Apparently confined to Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo. Cyanocorax yncas glaucescens Ridgway (Ft. Brown, Texas) is regarded as a synonym. 130 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Psilorhinus morio (Wagler). Brown Jay. PapSn moreno. Eastern M.6xico, from northern Nuevo Le6n and Tamaulipas south through San Luis Potosl and Veracruz to northern Tabasco and Chiapas. Psilorhinus morio morio (Wagler).X Papfin moreno de nordeste. Pica Morio Wagler, Isis, 1829, 751 (Mexico: Alvaratio, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.) Mxico: Arid districts of northeastern Mxico, from northern Nuevo Le6n through Tamaulipas and the arid portions of San Luis Potosi to central Veracruz. Recorded from San Luis Potosl, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias, March 21-April 23, nesting; Llera and Rancho Acufia, June 6-25, breeding, K-d), and northern Veracruz (Jalapa, Alvaratio). Psilorhinus morio fuliginosus (Lesson). Papfin moreno negruzco. Pica fuliginosa Lesson, Traite d 'Ornith., livr. 5, 1830, 333 (Mexique:; type lost). Mxico: Humid districts from San Luis Poto.si south through Hidalgo and Puebla to northern Oaxaca, east-central and southern Veracruz, and Tabasco. Recorded from Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, K-d; Guichicovi), San Luis Potosi (Rancho Maitinez, April 6, breeding condition, K-d), Hidalgo, northern Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, K-d), Veracruz (Orizaba; Presidio, April 29, K-d), and Tabasco. (Montecristo). Psilorhinus mexicanus Rtippell. White-tipped Brown Jay. Papgn mexicano. Eastern Mxico, from Tamaulipas through Veracruz to Oaxaca, and through Cen- tral America, except E1 Salvador, to northwestern Panamfi. Psilorhinus mexicanus mexicanus Riippell. Papfin mexicano de nordeste. Psilorhinus mexicanu. Riippell, Mus. Senckenb., 2, heft 2, 1837, 189, pl. 11, fig. 2 (Tamalipas : Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Frankfurt Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from Oaxaca, northern Chiapas (Palenque; San Fernando, O-d), Tamaulipas (no recent records), and Veracruz (breeding condition, March 22, K-d; Tres Zapotes, common, G-d). Psilorhinus mexicanus cyanogenys Sharpe. Papfin mexicano garganta azul. Psilorhinus cyanogenys Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 3, 1877, 140, pl. 9 (Pearl-Bay Lagoon, Mosquito ----- Pearl Cay Lagoon, Nicaragua; type in Brit. Mus.). Extreme eastern Tabasco and southern Campeche southeast through Central Amer- ica, except E1 Salvador, to Costa Rica.  Psilorkinus toorio palliatus van Rossera, Bull. Mus Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 415 (Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico) is considered a synonym (Davis, Condor, 53, 1951:152). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 131 Mxico: Recorded from northeastern Chiapas (El Real, F-d), extreme eastern Ta- basco (Balanc&n), and southern Campeche. Psilorhinus mexicanus vociferus (Cabot). Papfin mexicano grit6n. Corvus vociferus Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1843, 155 (Yucatan; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.; two cotypes in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Northern and central Campeche (San Juan Capisco, 81 km. S Campeche, K-d; Canasayat, G-d; 20 km. Escgrcega), Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo (Rio Hondo). Calocitta formosa (Swainson). Magpie-Jay. Urraca hermosa. Southwestern Mgxico, chiefly in the Arid Tropical Zone, from southern Sonora and Chihuahua southward both along the west coast and the Central Plateau, and through Central America to Costa Rica. Calocitta formosa colliei (Vigors).l Urraca hermosa verdugo. Pica collid Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, no. 15, Oct., 1828, to Jan., 1829, 353, pl. 12 (San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident in western M6xico from sea level to 5500 feet, chiefly in the Arid Tropical Zone, from southern Sonora and western Chihuahua south to Nayarit (at least to Chacala on Pacific coast). One record from Guanajuato should be rechecked to determine if it belongs to the next race. Recorded from southern Sonora, Sinaloa (up to 3500 feet, breeding condition, May 2-6), Nayarit (nesting, May 7, K-d), Jalisco, Chihuahua, Durango (Rancho Guasimal, 5500 feet, November 2, K-d; Huasamota, San Juan, and Sayupa, one specimen with white throat like formosa), and Guanajuato. Calocitta fornosa formosa (Swainson). Urraca hermosa chismosa. Pica formosa Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 437 (Table land, Temiscaltipec, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident of southern section from Colima and Puebla to southern Oaxaca. Recorded from Colima (nesting, April 8-28, K-d), Michoacn (Tafetan, July 19, breeding condition, K-d), Guerrero (El Rancho Portrero de Los Indios, May 25-29, breeding condition, K-d), Oaxaca, Morelos, and Puebla (breeding condition, July 30, K-d). Birds of extreme eastern Oaxaca near Tapanatepec are intergrades with the next race, but nearer formosa. 1 Calocitta coilid arguta van Rossem is considered a synonym. 132 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Calocitta formosa azurea Nelson. Urraca hermosa alguacil. Calocitta formosa azurea Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 55 (Huehuetan, Chiapas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Pacific coast of Chiapas and western half of Guatemala (Pacific side). M.6xico: Recorded only from Chiapas (Cacahuatgn, K-d; Huehuetgn, Escuintla). Calocitta formosa pompata Bangs.1 Urraca hermosa elegante. Calocitta formosa p.ompata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 4, 1914, 102 (Bolson, north- western Costa Rica; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Arid interior of eastern Oaxaca through interior of Chiapas and Atlantic side of Guatemala (Motagua Valley) to E1 Salvador and Costa Rica. Mxico: Recorded from Oaxaca (Chivela) and central Chiapas (Monserrate; Tuxt- la Gutierrez, O-d).  Calocitta formosa impudens van Rossem is considered to be a synonym. August 30, 1954; Moore 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 133 FAMILY PARIDAE TITMICE Parus sclateri Kleinschmidt. Mexican Chickadee. Mascarita mexicana. Temperate mountain forests, from extreme southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south through Mxico to Guerrero and Oaxaca. Parus sclateri eidos (Peters). Mascarita mexicana nortefia. Penthestes sclateri eidos Peters, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 9, 1927, 113 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Resident of pine forests above 6000 feet in mountains from extreme southeastern Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains) and southwestern New Mexico (San Luis and Animas mountains) south to central Chihuahua, intergrading in southern Chihuahua and south- ern Coahuila with Parus sclateri sclateri. Mxico: Sonora (along northeastern boundary) and Chihuahua (south to latitude 28ø). Parus sclateri sclateri Kleinschmidt. Mascarita mexicana de Sclater. Parus sclateri Kleinschmidt, Jour. fiir Ornith., 45, 1897, 133; new name for Parus meridionalis Sclater (El Jacale, southern Mexico: Orizaba region, either in Veracruz or Puebla; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Mountain forests from latitude 28 ø south to Michoacgn, Morelos, Puebla, and western Veracruz; ranges from 6200 to 13,500 feet. Recorded from Sinaloa (inter- grades, K-d), Jalisco (south to Tapalpa, breeding, April, K-d), Michoac/n, Chihuahua (southern part, intergrades, K-d), Durango (intergrades, K-d, O-d), Zacatecas, Mx- ico, Distrito Federal, Morelos (Huitzilac, Tres Cumbres; Coajomulco, K-d), Coahuila (El Diamante, intergrades, K-d), Hidalgo (K-d), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosi, intergrades, K-d), and western Veracruz. Parus sclateri rayi Miller and Storer. Mascarita mexicana de Ray. Parus sclateri rayi Miller and Storer, Iour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 40, J950, 301 (Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). M6xico: Coniferous forests of Sierra Madre del Sur. Recorded from extreme south- ern Jalisco (Sierra Nevada de Colima), Guerrero (up to 11,520 feet, K-d), and Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe). Parus gambeli Ridgway. Mountain Chickadee. Mascarita montafiesa. Interior mountains of western North America from northwestern British Columbia (Atlin) and central western Alberta south to northern Baja California, southeastern Arizona (except Chiricahua Mountains), southeastern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas (Davis Mountains). 134 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Parus gambdi atratus (Grinnell and Swarth). Mascarita montafiesa de San Pedro Mfirtir. Penthestes gambeli atratus Grimell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 30, 1926, 163 (La Grulla, 7200 feet, Sierra San Pedro Martit, Lower California, Mexico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Pine belt of the Sierra Jugrez and Sierra San Pedro Mrtir in Baja Cali- fornia, ranging down to 2700 feet in winter. Parus atricristatus Cassin. Black-crested Titmouse. Copetoncito. Western and north-central Texas (north to Davis Mountains and Randall and Arm- strong counties and east to about longitude 97 ø) south through northeastern Mdxico to Hidalgo and Veracruz. Hybridizes with Parus bicolor on eastern border of range in Texas. Parus atricristatus dysleptus Van Tyne. Copetoncito de Van Tyne. Parus atricristatus dysleptus Van Tyne, Auk, 71, 1954, 201 (Texas, Brewster County, 5 miles south of Alpine, at 5,000 feet; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Western Texas (Big Bend area) and northern Coahuila. Mxico: Northwestern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, up to 7500 feet). Parus atricristatus atricristatus Cassin. Copetoncito de Rio Grande. Parus atricristatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, 1850, 103, pl. 2 (on the Rio Grande, Texas; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Resident in mesquite, arid tropical scrub, and oak woodland from southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) south through northeastern Mxico in lowlands and moun- tains to Hidalgo and northern Veracruz. Mxico: Southeastern Coahuila, eastern San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (Jacala, 5000 feet; Metztitlgn, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, and northern Veracruz (Papantla, Mirador). Parus inornatus Gambel. Plain Titmouse. Paro sencillo. South-central and softheastern Oregon, southern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, and southwestern and south-central Colorado south to the Cape district of Baja Cali- fornia, southern Nevada, southeastern Arizona, extreme northeastern Sonora, south- western New Mexico, and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains). Parus inornatus affabilis (Grinnell and Swarth). Paro sencillo bajacaliforniano. Baeolophus inornatus affabilis Grimiell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 30, 1926, 164 (Concepcion, 6000 feet altitude, Sierra San Pedro Martit, Lower California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Restricted to northwestern Baja California in live oak association, ranging south to latitude 30o30 ' . 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 135 Parus inornatus cineraceus Ridgway. Paro sencillo ceniciento. Parus inornatus cineraceus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6, 1883, 154 (Laguna, Lower Cali- fornia; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Confined to higher parts of mountains of Cape district of Baja California. Parus inornatus plumbescens (Grinnell). Paro sencillo de Grinnell. Baeolophus inornatus plumbescens Grinnell, Condor, 36, 1934, 251 (Silver City, Grant County, New Mexico  type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Northwestern, central, and southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora. Mxico: Extreme northeastern Sonora (San Luis Mountains, 1954). Parus wollweberi (Bonaparte). Bridled Titmouse. Bolserillo. Xiquipilt6totl (Nfihuatl). Central and southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south in the moun- tains of Sonora, Chihuahua, and the Central Plateau of M6xico to Guerrero and Oaxaca. Parus wollweberi phillipsi van Rossern. Bolserillo de Phillips. Parus wollweberi phillipsi van Rossem, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, 1947, 89 (Yank Spring, Sycamore Cation, Pajaritos Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Oak woodlands from central (Fort Whipple) and southeastern Arizona and south- western New Mexico (San Francisco Canyon) south to southern Sonora and to latitude 27ø30 ' in Chihuahua. Mxico: Lower mountains of central northern and eastern Sonora and of northwest- ern and west-central Chihuahua (east to Sierra del Nido, O-d). Intergrades with Parus wollweberi wollweberi in southern Chihuahua (K-d), northern Sinaloa (K-d), and Durango (K-d). Parus wollweberi wollweberi (Bonaparte). Bolserillo com6n. Lophophanes wollweberi Bonaparte, Cornpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, 1850, 478 (Zacatecas, Mexico; type in Darmstadt Mus.). Mxico: Central Plateau and its borders from southern Chihuahua to Puebla. Re- corded from Sinaloa (2000 to 6400 feet, K-d), Nayarit (K-d), Jalisco, Michoacm (A-d, C-d, K-d), southern Chihuahua (7500 feet, K-d), Durango (up to 8500 feet), Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato (May, breeding condition, K-d), Mxico, Mo- relos, San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), Hidalgo, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (Mesa de Chipinque, Las Adjuntas), western Tamaulipas (La Joya de Salas, C-d), and western Veracruz (Orizaba). 136 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Parus wollweberi ½aliginosus van Rossera. Bolserillo obscuro. Parus wollw,eberi caliglnosus van Rossem, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, 1947, 89 (Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet; type in Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Mxico: Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero and mountains of Oaxaca (Talea; Sola). Auriparus flaviceps (Sundevall). Verdin. Valoncito. Desert and mesquite scrub areas from southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western and southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and south- western and south-central Texas south through northern Mxico to the Cape district of Baja California, central Sinaloa, Jalisco, Hidalgo, and Tamaulipas. Auriparus flaviceps acaciarum Grinnell. Valoncito de las acacias. Auriparus fiaviceps acaciarum Grinnell, Condor, 33, 1931, 168 (Palm Springs, Riverside County, California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Resident in deserts of southeastern California, the Colorado and Virgin River valleys in Nevada and Utah, and western Arizona to about longitude 112ø; south to latitude 31 ø in northeastern Baja California and to latitude 30 ø in northwestern Sonora. Mxico: Northeastern Baja California (west to E1 Valle de la Trinidad) and north- western Sonora (east to Pozo de Luis and south to Puerto Libertad), intergrading east- ward and southward with adjoining races. Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps (Sundevall). Valoncito bajacaliforniano. Aegithalus fiaviceps Sunderall, 0fv. K. Vet.-akad. F/Srh., 7, 185o, 129, footnote (e Sitka in Amer- ica bor. occid. vel e California: vicinity of Loreto, latitude 26 ø, Baja California; type in Mus. Univ. Helsingfors). Mxico: Baja California from latitude 30 ø south to the Cape, including Santa Mag- dalena and Santa Margarita islands on the Pacific coast and Angel de la Guarda, San Lorenzo, Tortuga, Carmen, San Josd, San Francisco, Espfritu Santo and Cerralvo islands on the Gulf coast; also San Esteban Island, Sonora. Intergrades north of latitude 30 ø with A. ]. acaciarum. Attriparus flaviceps fraterculus van Rossera. Valoncito sonorense. Auriparus fiaviceps fraterculus van Rossera, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1930, 201 (Chinobampo, southern Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Chiefly Arid Tropical Zone, from Tibur6n Island and Yaqui River valley (north to latitude 30ø30'), Sonora, south along coast to central Sinaloa (El Molino, K-d). 1 Auriparus fiaviceps lamprocephalus Oberholser is considered a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 137 Auriparus flaviceps ornatus (Lawrence). Valoncito del este. Conirostrum ornatum Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, 1852, 112, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Rio Grande, Texas; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Central and southeastern Arizona (Fort Whipple; Clifton), southern New Mexico (San Marcial), and southwestern and south-central Texas (to Ward, Kerr, Guadalupe and Refugio counties) south to north-central and northeastern Sonora and on Central Plateau and east coast to Guanajuato, Hidalgo, and Tamaulipas. Mxico: Sonora (north-central section, Pajaritos mountains, Hermosillo; northeast border area), Jalisco (Lagos de Moreno, Quarenta, K-d), Chihuahua, Durango, Zaca- tecas (K-d), Aguascalientes (San Jacinto, 7000 feet, K-d), Guanajuato (K-d), Quer- taro (Tolim&n, O-d), Coahuila, San Luis Potosi (Presa de Guadalupe, 4500 feet, K-d), Hidalgo (Cuesta Texquedo, nesting, April; Metztitian, Portezuelo, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas (Jaumave, 2360 feet, March 25, breeding, K-d). Psaltriparus minimus (Townsend). Plain Bush-tit. Sastrccito sencillo. Resident on Pacific coast and in Great Basin region from extreme southwestern British Columbia, southeastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, and western and southern Colorado south to Cape district of Baja California, northern Sonora, southern New Mexico, and western and central Texas (Tom Green and Medina counties). Psaltriparus minimus melanurus Grinnell and Swarth. Sastrecito sencillo colinegro. Psaltriparus minimus melanurus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 30, 1926, 169 (San Jos, 2500 feet, lat. 31 ø, Lower California, Mexico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Northwestern Baja California from the international boundary south to latitude 30 ø . Psaltriparus minimus grindae Ridgway. Sastrecito sencillo bajacaliforniano. Psaltriparus grindae Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6, 1883, 155 (Laguna, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Restricted to mountains of Cape district of Baja California. Psaltriparus minimus cecaumenorum Thayer and Bangs. Sastrecito sencillo sonorense. Psaltriparus plumbeus cecaumenorum Thayer and Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, 1906, 20 (La Chumata Mine, north central Sonora, 4,500 feet altitude, Sonora; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Central western (Hualpai Mountains) and central southern Arizona and north- central Sonora. Mxico: Mountains of north-central Sonora (Sierra de San Antonio northwest to international boundary at Pajaritos Mountains). 138 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Psaltriparus rainlinus plumbeus (Baird). Sastrecito sencillo plomizo. Psaltria plumbea Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, 118 (Little Colorado, N.M.  near long. 111øW., Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, western and southern Colorado, and extreme western Oklahoma south to northeastern California, central Nevada, central northern and eastern Arizona, northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, southern New Mexico, and western and central Texas. Mxico: Northeastern Sonora (Sierra de Oposura north to international boundary; Nacozari, B-d) and extreme northwestern Chihuahua (San Luis Mountains, G-d). Psaltriparus melanotis (Hartlaub). Black-eared Bush-tit. Sastrecito orejinegro. Resident in mountains from extreme southwestern New Mexico and western Texas south over Mexican Plateau to Oaxaca and highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala. Psaltriparus redanotis 11oydi Sennett.1 Sastrecito orejinegro montan6s. Psaltriparus lloydi Sennett, Auk, 5, 1888, 43 (Limpia Cation, near Fort Davis, Presidio County - Jeff Davis County, Texas; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Resident in mountains from extreme southwestern New Mexico and western Texas (Davis Mountains, Chisos Mountains, chiefly at higher elevations than P. minimus) south through eastern Sonora, Chihuahua, and northern Coahuila to northern Sinaloa and extreme northern Durango. Intergrades with P.m. iulus in central interior Sinaloa (Babizos, K-d) and extreme southern Chihuahua (Laguna Juanota, Mount Mohinora, 9000 feet, San Feliz, Los Frailes, K-d). Mxico: Sonora (Sierra Madre along entire eastern border; San Luis mountains to Rancho Santa Bgtrbara), northern Sinaloa (Santa Gertrudis, K-d), Chihuahua, extreme northern Durango (Ojito, K-d), and northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). Psaltriparus melanotis iulus Jouy. Sastrecito orejinegro occidental. Psaltriparus melanotis iulus Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, 1893 (1894), 776 (Hacienda E1 Molino, Jalisco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Recorded at altitudes from 4200 to 8500 feet from central Sinaloa (inter- mediates, Babizos, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco, northwestern Michoacln (Zacapu, San Agus-  Psaltriparus minimus dimorphicus van Rossem and Hachisuka is a synonym; the describer apparently were unfamiliar with the normal range of sex and age variation in pattern in P. melanotis and ascribed this variation to interbreeding of P. melanotis and P. minlmus (geographically improb- able in extreme southern Sonora). The type material has been reviewed by us and was found to yield no sure evidence of interbreeding and to equal P.m. lloydi in all respects. In view of this and the apparent sympatry of P. melanotis and P. minimus in western Texas (Van Tyne and Sutton, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. No. 37, 1937, 64-66) these bush-tits are treated as separate species pending further field study. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 139 tin, K-d), Durango (except extreme northern part), Zacatecas, Aguascalientes (K-d), Guanajuato (nesting, May, K-d; east to 40 mi. NE San Luis de la Paz, K-d), southern Coahuila (Diamante Pass), western San Luis Potosi, and western Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosi, K-d). Psaltriparus melanotis melanotis (Hartlaub). Sastrecito orejinegro comfin. Parus meIanotis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 7, 1844, 216 ("Mexico, Guatemala" =Guatemala; type in Bremen Mus.). Mountains of southern Mxico from eastern Michoacgn and Queretaro southeast- ward to Chiapas, and highlands of Guatemala. M.xico: Southeastern Michoacgn (Uruapan, Tzitzio, K-d), Guerrero (Mount Teo- tepec, 11,500 feet, June, breeding, K-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas, Queretaro (5 mi. N San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mxico, Morelos (K-d), Hidalgo, Puebla, and eastern Veracruz. January 11, 1952; Miller 140 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 FAMILY SITTIDAE NUTHATCHES Sitta carolinensis I,atham. White-breasted Nuthatch. Saltapalo blanco. Southern parts of Canadian provinces, from British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to mountains of Baja California, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and central Veracruz in Mxico and to Gulf states and central Florida. $itta carolinensis aculeata Cassin. Saltapalo blanco picoagudo. Sitta aculeata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, 1856 (1857), 254 (California; subsequently restricted to Monterey, California; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Resident of conifer and oak belts from extreme southwestern British Columbia south, west of the Cascade Range and the crest of the Sierra Nevada, to the mountains of southern California and the Sierra Ju&rez in Baja California. M6xico: Extreme northern Baja California. Known only from the Sierra Jugrez where birds are somewhat intermediate toward S.c. alexandrae. $itta carolinensis alexandrae Grinnell. Saltapalo blanco de San Pedro M,Srtir. Sitta carolinensis alexandrae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 21, 1926, 405 (Near Arroyo La Encantada, 7200 feet altitude, three miles north of La Grulla, Sierra San Pedro Mar- tit, Lower California, Mexico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Resident of the pine forest of the Sierra San Pedro Mgrtir, northern Baja California. $itta carolinensis lagunae Brewster. Saltapalo blanco de San Lucas. Sitta carolinensis lagunae Brewster, Auk, 8, 1891, 149 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Resident of the pine-oak belt of the mountains of the Cape district of Baja California. Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns.l Saltapalo blanco de Nelson. Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, 1902, 923 (Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Resident in pine forests of Rocky Mountain region from central and southeastern Montana and southwestern South Dakota south to southern central Arizona, north- eastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, and northwestern Coahuila. Mxico: Northeastern Sonora (south to latitude 30 ø and west to longitude 111 ø30'), extreme northwestern Chihuahua, and northeastern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). x Sitta carolinensis oberholseri Brandt, Auk, 55, 1938, 269 (Boot Canyon, 7000 feet, Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas) is regarded as a synonym and intergradient toward S.c. nelsoni. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 141 Sitta carolinensis umbrosa van Rossera. Saltapalo blanco de la Sierra Madre. Sitta carolinensis umbrosa van Rossera, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, 1939, 4 (Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, southern Chihuahua, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M&xico: Pine-oak belt of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Recorded from eastern So- nora (north to latitude 30 ø ), interior Sinaloa (5200-6400 feet, K-d), Nayarit (6 mi. SW Tepic, 3000 feet, K-d), northern Jalisco, western Chihuahua (north to latitude 30 ø, Rio Gavilgn, O-d; 5000-10,000 feet, K-d), Durango (near Ciudad Durango, 8000 feet, March-April, breeding, K-d), and western Zacatecas. Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson and Palmer. Saltapalo blanco mexicano. Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson and Palmer, Auk, 11, 1894, 45 (Mr. Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Pine-oak belt of southern and eastern parts of Central Plateau. Recorded from central and southern Jalisco (south of the Rio Grande de Santiago), Michoac/tn (March 8, breeding, O-d), eastern Zacatecas, Guanajuato (Puerta de Guadalupe, May, nesting, K-d), Mdxico (up to 11,000 feet, K-d), Distrito Federal, Morelos, southern Coahuila, Hidalgo, Puebla (breeding, April 17, O-d), Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosi, K-d), southwestern Tamaulipas, and western Veracruz. Sitta carolinensis kinneari van Rossem. Saltapalo blanco guerrerensc. Sitta carolinensis kinneari van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, 1939, 3 (Amula [Tixtla], Guerrero; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Pine-oak belt of Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero and Oaxaca. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Saltapalo canadense. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 177 (in Canada). Breeds in transcontinental coniferous forests from central Alaska to Newfoundland and south in the mountains to southern California, southeastern Arizona, eastern Ten- nessee, and western North Carolina; Guadalupe Island, Mdxico. Winters south to cen- tral Texas, the Gulf coast, and northern Florida. Mdxico: Breeds on Guadalupe Island (juvenile recorded in 1953) off coast of Baja California. Sitta pygmaea Vigors. Pygmy Nuthatch. Saltapalo enano. Resident of pine forests from southern interior British Columbia, western Montana, and southwestern South Dakota south to mountains of northern Baja California, the southern Rocky Mountains, and over the Central Plateau of Mdxico to Michoacn and central eastern Veracruz. 142 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony. Saltapalo enano nuca blanca. Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony, Pr0c. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, 1889, 77 (San Pedro [Mfirtir] Mountain, Lower California; type in Carnegie Mus.). Abundant resident of yellow pine forests of mountains of Riverside and San Diego counties in southern California and of the Sierra Jugfez and Sierra San Pedro Mgrtir, Baja California. Mxico: Transition Zone pine forests of northern Baja California, 5200-8500 feet. Sitta pygmaea melanotis van Rossem. Saltapalo enano orejinegro. Sitta pygrnaea rnelanotis van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42 1929, 176 (Chiricahua Moun- tains, Cochise County, Arizona; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Resident of mountains from southern interior British Columbia, northern Idaho, western Montana, and southwestern South Dakota south along Sierra Nevada to moun- tains of San Bernardino County in southern California, to central Nevada, and through Rocky Mountains to northeastern Sonora, southern New Mexico, northern Coahuila, and extreme western Oklahoma. Mxico: Northeastern mountains of Sonora (north of latitude 31 ø, San Jos Moun- tains) and northwestern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). Sitta pygmaea chihuahuae van Rossem. Saltapalo enano chihuahuense. Sitta pygmaea chihuahuae van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, 19'2% 177 (Mound Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Common resident of pine forests of Sierra Madre Occidental from latitude 30 ø in Chihuahua south to northern Nayarit. Recorded from eastern Sonora (upper Bavispe River, 6500 feet), Sinaloa (Babizos, K-d), Nayarit (Santa Teresa, inter- grades), Chihuahua (Mount Mohinora, 10,000 feet, May 18, feeding young, K-d), and Durango (6000-8000 feet, K-d). Sitta pygmaea flavinucha van Rossem. Saltapalo enano nuca amarilla. Sitta pygrnaea fiavinucha van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, 1939, 5 (Huitzilac, Morelos, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Fairly common resident of pine forests of southern section of Central Pla- teau. Recorded from central and southern Jalisco (San Sebastian; Sierra Nevada de Colima), Michoacfin, Mxico (up to 13,000 feet on Mount Popocatepetl, K-d), Distrito Federal (La Cima, O-d), Morelos, Puebla, southern Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosl, 10,500 feet, K-d), and western central Veracruz. January 11, 1952; Miller 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 143 F^Mn.¾ CERTHIIDAE Cvs Certhia familiaris Linnaeus. Brown Creeper. Carpinterito. Southeastern Alaska and central British Columbia, southeast to eastern Canadian provinces and south to central California coast and through western mountain systems to southern California, Guerrero, Chiapas, Guatemala, and Nicaragua; in eastern United States to southern Wisconsin and Massachusetts and in the Appalachian Moun- tains to western North Carolina. In Eurasia from northern Scandinavia and Arctic Circle in Russia and Siberia south to northwestern Africa, Asia Minor, northern Burma, central China, and central Japan. Partly migratory in north, moving in winter to lower altitudes and spreading to Gulf coast of United States and to southern Florida. Certhia familiaris montana Ridgway. Carpinterito montans. Certhia familiarls montana Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, 114 (Middle Province of North America; (north to Kadik, Alaska) breeding south to New Mexico and Arizona, in wooded mountains; type from Camp Apache, Arizona, in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from Kenai Peninsula of Alaska east and south, exclusive of coastal areas, through Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta and of United States from eastern Washington to southeastern Arizona (White and Santa Catalina mountains), adjoining New Mexico, and western Texas. In winter, ranges to lower Colorado River Valley, Coahuila, and Nuevo Le6n. Mxico: Occasional winter visitant in northeastern states. Recorded from Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April; San Lgzaro Mountain, November 9, K-d) and Nuevo Le6n (Mesa de Chipinque, March 19). Certhia familiaris albescens Berlepsch. Carpinterito blanquecino. Certhia mexicana atbescens Berlepsch, Auk, 5, 1888, 450 (Cuidad, Durango, N.W. Mexico; type in Frankfurt Mus.). Mountains of extreme southeastern Arizona (north to Santa Rita and Chiricahua mountains) and extreme southwestern New Mexico south through Sierra Madre Occi- dental of Mxico to Nayarit and Zacatecas. Fairly common. Essentially resident, but some altitudinal movement occurs seasonally. Mxico: Sonora (Pajaritos Mountains and mountains of eastern section), Sinaloa (above 5000 feet, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco (northern part; Guadalajara area), Chihuahua (5000-10,000 feet in western part, K-d), Durango (5 mi. W E1 Salto, 7800 feet, nest- ing, June 11, Piedra Gorda, 7000 feet, laying, March 12, K-d), Zacatecas (in Sierra Madre), southern Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosi, July 17, juvenile, K-d), and western Tamaulipas. 144 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte. Carpinterito del nordeste. Certhia Americana Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 11 (western [= eastern] and northern parts of North America). Breeds in eastern Canada and northeastern United States south to Pennsylvania and western Maryland. Winters south to Coahuila, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Mxico: Sparse winter visitant to Coahuila (Don Martin Dam, November 27, 20 mi. S Ocampo, April 5). Certhia familiaris jaliscensis Miller and Griscom. Carpinterito jalisciense. Certhia familiaris jaliscensis Miller and Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 183, 1925, 6 (Volcan de Nieve, Sierra Nevada de Colima, 13,000 feet, Jalisco, Mexico; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mxico: Fairly common resident of mountains of southwestern section from south- ern Jalisco to Guerrero. Recorded from southern Jalisco, Michoacgn, Guerrero, and western Mxico (intergrades with C. /. alticola from west slope Nevada de Toluca, 11,000 feet, and Puerta Lengua de Vaca, K-d). Certhia familiaris alticola G. S. Miller. Carpinterito ocotero. Certhia familiaris alticola G. S. Miller, Auk, 12, 1895, 186 (new name for Certhia mexicana Gloger preoccupied; type locality restricted to Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, by Miller and Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 183, 1925, 7; type in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Fairly common resident of mountains of southeastern section west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Recorded from Oaxaca, eastern Mxico (5 mi. E Lerma, 9400 feet, K-d), Distrito Federal, Morelos, Hidalgo, Puebla (El Venerable, 9000 feet, March 30, laying, K-d), and western Veracruz (nesting, April 4). Certhia familiaris pernigra Griscom. Carpinterito negro. Certhia familiaris pernigra Griscom, Ibis, 1935, 552 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Mountains of Chiapas and Guatemala. Mxico: Chiapas (6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, 7300 feet, March 31, laying, O-d; Volcgn Tacang, 3900 meters, A-d). 1 Certhia /aniliaris guerrerensis van Rossem (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, 1939, 5) is considered a synonym. Birds from Guerrero are somewhat more consistently different from albescens and alticola in their brownish coloration than are near topotypes of jaliscensis but several of the latter (K-d) are inseparable from Guerreran birds. January 11, 1952; Miller 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 145 FAMII_ ¾ CHAMAEIDAE WREN-TITS Chamaea fasciata (Gambel). Wren-tit. Camea. Resident of chaparral and brush of coastal forests from northwestern Oregon south through California, west of the Sierra Nevada and desert divides, to northwestern Baja California. Chamaea fasciata canicauda Grinnell and Swarth. Calnea de San Pedro. Chamaea ]asciata canicauda Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 30, 1926, 169 (La Grulla, 7200 feet altitude, Sierra San Pedro Martit, Lower California, Mexico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Northwestern Baja California from international boundary south to lati- tude 30 ø; ranges from near sea level up to 8500 feet. .January 11, 1952; Miller 146 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 FAMILY CINCLIDAE DIPPERS Cinclus mexicanus Swainson. Dipper. 'Fordo de agua. Western North America from the Aleutian Islands, north-central Alaska, central Yukon, and northwestern Alberta south to the mountains of southern California, east to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and through the Rocky Mountains and the high- lands of Mxico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; also highlands of Guatemala and of Costa Rica and western Panamir. Cindus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson. Tordo de agua lnexicano. Cinclus mexicanus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 368 (Teraascaltepec, Mexico; type formerly in Bullock Coll., probably lost). Sparse resident of Mexican highlands, chiefly above 4000 feet, from Chihuahua to Michoacftn, Oaxaca, and Veracruz. Casual in Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona. M.xico: Recorded from western Chihuahua, Durango (5 mi. W E1 Salto, 50 mi. S Durango City, K-d), Jalisco (Tapalpa, 7800 feet, K-d), MichoacAn, Oaxaca, Mxico, Puebla, and western Veracruz (as low as 3200 feet). Erroneously reported from Sonora on basis of record from Chuchuichupa, Chihuahua. January 11, 1952; Miller 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 147 Fxnr.¾ TROGLODYTIDAE Wrs Cistothorus platensis (Latham). Sedge Wren. Saltapared de cidnaga. Southeastern Saskatchewan east to eastern New Brunswick and south to Arkansas and southeastern Virginia. Also southern Mxico, from Veracruz and Michoacfin south- ward, and through Central America and South America to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. North American race winters from southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and Maryland south to San Luis Potosl and southern Florida. Cistothorus platensis tinnulus Moore. Saltapared de cidnaga de Moore. Cistothorus platensis tinnulus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, 1941, 40 (Rancho La Cofradia, 4 miles east of Uruapan, W. Michoacan, Mexico; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mxico: Known only from the type (July 2, testes enlarged) and three specimens (June 5, C-d) from Lake Pfitzcuaro in western Michoacfin. Cistothorus platensis stellaris (Naumann). SaRapared de ci6naga nortefio. Troglodytes stellaris Naumann, Naturg. ViSgel Deutschl., 3, 1823, table facing 724 (Carolina; type in Berlin Mus.). Breeds from southeastern Saskatchewan to southern Quebec and eastern New Bruns- wick and south to east-central Arkansas, central West Virginia, and southeastern Vir- ginia. Winters from Maryland south to southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to northeastern Mbxico. Mbxico: Occasional winter visitant in northeastern section. Recorded from Tamau- lipas and San Luis Potosi. Cistothorus platensis elegans Sclater and Salvin. Saltapared de ci6naga guatemalteco. Cistothorus elegans Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 8 (Lake of Duefias, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Veracruz to highlands of Guatemala, western British Honduras, and Nicaragua. Mbxico: Recorded from Veracruz and Chiapas, between 500 and 6000 feet. Telmatodytes palustris (Wilson). Marsh Wren. Saltapared pantanero. Breeds from central British Columbia, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, and eastern New Bruns- wick south to extreme northern Baja California, central New Mexico, and the Gulf coast from Texas (Nueces County) to Florida (south to Charlotte Harbor); on Atlantic coast south to central Florida (New Smyrna). Winters over most of breeding range and south to southern Baja California, Michoacfin, Mbxico, Veracruz, and southern Florida. 148 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (Baird). Saltapared pantanero de tular. Cistothorus palustrls, var. paludicola Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, 1864, 148 (Shoalwater Bay, Washington Territory; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Pacific coastal district from southwestern British Columbia south to southern Cali- fornia (San Diego County). In winter south to southern Baja California. Mxico: Sparse winter visitant to peninsula of Baja California (Colorado. Delta, San Jos del Cabo) and northwestern Sonora (south to Patos Island). Telmatodytes palustris aestuarinus Swarth. Saltapared pantanero tie California. Telmatodytes palustris aestuarinus Swarth, Auk, 34, 1917, 310 (Grizzly Island, Solano County, California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Imperial valleys of California and Colorado River valley from southern Nevada to the delta in Mdxico. In winter extends to coastal Cali- fornia. M6xico: Northeastern Baja California (breeds in Colorado River delta; vagrant to Nacho.giero Valley, November 26, O-d), and northwestern Sonora (Colorado delta, March, presumably resident). Telmatodytes palustris plesius (Oberholser). Saltapared pantanero occidcntal. Cistothorus palustris plesius Oberholser, Auk, 14, 1897, 188 (Fort Wingate, N[ew]. M[exico].; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions from central British Columbia and western Montana south to central eastern California, central Nevada, central New Mexico, and western Texas. In winter throughout breeding range and south into Mxico as far as southern Baja California, Michoacfin, Mxico, and Veracruz. Mdxico: Fairly common winter visitant, September to May, to northern sections and to central upland marshes. Recorded from Baja California (throughout, to Cape San Lucas), Sonora, Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Jalisco. (interior, 4000 6400 feet, October 27- May 14, K-d), Michoacfin (Lago de Pfitzcuaro, C-d; Lago de Cuitzeo, K-d), Chihua- hua (Ramos, September 3, O-d), Durango (Rio Mezquital, 6200 feet, K-d), Guana- juato (6 mi. N Irapuato, Tupfitaro, K-d), Mxico (Lerma, K-d), Coahuila (8 mi. S Cuatro Cinegas, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, and central Veracruz (C6rdoba). Several early records, especially from central and eastern sections, are of uncertain racial deter- mination. Telmatodytes palustris laingi Harper.1 Saltaparcd pantanero canadensc. Telmatodytes palustris laingi Harper, Occas. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, 1926, 221 (Athabasca Delta, Main Branch (9 miles above mouth), Alberta, Canada; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). 1 The races Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Ridgway and T. p. dissaFptus Bangs as currently viewed by the authors are not known certainly to occur in Mxico; records of them are referable, all or in part, to laingi. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 149 Breeds in high plains areas from central Alberta and central Saskatchewan south to north-central and eastern Montana. Winter range imperfectly known, but extends to Central Plateau of Mxico. Mxico: Winter visitant. Recorded from Zacatecas (Valparaiso), Jalisco (Ocotlfin, December 29-31, March 9, G-d, K-d; Atoyac, March 6, K-d), Michoacfin (Lago de Pfitzcuaro, March 18-May 3, K-d), Tamaulipas (Nuevo Laredo, December 20, G-d), and Veracruz (Jalapa). Telmatodytes palustris tolucensis Nelson. Saltapared pantanero toluquefio. Telmatodytes palustris tolucensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, 1904, 152 (Lerma, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Known only from the type locality, in the valley of the Rio Toluca, Mxico (seven specimens, July, G-d). Campylorhynchus  megaloptens Laœresnaye. Gray-barred Wren. $onaja parda. Resident chiefly of high coniferous forests of southern part of Mexican plateau from southern Jalisco to Veracruz and Oaxaca. Campylorhynchus megalopterus megalopterus Lafresnaye. Sonaja parda de Huitzilac. Campylorhynchus megalopterus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 8, 1845, 339 (Mexique; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Pine and fir forests of southern end of Central Plateau south to Morelos. Recorded from Jalisco (7 mi. W Ciudad Guzmfin, 6500 feet, A-d), Michoacfin (8500- 9500 feet; breeding condition, July-August, K-d), M&xico, Morelos, and Puebla (4 mi. E Agua Fria, Mxico, 8900 feet, K-d). Campylorhynchus megalopterus nelsoni (Ridgway). Sonaja parda de Nelson. Heleodytes nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 111 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Southwestern Veracruz (El Puerto, 7000 feet, K-d; higher coniferous for- ests) and Oaxaca (mountain forests; 5 mi. N Cerro San Felipe, 9000 feet). Campylorhynchus zonatus (Lesson). Banded-backed Wren. Carrasquita. Ayacatcho (Nfhuatl). Middle levels of mountains and in places lowlands of Atlantic slope of Mxico from northern Veracruz to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, thence southward on both slopes of Central America to northeastern Colombia and Ecuador. Common resident. 1 Action by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has been instituted to rule this name to be of masculine gender (not neuter) in accord with long-standing usage. 150 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Campylorhynchus zonatus zonatus (Lesson). Carrasquita cornfin. Picolaptes zonatus Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1832, 210, pl. 70 (la Californie . error; substitute locality, Orizaba, Veracruz, designated by Brodkorb, Condor, 49, 1947, 242). Mxico: Eastern San Luis Potosl (near Naranjos), northern Puebla (Metlatoyuca; 30 mi. E Huauchinango, 1200 feet, K-d), and northern and central Veracruz (200-4450 feet, Presidio, April 26, breeding condition, K-d; Rio Atoyac, May 23, laying, O-d), intergrading with C. z. restrictus in southern Veracruz. Campylorhynchus zonatus restrictus (Nelson).l Carrasquita de Tabasco. Heleodytes zonatus restrictus Nelson, Auk, 18, 1901, 49 (Frontera, Tabasco, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Veracruz and northern Oaxaca east through Tabasco and Campeche to British Honduras and northern Guatemala. M4xico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Santo Domingo, intergrades, K-d, G-d), western Chiapas (San Fernando, O-d), southern Veracruz (Sierra de Tuxtla area, inter- grades), Tabasco, and southern Campeche (Palizada). Campylorhynchus zonatus vulcanius (Brodkorb). Carrasquita del volcfin. Heleodytes zonatus vulcanlus Brodkorb, Auk, 57, 1940, 547 (Aguacaliente, Volcan de Tacanfi, Chiapas, 2000 meters; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Subtropical and Temperate zones of Chiapas, the Pacific cordillera of Guatemala, Honduras, no.rthwestern E1 Salvador, and Nicaragua. M4xico: Mesa Central and Sierra Madre of Chiapas (specimens from vicinity of San Crist6bal approach restrictus, O-d). Campylorhynchus chiapensis Salvin and Godman. Chiapas Wren. Chupahuevo. Campylorhynchus chiapensis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, ser. 6, 3, 1891, 609 (Tonala, State of Chiapas, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the Pacific coast of Chiapas (Tonalfi; Mazatfin, K-d). Campylorhynchus rufinucha (Lesson). Rufous-naped Wren. Sonaja nuca rojiza. Common resident of lowlands of Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Mxico and Central America from Colima and Veracruz to northern Costa Rica. Campylorhynchus rufinucha humilus Sclater Sonaja nuca rojiza del suroeste. Campylorhynchus humilus Sclater, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, 1856, 263 (Mazatlan - error; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). 1 Heleodytes zonatus impudens Bangs and Peters is regarded as an intergrade between restrictus and C. z. zonatus. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 151 Mxico: Pacific lowlands in Colima, Michoacn (north to Apatzingn, K-d), Guer- rero (coast and valley of Rio Balsas; 7 mi. S Mexcala, 1800 feet, June 25-28, breeding, K-d), southern Oaxaca (east to vicinity of Tapanatepec), and southwestern Chiapas (to vicinity of Tonal, O-d). Campylorhynchus rufinucha rufinucha (Lesson). Sonaja nuca rojiza del snreste. Picolaptes rufinucha Lesson, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., set. 2, 9, 1838, 168 (Vera-Cruz, Mexico; type in Lesson Coil.). Mxico: Atlantic lowlands in Arid Tropical Zone of central Veracruz (south to Playa Vicente) and adjacent northeastern Oaxaca. Campylorhynchus rufinucha nigricaudatus (Nelson). Sonaja nuca rojiza colinegra. Heleodytes capistratus nigricaudatus Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 70 (San Benito, Chiapas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Pacific coast of Chiapas and Guatemala. Mxico: Arid Tropical Zone of coast of Chiapas (west to vicinity of TonalA). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafresnaye). Cactus Wren. Matraca grande. Xithi5 (Otom 0. Resident of desert and mesquite scrub areas from southern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western and southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central Texas south to southern Baja California and on mainland of M&xico to Sinaloa and Tamaulipas on coasts and to Michoac/m, Mdxico, and Hidalgo on Central Plateau. Campylorhynchus hrunneicapillus couesi Sharpe. Matraca grande nortefia. Campylorhynchu couesi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 6, 1881, 186 (in key), 196 (Larido [= Laredo], Texas; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western and southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central Texas south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, central Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo Le6n, and northern Tamaulipas. Mxico: Baja California (south to Ensenada and to latitude 30 ø $0' on the Gulf coast), Sonora (south to Puerto Libertad and to latitude 30 ø 30' interiorly), Chihuahua (south to Chihuahua), Coahuila (south to vicinity of Monclova, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (south to Montetrey), and Tamaulipas (Rio Grande Valley). Intergrades on broad front with C. b. brunneicapillus and C. b. guttatus to southward. Campylorhynchus hrunneicapillus hryanti (Anthony). Matraca grande de Bryant. Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti Anthony, Auk, 11, 1894, 211, 212 (San Telmo, Lower California; type in Carnegie Mus.). Mxico: Common resident of San Quintln district of west coast of northern Baja California from latitude 31 ø to 29 ø 30'. 152 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus purus (van Rossera). Matraca grande de San Ignacio. Heleodytes brunneicapillus purus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1930, 225 (Santa Agueda Reservoir, 11 miles west of Santa Rosalia, 27 ø 20 J N. on the Gulf coast of Lower California, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). M6xico: Common resident of middle section of Baja California on both coasts from about latitude 29 ø to 25 ø (Punta Prieta; Hiray, O-d). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus affinis Xantus. Matraca grande de San Lucas. Campylorhynchus alnis Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1859 (1860), 298 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Restricted to Cape district of Baja California south of latitude 25 ø. Common. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus seri (van Rossem). Matraca grande de Isla Tibur6n. Heleodytes brunneicapillus seri van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 1932, 138 (Tibur6n Island, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). M6xico: Confined to Tibur6n Island off the coast of Sonora. Common. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus brunneicapillus (Lafresnaye). Matraca grande de Guaymas. Picolaptes brunneicapillus Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 5, 1835, classe 2, pl. 47 and accompanying text (California = error; subsequently fixed as Guaymas, Sonora, by Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, 1930', 313; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M6xico: Central and southern Sonora (desert and semidesert areas north to Sierra Seri coastally and to latitude 30 ø 30' interiorly) and northern coastal Sinaloa (south to E1 Molino, sea level, Reforma, April 16-18, breeding, K-d). Common. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus guttatus (Gould). Matraca grande guitarrera. Thryothorus guttatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 4, 1837, 89 (Mexico; type lost). Mxico: Common resident of Central Plateau. Recorded from Jalisco (interiorly, above 4000 feet), Michoacfin, southern Chihuahua (14 mi. SE Camargo, June 22, breed- ing, O-d), Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes (K-d), Guanajuato (small juvenile, July 16, breeding condition, August 17, K-d), Queretaro (K-d), Mxico, southern Coa- huila (Hip61ito, K-d), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (Portezuelo, April 16, breeding, K-d), southern Nuevo Le6n (6 mi. E Galeana, 6000 feet, K-d), and central and southwestern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana, Jaumave). Campylorhynchus yucatanicus (Helhnayr). Yucatan Wren. Matraca yucateca. Heleodytes brunneicapillus yucatanicus Hellmayr, Cat. Birds Am., pt. 7, 1934, 150 (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, Mexico; type in Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Mxico: Northern coast of Yucatan Peninsula in state of Yucatan. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 153 Campylorhynchus gularis Sclater.  Spotted listen. Matraca manchada. Campylorhynchus gularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 28, 1860, 462 (In Mexico; Bolafios, Jalisco, by subsequent restriction; type in Brit. Mus.). Mixico: Sparse resident of lower and middle mountain areas on both Pacific and Atlantic slopes bordering the Central Plateau, from southern Sonora and southern Tam- aulipas south to northern Michoacfin, Mxico, and Hidalgo. Recorded from Sonora (1450-5500 feet; north to latitude 28 ø 15'), Sinaloa, Nayarit (up to 7800 feet, K-d), Jalisco (Autlfin, July, breeding, C-d), Michoacn (breeding, April 29; up to 8200 feet, 14 mi. NE Zamora, O-d), southwestern Chihuahua (Potreros, May 9, breeding, K-d), western Durango, Quer&aro, western Mxico (Temascaltepec, twenty-one specimens, K-d), northern Hidalgo (Metztitian, K-d), and southwestern Tamaulipas (Carricitos). Campylorhyndms jocosus Sclater. Boucard Wren. Matraca alacranera. Lasiml (Mixteco). Campylorhynchus jocosus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 371 (Oaxaca, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident, chiefly at lower and middle levels in mouutains along southern and eastern borders of Central Plateau (Rio Balsas drainage) and in Sierra Madre del Sur. Recorded from Guerrero (as low as 1000 feet, and up to 8200 feet, at Omilteme, O-d), western and central Oaxaca (Tamazulapan, breeding, K-d; Mitla), Distrito Federal (Careaga, 2200 meters, K-d), Morelos, and southern Puebla (10 mi. S Tehuitzingo, August 1, breeding, K-d; Matamoros, C-d; Tehuacn, G-d). Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham). Carolina Wren. Saltapared carolinerise. Resident from southeastern Nebraska east to southern Connecticut and south to the Gulf coast and southern Florida and through central and coastal Texas to northeastern Mxico as far as San Luis Potosi. Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis Sennctt. Saltapared carolinense del Rio Bravo. Thryothorus ludoviclanus lomitensis Sennerr, Auk, 7, 1890, 58 (Lornira Ranch, Hidalgo Co., Texas; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Tamaulipas. Mxico: Northern Tamaulipas, chiefly in lower Rio Grande Valley (west to Camargo and south to San Fernando). Thryothorus ludovicianus berlandieri Baird. Saltapared carolinerisc del noroeste. Thriothorus berlandieri Baird, Rept. Pac. R.R. Surv., 9, 1858, 362 (Boquillo, New Leon, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.).  Heleodytes occidentalis Nelson, Heleodytes stridulus Nelson, and Heleodytes narinosus Phillips are regarded as synonyms. 154 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Mxico: Mountains and adjacent plains of northeastern section, south and west of Rio Grande area. Recorded from eastern Coahuila (Sabinas), Nuevo Le6n (fledglings, May 4; up to 7000 feet), and western Tamaulipas. Thryothorus ludovicianus tropicalis Lowery and Newxnan. Saltapared carolinerise tropical. Thryothorus ludovicianus tropicalis Lowery and Newman, Occas. Papers, Louisiana State Univ., no. 22, 1949, 4 (.5 mi. E Naranjos, San Luis Potosl, Mdxico; type in Louisiana State Univ. Mus. Zool.). Mxico: Confined to tropical area east of Sierra Madre Oriental in San Luis Potosi (Naranjos, July 12, breeding, K-d; Sierra Boca de Abra, Tumuin) and to southern Tamaulipas (Victoria and Sierra de Tamaulipas, intermediates toward T. l. berlandieri). Thryothorus modestus Cabanis. Plain Wren. Saltapared sencillo. Central America from Chiapas to western Panama Thryothorus modestus pullus (Ridgway). Saltapared sencillo chiapaneco. Thryophilus modestus pullus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 19o3, 167 (Huehuetan, Chiapas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Chiapas, Guatemala, and E1 Salvador through interior Honduras to north-central Nicaragua. Mxico: Chiapas, from Pacific coastal plain up to 6000 feet. Thryothorus sinaloa (Baird). Sinaloa Wren. Saltapared sinaloense. Pacific coast of Mxico from southern Sonora to Guerrero. Thryothorus sinaloa cinereus (Brewster). Saltapared sinaloense ceniciento. Thryophilus sinaloa cinereus Brewster, Auk, 6, 1889, 96 (Alamos, Sonora, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Chiefly Tropical Zone of southeastern Sonora and northern Sinaloa. Re- corded from Sonora (north to San Javier), Sinaloa (common south to vicinity of Culia- cgn, where intergrading with T. s. sinaloa, breeding, May-June, K-d; rarely up to 5900 feet, 15 mi. N Milpillas, K-d), and southwestern Chihuahua (Durazno, Batopilas; Tohuariqui, May 17, breeding, K-d). Thryothorus sinaloa sinaloa (Baird). Saltapared sinaloense cornfin. Thryophilus sinaloa Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, 1864, 122 (key), 130 (Mazatlan, N. Western Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Common from sea level to 7000 feet from central Sinaloa south to Colima, breeding chiefly above 3000 feet. Recorded from Sinaloa (southward from Culiacgn, 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 155 breeding at Rancho Picacho, 3000 feet, July-August, K-d), Nayarit (breeding condi- tion, June-August, K-d), Jalisco (Sierra de Ameca, 7000 feet, July 24, laying, O-d; Tuxpan), Colima, Michoacn (Ostula, Coalcomn, A-D), and western Durango (Tama- zula, Rancho Guasimal, 5500 feet, K-d). Thryothorus sinaloa russeus (Nelson). Saltapared sinaloense rojizo. Thryophilus sinaloa russeus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 157 (Acahuitzotla, Guerrero; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Known only from the coastal district of Guerrero. Thryothorus ruralbus Lafresnayc. Rufous-and-white Wren. Saltapared rojizo. Central America, from Chiapas to Panama, and northern South America on Carib- bean coast of Colombia and Venezuela and south along eastern slopes of eastern Andes to Villavicencio, Colombia. Thryothorus ruœaIbus transfinis Friedmann.1 Saltapared rojizo chiapaneco. Thryothorus ruralbus transfinis Friedmann, Auk, 64, 1947, 129 (Jalapa, Escuintla, Chiapas, Mxico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Confined to the vicinity of Escuintla (Paval, 350 meters, K-d; Santa Rosa) on the Pacific coast of southern Chiapas. Thryothorus rufaIbus rufaIbus Lafresnaye. Saltapared rojizo guatemalteco. Thryothorus ru/albus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 8, 1845, 337 (Mexico = Guatemala; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Extreme southern Chiapas and Guatemala in Tropical Zone and highlands. Mxico: Guatemalan border area of Chiapas (Cacahoat/tn,. 600 meters, K-d; Tapa- chula). Thryothorus pleurostictus Sclater. Banded Wren. Saltapared arafiero. Pacific coast of Mxico and Central America from Michoac/tn to Costa Rica; occurs locally on Atlantic drainage. Thryothorus pleurostictus nisorius Sclater. Saltapared arafiero suriano. Thryothorus nisorius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 37, 1869, 592, pl. 45 (Real Arriba [, M&xico, Mxico]; type in Berlin Mus.). M&xico: Common resident of arid tropical scrub and tropical deciduous forest of upper Rio Balsas drainage basin. Recorded from Michoac/tn (1000-4625 feet, Tafetan, July 20, 31, nesting, K-d), interior Guerrero (Balsas Valley; common, breeding, Zirgn- 1 Separation of this form from T. r. ruralbus requires confirmation. 156 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 daro, May 27, Mexcala, June 21, K-d), southwestern Mxico, Morelos (Cuernavaca, Ocotepec, K-d), and Puebla (Chietla, 4400 feet, O-d; 10 mi. S Tehuitzingo, July 27, breeding, juveniles, K-d). Thryothorus pleurostictus oaxacae Brodkorb. Saltapared arafiero oaxaquefio. Thryothorus pleurostictus oaxacae Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 459, 1942, 7 (Santa Cruz Bay, Oaxaca; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Mxico: Coastal districts from central Guerrero east through Oaxaca. Recorded from Guerrero (17 mi. W Acapulco, May, breeding, Pie de La Cuesta, July, breeding, C-d) and Oaxaca (Guichicovi; east to vicinity of Tapanatepec). Thryothorus pleurostictus acaciarum Brodkorb. Saltapared arafiero de los huizaches. Thryothorus pleurostictus acaciarum Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 459, 1942, 9 (Ki16metro Veintiseis, 10 kilometers west of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, altitude 800 meters; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Mxico: Western section of Pacific lowlands of Chiapas and Valley of Rio de Chiapa (Monserrate, July-August, nesting; east to Tonalg on coast and to Mazapa in interior). Thryothorus pleurostictus oblitus (van Rossera). Saltapared arafiero de van Rossera. Pheugopedius pleurostictus oblitus van Rossera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 399 (Barra de Santiago, Dept. of Ahuachapan, E1 Salvador; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Pacific coast of eastern Chiapas, Guatemala, and extreme western E1 Salvador. M.xico: Eastern section of Pacific lowlands of Chiapas (west to Mojarras). Thryothorus albimcha (Cabot). Cabot X&7ren. Saltapared nucablanca. Yucat/tn Peninsula, northern and arid interior of Guatemala, and arid interior of Nicaragua (near Metapa). Thryothorus albinucha albinucha (Cabot). Saltaparcd mcablanca de Cabot. Troglodytes albinucha Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, 1847, 258 (Yalahao, Yucatan = Yalahau, Quintana Roo; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Resident of Yucat/n Peninsula and northern Guatemala (Pet6n). Mxico: Recorded from Campeche, Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo. Thryothorus felix Sclater. Happy Wren. Saltapared reyezuelo. Pacific coast of Mxico from southern Sonora to western Oaxaca. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 157 Thryothorus felix sonorae (van Rossem). Saltapared reyezuelo sonorense. Pheugopedius felix sonorae van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1930, 208 (Guiro- coba, southern Sonora; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Tropical Zone foothills and coastal plain in southern Sonora (north spar- ingly to Guasimas in Yaqui River delta) and northern Sinaloa (common south to vicin- ity of Culiacgn, where intergrading with T. ]. pallidus, breeding condition, May-June, K-d). Thryothorus felix pallidus Nelson. Saltapared reyezuelo duranguense. Thryothorus/elix pallidus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, 1899, 29 (Chacala, Durango; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident of coastal plain and Pacific slopes of mountains (breeds from 3000 to 7000 feet and ranges downward in winter) from central Sinaloa to north- western Michoac/n. Recorded from Sinaloa (central and southern sections, sea level to 6200 feet at Rancho Batel, May 22, breeding condition, K-d), Nayarit (breeding, June- July, K-d), Jalisco (Puerto Vallarta, Atoyac, 4200 feet, K-d), northwestern Michoacn (Los Reyes), and extreme western Durango (Tamazula, 2800 feet, K-d). Intergrades in Michoacn with adjoining races to south and east. Thryothorus felix lawrencii Ridgway. Saltapared reyezuelo de Lawrence. Thryothorus /elix, 3 lawrencii Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 3, 1878, lO (Tres Marias Islands, off the western coast of Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident of Maria Madre Island, Tres Marlas Islands, off coast of Nayarit. Thryothorus felix xnagdalenae Nelson. Saltapared reyezuelo d/ Maõdalena. Thryothorus lawrencii magdalenae Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 1898, 11 (Magdalena Island [,Tres Marlas Islands, Mdxico]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Maria Magdalena Island, Tres Marias Islands, off coast of Nayarit. Thryothorus fdix felix Sclater. Saltapared reyezuelo oaxaquefio. Thryothorus felix Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 371 (Juquila, Oaxaca; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Tropical deciduous forest and scrub of coast and interior valleys from southern Jalisco to Oaxaca. Recorded from southeastern Jalisco (Tonila, Tuxpan, inter- grade area with T. /. pallidus), Colima (Lajuela, K-d), Michoacgn (up to 7000 feet, breeding condition, August, near Tzitzio, intermediates toward T. /. grandis, K-d), Guerrero (intermediates in valley of Rio Balsas), and western Oaxaca (east to Juquila). Thryothorus felix grandis Nelson. Saltapared reyezuelo morelense. Thryothorus felix grandis Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 269 (Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). 158 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Mxico: Arid tropical areas of upper part of drainage basin of Rio Balsas. Recorded from extreme northern Guerrero (El Mogote, O-d), southern Mxico (Temescaltepec, 5500 feet, O-d), Morelos, and southwestern Puebla (Izficar de Matamoros, May 9, O-d). Thryothorus maculipectus Lafresnaye. x Spotted-breasted Wren. Cluequita. Atlantic coastal areas from Tamaulipas south, including Yucatan Peninsula, to northern Honduras, and Nicaragua, and on Pacific coast from Chiapas to E1 Salvador. Thryothorus maculipectus microstictus (Griscom). Cluequita de Tamaulipas. Pheugopedius maculipectus microstictus Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 12, 1930, 5 (Santa Leonor, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Fairly common resident of northern Atlantic coastal district. Recorded from eastern Nuevo Le6n (Linares), eastern San Luis Potosi (Valles; up to 4500 feet, 16 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, K-d; Naranjos, July 14, breeding, K-d), central and south- ern Tamaulipas (Magiscatzin, June, breeding, K-d), and extreme northern Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, June 3, breeding, intergrades toward T. m. maculipectus, K-d). Thryothorus maculipectus maculipectus Lafresuaye. Cluequita oriental. Thriothorus maculipectus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 8, 1845, 337 (Mexico [Vera Cruz designated by Griscom, loc. cit.]; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Common resident of central Atlantic coastal area, chiefly in Veracruz. Re- corded from Veracruz (sea level to 4500 feet, breeding, April 28, May 2, K-d; north to Poza Rica, K-d; south to vicinity of Sierra de Tuxtla), eastern Puebla (Metlatoyuca; Huanchinango, 4000 feet, December, K-d), and north-central Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, K-d; Teotalcingo). Thryothorus maculipectus umbrinus Ridgway. Cluequita guatemalteca. Thryothorus maculipectus umbrinus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 552 (Guatemala : Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Atlantic side of Isthmus of Tehuantepec, central and eastern Guatemala, and southern British Honduras. Mxico: Recorded from northeastern Oaxaca (Palomares, Escuilapa, K-d), Tabasco, and northern Chiapas (south to Ocozocoautla, intergrades, K-d). Thryothorus maculipectus varians (Griscom). Cluequita del Pac{fico. Pheugopedius maculipectus varians Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 12, 1930, 7 (San Jos, Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). 1 The apparent parallelism of Thryothorus rutilus paucimaculatus of Ecuador and this form does not necessarily indicate that T. rutilus and T. maculipectus are conspecific; in Central America they are very distinct although they are not yet known to be sympatric. THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 159 1957 Pacific coast of Guatemala and adjoining parts of Chiapas. M6xico: Southeastern Chiapas (Escuintla, G-d; Socoltenango, K-d). Thryothorus maculipectus canobrunneus Ridgway. Cluequita yucateca. Thryothorus maculipectus canobrunneus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 552 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Yucatan Peninsula, including Pet6n and northern British Honduras. M6xico: Recorded from Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. Common. Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon). Bewick Wren. Saltapared tepetatero. Largely resident from southwestern British Columbia, central Washington, southern and western Nevada, southern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, Colorado, southwestern Nebraska, the southern Great Lakes area, and central Pennsylvania south to northern parts of Gulf states and through Texas and M6xico as far as southern Baja California and, in the highlands, Oaxaca. Partly migratory south to Gulf coast and southern Flor- ida in winter. Thryomanes bewickii charienturus Oberholser. SaRapared tepetatero bajacaliforniano. Thryomanes bewickli charienturus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, 1898, 423 (in key), 435 (Nashoguero [sic] Valley, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Common resident in northwestern Baja California from international boundary south to latitude 30 ø; vagrant near mouth of Colorado River. Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis (Anthony).l Saltapared tepetatero de Isla Cedros. Thryothorus cerroensis Anthony, Auk, 14, 1897, 166 (Cerros [= Cedros] Island, Lower Cali- fornia; type in Carnegie Mus.). M.6xico: Resident in central Baja California from latitude 30 ø to latitude 26 ø, in- cluding Cedros Island, but not the Gulf coast. Thryomanes bewickii magdalenends Huey. Saltapared tepetatero de Magdalena. Thryomanes bewickii magdalenensis Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, 1942, 430 (Santo Domingo, Magdalena Plain, Lower California, Mexico, lat. 25 ø 30'; type in Huey Coll., San Diego). M6xico: Restricted to plain bordering Magdalena Bay, Baja California, between latitudes 26 ø and 24 ø . 1 Thryomanes bewickii atricauda Huey is regarded as a synonym. 160 PAqlFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda Ridgway. Saltapared tepetatero de Isla Guadalupe. Thryomanes brevicauda Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 2, 1876, 186 (Guade- loupe [: Guadalupe] Island, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Guadalupe Island off the west coast of Baja California. Now extinct. Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus Oberholser. Saltapared tepetatero del desierto. Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, 1898, 422 (in key), 427 (Big Hatchet Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of southeastern California, southern Nevada, southern Utah, southwest- ern Wyoming, and Colorado south to northern Sonora, Zacatecas, and southern Coa- huila. Some migratory movement southward within general range and to lower elevations in winter. Common. Mxico: Northern Sonora (resident in north-central and northeast sections south to Moctezuma; to Caborca in winter), Chihuahua (La Junta, 7500 feet, June, breeding, K-d), Durango (5000-7500 feet, breeding, May 29, June 11, K-d), northwestern and central Zacatecas (9 mi. E Ojuelos, Jalisco, K-d), and Coahuila (intergrades in eastern and southern sections with T. b. cryptus and T. b. murinus, respectively, K-d). Thryomanes bewickii murinus (Hartlaub).l Saltapared tepetatero del centro. Thryothorus murinus Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., set. 2, 4, 1852, 4 (Rio Frio, Mexico; types in Bremen and Hamburg museums). M.xico: Common resident of Central Plateau from southern Zacatecas to Morelos. Recorded from Jalisco (above 3000 feet), Michoactn (except lowlands; breeding con- dition, April, K-d), southern and eastern Zacatecas, Aguascalientes (K-d), Guanajuato (breeding, April-June, K-d), Quer6taro (K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal, Morelos, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (Portezuelo, April 3, 15, laying, K-d), Tlaxcala, southern Nuevo Le6n (intermediates), and southern Tamaulipas (intermediates). An "accidental" re- corded from Puebla probably is best considered a variant of T. b. mexicanus. Thryoxnanes bewickii mexicanus (X,V. Deppe).2 Saltapared tepetatero del sureste. Troglodytes mexicanus W. Deppe, Preis-Verz .... ViSgel Mexico, 1830, 2 (type from Veracruz, now lost). Mxico: Southeastern part of plateau in Oaxaca (breeding condition, July, K-d), southern Puebla, and westscentral Veracruz. Thryomanes bewickii cryptus Oberholser. Saltapared tepetatero de Texas. Thryomanes bewlckil cryptus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, 1898, 422 (in key), 425 (San Antonio, Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.).  Thryomanes bewickii percnus Oberholser is of uncertain status; until better defined, from study of fresh plumages, it may be regarded as a synonym of this form. 2 Thryomanes bewickii bairdi of Oaxaca is a synonym of T. b. mexicanus, not of T. b. murinus of Veracruz (Stresemann, Condor, 56, 1954, 91). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 161 Common resident from western Oklahoma and central southern Kansas south through central and eastern Texas to northern Nuevo Le6n and northern Tamaulipas. Mxico: Extreme eastern Coahuila (Saltillo, G-d), northern Nuevo Le6n (south to Monterrey), and northern Tamaulipas (south to San Fernando). Thryomanes sissonii (Grayson).X Socorro 5¾ren. Saltapared de Grayson. Thryothorus sissonii Grayson, Calif. Farmer, Jour. Useful Sci., 29, no. 1, 1868, 7 (Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Isles, off the coast of Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M,xico: Confined to $ocorro Island of the Revilla Gigedo group off west coast. Troglodytes aedon Vieillot. 2 Northern House Wren. Saltapared cucarachero. Breeds from central British Columbia, Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, and Maine south to northern Baja California, southeastern Arizona, central New Mexico, northern Texas, Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Winters from southern part of breeding range south to southern Baja California, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Veracruz. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii Audubon. Saltapared cucarachero occidental. Troglodytes Parkmanii Audubon, Ornith. Biog., 5, 1839, 310 (Columbia River - near Fort Vancouver, Washington; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds from central interior British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Saskatche- wan, and southern Manitoba south to northern Baja California, southern Nevada, south- eastern Arizona (Catalina Mountains), central New Mexico, northern Texas, central Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, and western Kentucky. In winter from central California, southern Arizona, northern Texas, and the Gulf coast of the United States south through Mxico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Mxico: Breeds in northern Baja California. Common winter visitant elsewhere, September to April, occasionally later. Recorded from Baja California (summer resident in mountains south to latitude 30ø; in winter south to Cape district), Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit (Tepic, G-d), Jalisco, Colima (K-d), Michoacfin, Guerrero (August 27-April 29, O-d), Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Durango (K-d), Aguascalientes (K-d), Guanajuato (K-d), Queretaro (K-d), Mxico (K-d), Morelos (K-d), Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, ?uebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (January-April 12, G-d; presumably non- breeding birds in May-June; Rio ?i16n and Manuel, erroneously reported as T. musculus peninsularis), and Veracruz (Tres Zapotes). Troglodytes aedon aedon Vieillot. Saltapared cucarachero del nordeste. Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Sept., 2, 180.7, 52, pl. 107 (North America _ eastern United States). Troglodytes insularis Lawrence is a synonym; see Taylor (Condor, 53, 1951, 197). For comment on relations with the brunneicollis group of wrens, see note on page 162. 162 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Breeds on Atlantic coast of North America from New Brunswick and Maine south to North Carolina. Winters from southern part of breeding range to Gulf coast of Mx- ico and United States and to southern Florida. Mxico: Rare winter visitant to eastern section. Recorded from San Luis Po.tosi (El Salto, February, C-d), Tamaulipas, and Veracruz (Tres Zapotes). Specimens (K-d) somewhat intermediate between T. a. aedon and T. a. parkmanii occur farther west, some possibly representing the doubtfully recognizable form T. a. baldwini. Troglodytes brunneicollis Sclater. t Brown-throated Wren. Sonajita. Resident in higher mountains of extreme southeastern Arizona and of Mxico. south to Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Fairly common. Troglodytes brunneicollis cahooni Brewster.2 Sonajita nortefia. Troglodytes cahooni Brewster, Auk, 5, 1888, 94 (near Oposura, Sonora, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Sierra Madre Occidental in Transition and Boreal zones south through Durango; also northern Coahuila. Recorded from eastern Sonora (west to. Sierra Azul), Sinaloa (5100-6500 feet, Babizos, June 19, breeding, K-d), Chihuahua (north to 7 mi. SW Pacheco, July 25, breeding, O-d; Mount Mohinora, 10,000 feet, May 19, breeding, K-d), Durango (50 mi. S Durango City, K-d), and northern Coahuila (Sierra del Car- men, April). Troglodytes brunneicollis brunneicollis Sclater.8 Sonajita de cueIIo caf. Troglodytes brunneicollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 26, 1858, 297 (La Parada, six leagues from Oaxaca, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Mountains bordering southern and southwestern sections of Central Pla- teau. Recorded from Nayarit (Tepic, 3000 feet, July, breeding, intermediates, K-d), Jalisco (Bolafios, intergrade area), Colima, Michoacfin (small juveniles, June 8, O-d), Oaxaca (La Parada; 33 mi. N Oaxaca, C-d), southwestern Zacatecas (intergrades), . western Mxico (Volcan de Toluca, 11,000 feet, June, breeding, and Lerma, K-d), and Morelos. x The brunneicollis group of "house wrens," although showing distinct features of behavior and ecology compared with the aedon group, have recently been shown to be intergradient and not sym- pattic with aedon in southern Arizona (Marshall, Condor, 58, 1956, 95) and should doubtless be treated as conspecific. On the contrary we cannot follow Paynter (Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 71, 1957, 10-11) in merging T. musculus with the aedon-brunneicollis complex, for brunneicollis and musculus are strongly differentiated where they closely approach geographically in the uplands of Oaxaca, an area n. ow rather well represented by field work (K-d); approach in characters among geo- graphically contiguous forms, or the lack of it, is critical rather than the fact of similarity in distant and disjunct representatives which may reflect parallel evolution.  Troglodytes brunneicollis vorhiesi Brandt (Ituachuca Mountains, Arizona) is regarded as a synonym in that it represents intergrades with forms to the north (see note 1). a Troglodytes brunneicollis colirnae van Rossem and Troglodytes brunneicollis nitidus Nelson are regarded as synonyms. The considerable series of this species in the Moore Collection demonstrates the wide range of individual and seasonal variation which apparently has misled earlier workers in the description of races. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 163 Troglodytes brunneicollis guerrerensis van Rossenl. Sonajita guerrerense. Troglodytes brunneicollis guerrerensis van Rossem, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 59, 1938, 10 (Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero (Cerro Teotepec, 11,500 feet, May 23- June 9, breeding, K-d; breeding at type locality, April 28, O-d). Troglodytes brunneicollis compositus Griscom.1 Sonajita de Griscom. Troglodytes brunneicollis compositus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, 395 (Galindo Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Sierra Madre Oriental in Transition and Boreal zones south to eastern part of state of Mxico. Recorded from southeastern Zacatecas, eastern Guanajuato (5 mi. W Ibarra, 7200 feet, 40 mi. E San Luis de la Paz, 8500 feet, K-d), eastern Mxico (Volcan Popocatepetl, 13,000 feet, May 24, nesting, K-d), Distrito Federal, southern Coahuila (Sierra Guadalupe), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (breeding, April-August, K-d), Tlaxcala, northern and central Puebla (4 mi. E Agua Fria, Mxico, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (north to vicinity of Monterrey), southwestern Tamaulipas, and west-central Veracruz (Orizaba district). Troglodytes tanneri Townsend. Clari6n Island Wren. Saltapared de Isla Clari6n. Troglodytes tanneri Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, 13, 1890, 133 (Clarion Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Clari6n Island of the Revilla Gigedo group off west coast. Common. Troglodytes musculus Naumann. 2 Southern House Wren. Matraquita comfin. Resident from southeastern Mxico and the Lesser Antilles south through Central America and throughout South America to Tierra del Fuego; ranges from lowlands to high mountains. Common. Troglodytes musculus intermedius Cabanis. Matraquita cornfin suriana. Troglodytes intermedius Cabanis, Jour. fiir Ornith., 8, 1860, 407 (San Jos, Costa Rica; type iu Berlin Mus.). Southeastern Mxico (exclusive of coast of Yucatan) through Guatemala, British Honduras, Caribbean lowlands of Honduras, eastern Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (ex- cept extreme south) to northwestern Panam& x Troglodytes brunneicollis culequita van Rossem is regarded as a synonym, representing inter- grades between this form and T. b. brunneicotlis. o For comment on the species of house wrens, see note on page 162. 164 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Mxico: Eastern Oaxaca (west to Capulalpan and Totontepec; Moctum [about 6000 feet in Zempoaltepec area], K-d), Chiapas (Monserrate; lowlands to 3000 meters, K-d; breeding, April 6-19, O-d), Tabasco (Arenal, P-d), Yucatan (inland areas), and Quintano Roo (breeding, April 28-July 3). Troglodytes musculus peninsularis Nelson. Matraquita cornfin de manglar. Troglodytes peninsularis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, 1901, 174 (Progreso, Yucatan, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Tropical coastal zone of Yucatan. Erroneously recorded from Tamaulipas. Troglodytes beani Ridgway. Cozumel Wren. Matraquita de Cozumel. Troglodytes beani Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 21 (Cozmnel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Cozumel Island, off Quintana Roo. Common. Troglodytes rufo,ciliatus Sharpe. Rufous-browed 'Wren. Saltapared cejas rojizas. Upper tropical forests of Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Troglodytes rufociliatus chiapensis Brodkorb. Saltapared cejas rojizas chiapaneco. Troglodytes rufociliatus chiapensis Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 480, 1943, 1 (two miles west of Zinacantfin, Chiapas; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Mxico: High mountains of Chiapas (Sierra Madre and Mesa Central; Volcan Tacana, 3000 meters, K-d). Henicorhina leucosticta (Cabanis). White-breasted Wood Wren. Saltapared gallinita. Resident of tropical zones from San Luis Potosi south through Central America and northern South America to Ecuador, central eastern Peril, northwestern Brazil, and British Guiana. Henicorhina leucosticta prostheleuca (Sclater). Saltapared gallinita mexicano. Scytalopus prostheleucus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 24, 18515 (1857), 290 (Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern M&xico in tropical zones from sea level to 4000 feet, extending east to Guatemala and British Honduras. Mdxico: Recorded from Oaxaca (northern and eastern sections), Chiapas (except Pacific drainage; Monserrate), eastern San Luis Potosi (Xilitla; Tamazunchale, April, breeding, C-d), Hidalgo (El Barrio), Puebla, Veracruz (north to 7 mi. N Poza Rica, Presidio, May 5, nesting, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (breeding). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 165 Henicorhina leucosticta tropaea Bangs and Peters. Saltapared gallinita centroamericano. Henicorhina leucosticta tropaea Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, 1927, 480 (Costa Rica: La Vijagua; type in Mus. Comp. ZooI.). Extreme southern Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, northern Costa Rica, and northwestern Panam/t. Mxico: Known only from Pacific slope of extreme southern Chiapas (Chicharras, February 17, one specimen, G-d). Henicorhina leucophrys (Tschudi). Gray-breasted Vrood Wren. Saltapared adobero. Cloud forests of mountains and Upper Humid Tropical Zone from Michoac/n and Veracruz south through Central America and northern South America to Bolivia and northern Venezuela. Henicorhina leucophrys [estiva Nelson. Saltapared adobero guerrerense. Henicorhina leucophrys festiva Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 158 (Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Cloud forests of western' Michoac/tn (Cerro Tancitaro) and Guerrero (Cerro Teotepec, breeding, May-June, K-d). Henicorhina leucophrys mexicana Nelson. Saltapared adobero mexicano. Henicorhina mexicana Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 73 (Jico, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Cloud forests and upper tropical forests, chiefly above 3000 feet, in Oaxaca, Mxico (47 mi. W Toluca, 9350 feet, K-d), eastern San Luis Potosi (Xilitla, 2000- 7000 feet), Puebla (north to Huauchinango), and central Veracruz (exceptionally as low as 1000 feet at Presidio, E1 Puerto, 7000 feet, July, breeding condition, K-d). Henicorhina leucophrys capitalis Nelson. Saltapared adobero chiapaneco. Henicorhina leucophrys capitalis Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 74 (Penabete, Chiapas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Cloud forests of Pacific slopes of Chiapas, southern Guatemala, and E1 Salvador. Mxico: Southern Chiapas, in Sierra Madre. I-Ienicorhina leucophrys castanea Ridgway. Saltapared adobero castafio. Henlcorhina leucophrys castanea Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 19o3, 168 (eastern Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Atlantic slopes of Chiapas and Guatemala in upper tropical forests. Mxico: Central and northern Chiapas (Tumbalfi; Santa Rosa [near Comitgn], Petalcingo, 500 meters, K-d). 166 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Uropsila leucogastra (Gould). White-bellied Wren. Saltapared salt6n. Lowlands of both coasts of M6xico from Colima and Tamaulipas to Chiapas and Yucatfin Peninsula, extending to British Honduras and Guatemala. Common locally. Uropsila leucogastra pacifica (Nelson). Saltapared salt6n colimense. Hemiura pacifica Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 72 (Manzanillo, Colima; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Pacific lowlands in Colima, Michoacfin (mouth of Rio Coahuayana and Puerto Cabeza Negra, A-d), and Guerrero (recorded east to Acapulco). Uropsila leucogastra leucogastra (Gould).l Saltapared salt6n oriental. Troglodytes leucogastra Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 4, 1836 (1837), 89 (Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Atlantic lowlands from southern Tamaulipas to northern Oaxaca. Recorded from Tamaulipas (north to Mesa de Llera, June 2, breeding), eastern San Luis Potosl, northeastern Puebla (Metlatoyuca), Veracruz (Presidio, April 29-May 24, breeding, K-d; south to Tres Zapotes), and northern Oaxaca (south to vicinity of Playa Vicente). Uropsila leucogastra musica (Nelson). Saltapared salt6n de Palenque. HemJura leucogastra musica Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 159 (Teapa, Tabasco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Atlantic lowlands of Isthmus of Tehuantepec, extending east to Guatemala. Mxico: Recorded from northeastern Oaxaca (Tutla), Tabasco (Balancfin), and northern Chiapas (Palenque). Uropsila leucogastra brachyura (Lawrence). Saltapared salt6n yucateco. Troglodytes brachyurus Lawrence, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 4, 1887, 67 (Temax, Yucatan; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mxico: Yucatfin Peninsula. Recorded from Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (breeds in April and May). $alpinctes obsoletus (Say). Rock Wren. Saltapared comesebo. Breeds from central southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, and western North Dakota south to southern Baja California, Guada- lupe and Revilla Gigedo islands, and through the deserts and uplands of the mainland of Mxico and Central America to northwestern Costa Rica. Winters from southern Oregon and Wyoming southward; southern populations permanently resident. 1 Nannorchilus leucogaster grisescens Griscom is considered a synonym (Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, 59, 1942, 24-25). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 167 Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say). Saltapared comese. bo cornfin. Troglodytes obsoleta Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 2, 1823, 4 (northern part of Douglas County, Colorado, near junction of Plum Creek with South Platte River). Breeds from interior southern British Columbia east to southwestern Saskatchewan and western North Dakota and south through Great Basin, Rocky Mountains, high plains, and desert regions to coastal islands off central and southern California, the peninsula of Baja California and its offshore islands, except San Benitos and Guadalupe, and the Central Plateau and mountains of M6xico as far as Guerrero and Oaxaca. Win- ters from about latitude 42 ø southward. Common: in some areas abundant. Mdxico: Recorded from Baja California (all sections and offshore islands of both coasts except San Benitos and Guadaupe islands), Sonora (throughout, except tropical coastal plain south of Guaymas; all rocky islands of Gulf of California), northern and interior Sinaloa, Jalisco, Guerrero (arid uplands both north and south of Rio Balsas), Oaxaca (San Felipe del Agua, 5700 feet, February 19, laying, K-d; east to Cocoprieto, doubtfully referable to this race), Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajuato (breed- ing, May 12-24, K-d), Quer6taro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, 5900 feet, K-d), M6x- ico, Distrito Federal, Morelos, Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala (Panotla, K-d), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, southwestern Tamaulipas, and western Veracruz (Zacual- pillo, 6500 feet). Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis Ridgway. Saltapared comesebo de Guadalupe. Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, 1876, 185 (Guadaloupe Island, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Confined to Guadalupe Island off coast of Baja California. Abundant. Salpinctes obsoletus tenuirostris van Rossein. Saltapared comesebo de van Rossem. Salplnctes obsoletus tenuirostris van Rossem, Condor, 45, 1943, 236 (West San Benito Island, Lower California; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). M6xico: Confined to San Benitos Islands (Eastern, Middle, and Western, O-d) off coast of central Baja California. Common. Salpinctes obsoletus exsul Ridgway. Saltapared comesebo de San Benedicto. Salpinctes obsoletus exsul Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 169 (San Benedicto Island, Revillagigedo group, western Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Confined to San Benedicto Island of the Revilla Gigedo group off west coast. Formerly fairly common, breeding in May; apparently exterminated in August of 1952 through volcanic explosion. Salpinctes obsoletus sollicitus Moore. Saltapared comesebo de Moore. Salpinctes obsoletus sollicitus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, 1941, 40 (Juncan,t, Comiffn, Chiapas, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Interior uplands of Chiapas (Valley of Jiquipilas to San Vicente, G-d). x Troglodytes lati/asciatus W. Deppe and Salpinctes obsoletus notius Ridgway are considered to be synonyms. 168 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 $alpinctes obsoletus neglectus Nelson. Saltapared comesebo guatemalteco. Salpinctes obsoletus neglectus Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 70 (Hacienda Chancol, Guatemala; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.). Extreme southeastern Chiapas and western Guatemala. Mxico: Known from one specimen (A-d) from Motozintla in southeastern Chiapas. Catherpes mexicanus (Swainson). Canyon Wren. Saltapared barranquero. Katzas (Tarasco). Resident from southern interior British Columbia, northern Idaho, southeastern Montana, and southwestern South Dakota south through western United States and Mxico to Chiapas. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridomvay.l Saltapared barranquero nortefio. Catherpes Mexicanus, var. conspersus Ridgway, Am. Nat., 7, 1873, 603 (near Fort Churchill, Nevada; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Resident of Great Basin, Rocky Mountain, high plains and desert regions from extreme southern interior British Columbia, northern Idaho, southeastern Montana, and southwestern South Dakota south to northwestern Mxico and central Texas. Ex- tends to coast from central California southward. Locally fairly common. Mxico: Baja California (resident the length of the peninsula, from near sea level to 7000 feet; recorded from Coronados, Ildefonso and Espiritu Santo islands), northern Sonora (south to Guaymas and to latitude 28 ø 30' interiorly, intergrading to south- ward), and northern Chihuahua (30 mi. W Mifiaca, intergrade area). Catherpes xnexicanus xncxicanus (Swainson).2 Saltapared barranquero mexicano. Thryothorus mexlcanus Swainson, Zool. Illus., ser. 2, 1, 1829, 11 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo; location of type unknown). Mgxico: Common resident, chiefly of western, central, and southern parts of Central Plateau and of bordering mountains. Recorded from southeastern Sonora (from latitude 28 ø 30' southward), Sinaloa (15 mi. WSW Cosalfi, 3500 feet, nesting, May 7-14, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco (Atoyac, 4200 feet, February 27, laying, K-d), Colima, Michoacfin, Guerrero (Chilpancingo, April 21, May 12, June 13, laying, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (east to Tuxtla Gutigrrez and Arriaga), southern Chihuahua (south from latitude 28ø; up to 10,000 feet, Laguna Juanota, K-d), Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guana- juato, Queretaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal (nesting, April 5-7), Morelos, San Luis Potosi (Ventura and 16 mi. E Cuidad del Malz, 4500 feet, K-d), Hidalgo, Puebla, and Veracruz. 1 Catherpes mexlcanus punctulatus Ridgway and Catherpes mexlcanus polioptilus Oberholser are regarded as synonyms. 2 Catherpes mexicanus meliphonus Oberholser is regarded as a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 169 Catherpes mexicanus albi[rons (Giraud). Saltapared barranquero del nordeste. Certhia albifrons Giraud, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841 [, 17, pl. 8] (Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Resident in southern Texas (Chisos mountains, mouth of Pecos River, Austin area) and northeastern M6xico south to southwestern Tamaulipas. M6xico: Recorded from Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas (south to G6mez Farias, intergrade). Specimens from farther south and west are referable to C. m. mexicanus. Hylorchilus sumichrasti (Lawrence). Sumichrast Wren. Saltapared de Sumichrast. Catherpes sumichrasti Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 233 (Mato Bejuco, Vera Cruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Sparse resident of limited area in heavy humid tropical forest in central interior Veracruz (Presidio and vicinity, 800-3000 feet, nesting in May) and adjacent northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, two specimens, K-d). Microcerculus marginatus (Sclater). Nightingale Wren. Ruisefior. Central America, from Chiapas southeastward, and South America south to Peril, northern Bolivia, and northern Brazil, in Tropical and Subtropical zones. Microcerculus marginatus philomela (Salvin). Ruisefior centroamericano. Cyphorhinus philomela Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 202 (In Prov. Verae Pacis [,Guatemala]; type in Brit. Mus.). Central America from Chiapas to extreme northwestern Colombia. M6xico: Nortlern Chiapas (Ocosingo; Laguna Ocotal). December 31, 1954; Miller 170 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 FAMILY MIMIDAE MOCKINGBIRDS AND THRASHERS Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus).  Common Catbird. Pfijaro gato ceniciento. Muscicapa caroIinensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 328 (in Carolina----Virginia). Breeds from southern British Columbia, Alberta (Athabaska), central Saskatche- wan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Oregon, central Arizona, northern New Mexico, Texas, central and northern parts of Gulf states, and southern Florida. Winters from southern Texas, the Gulf states and. Virginia (in small numbers northeast to Long Island, New York) south through eastern Mxico and central America to Panamfi and to northern and western islands of the Caribbean Sea. M.xico: Common migrant and winter visitant in Atlantic lowlands and through Chiapas and the Yucatfin Peninsula. Recorded from eastern and southern Oaxaca (fairly common, October 8-April 15, K-d), Chiapas (Socoltenango, September 15-October 2, K-d; 28 mi. ESE Comitfin, 4900 feet, April 9-16, O-d), Distrito Federal, San Luis Potosi (Jalpilla, to April 28), Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, November 10, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (transients, October 18, K-d; March 22; winter, January 28), Veracruz (sea level to 4500 feet, October 8-May 17), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo, including Cozumel and other offshore islands. Melanoptila glabrirostris Sclater. Black Catbird. Pfijaro gato negro. Yucatfin Peninsula, northern Guatemala, and northern Honduras. Melanoptila glabrirostris glabrirostris Sclater. Ptjaro gato negro de Sclater. MeIanoptila glabrirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857 (1858), 275 (Omoa, Honduras; type in Brit. Mus.). Range of species exclusive of Cozumel Island. M.xico: Campeche (La Tuxpefia, Champotdn, A-d; Aguada Seca), Yucatfin (Chi- chn Itz), and Quintana Roo (La Vega, Puerto Morelos, G-d), including Holbox, Mujeres, and Contoy islands and Banco ChinchoTTO; locally common. Melanoptila glabrirostris cozumelana (Paynter). Pfijaro gato negro de Cozumel. DumetelIa glabrirostris cozumelana Paynter? Yale Peabody Mus., Postilia, no. 18, 1954, 3 (Isla Cozumel, Quintana Roo; type in Yale Peabody Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo.; abundant.  DumeteIla caroIinensis ruficrissa Aldrich is considered a synonym.  We do not agree with Paynter that Melanoptila is congeneric with DumeteIla; its relationships are by no means clearly demonstrated and it shows structural coloration of a type otherwise unrepre- sented in the family Mimidae. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 171 Melanotis caerulescens (Swainson). Blue Mockingbird. Mulato comfin. Tzompan (Nfihuatl). Common resident of lowlands and middle levels of Mxico from southern Sonora and southern Tamaulipas south to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Melanotis caerulescens caerulescens (Swainson).l Mulato comttn de Swainson. Orpheus caerulescens Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 369 (Mexico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus., England). Mxico: Common resident, chiefly of woodlands and brushy areas of Tropical and Subtropical zones; locally higher on plateaus. Recorded from southern Sonora (Alamos district), Sinaloa (sea level up to 5200 feet at Batel, K-d; Tecuciapa, breeding, Aug- ust 1, K-d), Nayarit (breeding, June 14-July 8, K-d), Jalisco (up to 8500 feet at Cerro Viejo, O-d), Colima, Michoacn (up to 7600 feet at 5 mi. S Ptzcuaro, O-d; Uruapan, June 6-25, breeding, K-d), Guerrero (breeding, April 19, K-d, July 19, O-d), Oaxaca, western Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, May 30, one specimen, K-d), southwestern Chihuahua (north to about latitude 28 ø, Jesfis Maria, La Trompa, up to 7500 feet at San Feliz, breeding, K-d), western Durango (Neviero, 8200 feet, K-d), Guanajuato (Irapuato, 7 mi. NW Xichfi, 8000 feet, K-d), Mxico, Morelos (up to 8900 feet at Coajomulco, K-d), eastern San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (Tasquillo, 6000 feet, laying, May 2, K-d), Puebla, southern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias), and northern and central Veracruz (Jalapa, August 11, small juvenile, O-d). Melanotis caerulescens longlrostris Nelson. Mulato comfin de Islas Marlas. Melanotis caerulescens longirostris Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 1898:10 (Maria Madre Island, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M.xico: Common resident of Tres Marias Islands off the coast of Nayarit. Melanotis hypoleucus Hartlaub. Blue and [Vhite Mockingbird. Mulato guatemalteco. Meanotis hypoleucus Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., 4, 1852, 460 (Guatemala; type possibly in Hamburg Mus.). Common resident of uplands from Chiapas through Guatemala to northern Hon- duras (Volcfin de Puca) and E1 Salvador (Arid Upper Tropical Zone). M.xico: Uplands of Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, 2000 feet, June, nine specimens, K-d; Turnbaler, Teopisca, Socoltenango, Volcan Tacang at 3000 meters, K-d; 6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, 28 mi. ESE Comitgn, O-d). Mimlus polyglottos (Linnaeus). Northern Mockingbird. Cenzontle nortefio. Cenzontlatole (Nfihuatl). Northern interior California, southern Great Basin, South Dakota, central Iowa, central Illinois, the Ohio Valley, and southern Pennsylvania south over the southern 1 Melanotis caerulescens effuticius Bangs and Penard is regarded as a synonym. 172 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 United States and Mdxico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and in the West Indies to Jamaica and the Virgin Islands. Casual farther north. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Centzontle nortefio de Vigors. Orpheus leucopterus Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voyage . . . Blossom, 1839, 17 (no locality indicated; subsequently fixed as Monterey, California). Common resident from northern interior California (Corning, Red Rock), south- eastern Oregon (Steens Mountains), northern Nevada, northern Utah, southeastern 'Wyoming, and southwestern South Dakota south through the western United States and Mxico to Oaxaca. Mxico: Common resident of open scrub and savanna and of woodland borders throughout area north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; ranges from sea level up to about 7000 feet, occasionally higher. Recorded from Baja California (throughout, including Cedros and offshore islands; vagrant to Guadalupe Island), Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit (including Isabela and Tres Mafias islands), Jalisco (18 mi. NE Lagos de Moreno., Aug- ust 3, breeding, K-d), Colima (18 mi. E Colima, K-d), Michoacn, Guerrero, Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar, where Mimus gilvus also occurs), Chihuahua (La- guna Juanota, 10,000 feet, Ciudad Camargo, June 22, nesting, K-d), Durango (Nombre de Dios, June 5, laying, K-d), Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano, G-d; Fresnillo, K-d), Aguascalientes (San Jacinto, 7000 feet, K-d), Guanajuato (Puerta de Guadalupe, 7200 feet, K-d), Queretaro (San Juan del Rio, K-d), Distrito Federal (Careaga, K-d), Mo- relos, Co.ahuila, San Luis Potosi (Rio Verde, April 20-May 3, breeding, K-d), Hidalgo, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz (south to Coatzacoalcos where Mimus gilvus also occurs, two hybrids known; El Conejo, one hybrid). Mimus gilvus (Vieillot). Southern Mockingbird. Ccntzontle austral. Central America, from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec south to Honduras, the Lesser Antilles, from Martinique southward, and South America south to southern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) and southern Colombia. Mimus gilvus gracilis Cabanis. Centzontle austral de Cabanis. Mimus gracilis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, 1851, 83 (Central-Amerika (Honduras?); type in Berlin Mus.). Resident from southern Mdxico, exclusive of Yucatan Peninsula, southeast through uplands of Guatemala, Honduras, and E1 Salvador. Mxico: Recorded from eastern Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, Chivela; San Mateo del Mar, including one hybrid specimen; Ishuathn, G-d), Chiapas (28 mi. ESE Comithn, April 9, breeding, O-d), southern Veracruz (Coatzacoalcos, see above), and northern coastal Tabasco (Frontera; Montecristo, G-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 173 Mimus gilvus leucophaeus Ridgway.1 Centzontle austral de Cozmnel. Mimus graciIis leucophaeus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1888, 506 (Cozumel; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Common resident of Yucatan Peninsula, including British Honduras (southeast to Glovers Reef). Mxico: Recorded from eastern Tabasco (Montecristo), Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo, including Cozumel, Holbox, and Mujeres islands. Mimodes graysoni (Lawrencc). Socorro Thrasher. Mirlo de Isla Socorro. ttarporhynchus graysoni Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 10, 1871, 1 (Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident of Socorro Island off west coast. Oreoscoptes montanus (Townsend). Sage Thrasher. Mirlo de las chias. Orpheus montanus Townsend, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1837, 192 (Plains of the Rocky Mountains  Sandy Creek, latitude 42øN, longitude 109 ø 30' W, Wyoming; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Breeds in Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions from southern interior British Columbia, Montana (Billings), and southwestern Saskatchewan south to southern bor- ders of Mohave Desert (Victorville) in California, and northern New Mexico (Grant, Santa Fe). Winters from central (San Joaquin Valley) and southwestern California, southern Nevada, northern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central and southern Texas (Abilene, Brownsville) south to southern Baja California and on mainland of Mxico to Guanajuato. Mxico: Fairly common winter visitant to deserts of northern and northwestern states; extends sparsely south on Central Plateau to Guanajuato. Recorded from Baja California (throughout, November 4-April 1, reaching Guadalupe Island; also east San Benito, Cedros, and Angel de la Guarda islands, Bud; San Francisco Island, O-d), north- ern Sonora (September 15-March 22; south to Puerto Libertad, B-d), Chihuahua, Du- rango (12 mi. W Lerdo, 3800 feet, March 1, one specimen, K-d), Guanajuato (vicinity of Irapuato, January 9, 11, two specimens, K-d), Coahuila (8 mi. S Cuatro Cinegas, November, three specimens, K-d), northern Nuevo Le6n, and northern Tamaulipas (Nuevo Laredo, Camargo). Toxostoma Iongirostre (Lafresnaye). Long-billed Thrasher. Cuitlacoche alacranero. Resident of dense scrublands and brushy woodlands from central southern Texas south through Atlantic lowlands of eastern Mxico to central Veracruz. Mintus gilvus clarus van Rossem (Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo) is regarded as a synonym. 174 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Toxostoma 1ongirostre sennetti (Ridgway). Cuitlacoche alacranero del nordeste. Harporhynchus longlrostris sennertl Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.., 10, 1888, 506 (southern Texas = Lornira, near Hidalgo, Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Resident from central southern Texas (Del Rio; Atascosa County) south to. south- ern Tamaulipas. Mxico: Fairly common resident in northeastern states. Recorded from eastern Coa- huila (west to Sabinas), eastern San Luis Potosi (southwest to Rio Verde, 3000 feet, intergrades; Villa Tamuin), Nuevo Le6n (juveniles, July 29-August 5, K-d), and Tam- aulipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 7, nest and eggs; Magiscatzin, June 18, laying, K-d; Altamira). Toxostoma 1ongirostre longirostre (Lafresnaye). Cuitlacoche alacranero picudo. Orpheus longirostre Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1, 1838, 55 (du Mexique et de la Californie  Mxico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Resident of Atlantic slope from the Rio Pgnuco south to central Veracruz. Recorded from northeastern Queretaro (Jalpan), extreme southeastern San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), northeastern Hidalgo (Jacala, 4000 feet, intergrades), northeastern Puebla, and northern and central Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, sea level, intergrades, May 21, breeding, K-d; up to 5000 feet at Jalapa; south to C6rdob.a). The record from Mexico City (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 172) is doubtful; the specimen concerned may have been taken in the "tierra caliente" of Veracruz. Toxostoma guttatum (Ridgway). Cozumel Thrasher. Cuitlacoche de Cozumel. Harporhynchus guttatus Ridgway, ?roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 21 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo. Toxostoma cinereum (Xantus). Gray Thrasher. Cuitlacoche ceniciento. Resident in desert scrub of the peninsula of Baja California. Toxostoma cinereum mearnsi (Anthony). Cuitlacoche ceniciento de San Quintln. Harporhynchus cinereus mearnsi Anthony, Auk, 12, 1895, 53 (San Quintin, Lower California; type in Carnegie Mus.). Mxico: Fairly common resident of west side of peninsula of Baja California from latitude 31ø7  to 28030 '. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 175 Toxostoma cinereum cinereum (Xantus). Cuitlacoche ceniciento de San Lucas. Harporhynchus cinereurn Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1859 (1860), 298 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident of Cape district of Baja California, from intergrade zone near latitude 28 ø on Pacific slope and from Animas Bay (B-d) on gulf coast southward. Toxostoma bendirei (Coues). Bendire Thrasher. Cuitlacoche sonorense. Breeds in deserts of southeastern California, southern Nevada southern Utah, Ari- zona, southwestern New Mexico, and Sonora. Winters from southern Arizona (sparsely) south through Sonora and Sinaloa. Toxostoma bendirei bendirei (Coues). Cuitlacoche sonorense comfin. Harporhynchus Benditel Coues, Am. Nat., 7, 1873, 330 (Tucson, Ariz.; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from southeastern California (Providence Mountains), southern Nevada (Delmar), and southern Utah (10 mi. SE Escalante) south through Arizona (locally) and southwestern New Mexico (Rodeo) to northern Sonora (Magdalena). Winters chiefly in Sonora and northern Sinaloa. Sparse to locally common. Mxico: Locally common summer resident of northern Sonora (south to Magda- lena). Winters south through Sonora (west to Pitiquito) to southern Sinaloa (Guamu- chil, October 1, K-d; Esquinapa Mountains). Toxostoma bendirei candidum van Rossem. Cuitlacoche sonorense de Guaymas. Toxostoma bendirei candidurn van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, 1942, 381 (10 miles north of Guaymas, Sonora; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Uncommon resident of Lower Sonoran desert of central western Sonora (22 mi. SE Altar, April 22, breeding, 13 mi. N Hermosillo, April 23, B-d; Guaymas). Toxostoma bendirei rubricatum van Rossem. Cuitlacoche sonorense rojizo. Toxostoma bendirei rubricaturn van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, 1942, 381 (Tecoripa, southeastern Sonora; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). M6xico: Breeds in interior of central and southern Sonora (Tecoripa). At least in non-breeding season occurs from Pesquiera south to Alamos, spreading to coast (Tibur6n Island; San Pedro Bay). Toxostoma ocellatum (Sclater). Ocellated Thrasher. Cuitlacoche pinto. Harporhynchus ocellatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1862, 18, pl. 3 (Oaxaca, south- western Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). 176 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Mxico: Fairly common resident of oak woodland from southeastern part of Central Plateau south to uplands of Oaxaca. Recorded from Oaxaca (Tamazulapan, July 8, nesting, K-d; 5 mi. NE Cerro San Felipe, 9000 feet, O-d), Guanajuato (40 mi. NE San Luis de la Paz, 8500 feet, July 6, K-d), Mxico, Morelos (Coajomulco, 8900 feet, fledg- ling, June 21, K-d), Hidalgo (Portezuelo, 5800 feet, April 3, breeding, K-d), Puebla, and Veracruz (El Puerto, 31 mi. SW Orizaba, 5000-7000 feet, K-d, O-d). Toxostoma curvirostre (Swainson). Curve-billed Thrasher. Cuitlacoche picocurvo.. Cuitlacocht6totl (Nthuatl). Common resident of desert and arid, open scrub from southern Arizona, New Mex- ico, northwestern Oklahoma, and western and southern Texas south over northern Mxico, and through the Central Plateau to the uplands of Oaxaca. Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri (Coues). Cuitlacoche picocurvo del noroeste. Harporhynchus curvirostris Var, palrneri Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 351 (Tucson, Arizona; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Common resident from southwestern and central Arizona (Kofa; Big Sandy River; White River, 6100 feet, Navajo County) south to western and central Sonora. Mxico: Common resident of cactus and mesquite belts in northwestern and central Sonora (west to Punta Pefiascosa; east to Nogales and Bacoachi; south to about latl- tude 28030 ', intergrade area). Toxostoma curvirostre insularum van Rossem. Cuitlacoche picocurvo de San Esteban. Toxostorna curvirostre insularurn van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1930, 207 (San Estban Island, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). M.xico: Uncommon resident of cactus association of San Esteban and Tibur6n islands off coast of central Sonora. Toxostoma curvirostre maculatum (Nelson). Cuitlacoche picocurvo manchado. ttarporhynchus curvirostris rnaculatus Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 269 (Alamos, Sonora, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Common resident of lowlands and foothills of southern Sonora (south from latitude 28030 ', but north to Moctezuma interiorly; E1 Plomo, March 1, eggs), north- ern Sinaloa (Ahome to Culiactn, intergrade area; E1 Fuerte, May 14, nesting, K-d), and adjoining southwestern Chihuahua (vicinity of Mina Abundancia, Sonora). Toxostoma curvirostre occidentale (Ridgway). Cuitlacoche picocurvo occidental. Methriopterus curvlrostris occidentalis Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, 9 (Coast region of western Mexico, . .. vicinity of Tepic and Mazatlan: Mazatlfin; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 177 Mxico: Common resident of Sinaloa (south from Culiacn; up to 3000 feet; breed- ing, March 30-April 23, K-d), Nayarit, northwestern Jalisco (Atoyac, intergrade area, K-d), and western Durango (Tamazula, 2800 feet). Toxostoma curvirostre celsum Moore. Guitlacoche picocurvo de Moore. Toxostorna curvirostre celsum Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, 1941, 212 (Laguna Juanota, southwest Chihuahua, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Common resident from southeastern Arizona (Patagonia, Camp Grant), New Mex- ico (Alma; San Miguel County), extreme northwestern Oklahoma (Kenton), and west- ern Texas (Davis Mountains), south through Central Plateau of Mxico to northwest- ern Zacatecas. Mfixico: Common in cactus and open scrub of Central Plateau. Recorded from north- eastern Sonora (Nogales eastward and south to about latitude 28ø), Chihuahua (up to I0,000 feet; breeding, May 10-July 25, K-d, O-d), Durango (throughout, except west- ern lowlands; 5 mi. W El Salto, June 12, laying, K-d), northwestern Zacatecas (Som- brerete), and western Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 22, breeding). Intergrades southeastward with T. c. curvirostre in southern Zacatecas (Fresnillo, K-d), Aguascali- entes (K-d), northern Jalisco (vicinity of Lagos de Moreno, K-d), and Guanajuato (throughout, breeding, April 6-May 2). Toxostoma curvirostre curvirostre (Swainson).l Cuitlacoche picocurvo comfin. Orpheus curvirostris Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, 1827, 369 (table land [of M4xico]; type in Bullock Coil.). Mfixico: Common resident of open scrubland of southern and eastern parts of Cen- tral Plateau and uplands of Oaxaca. Recorded from southern and southeastern Jalisco (Autlfin; Ciudad Guzmfin, Guadalajara, intergrades, K-d; Ocotlfin, July 27, breeding, K-d), Colima (Colima), Michoacfin (breeding, March 12-July 3, K-d), northern Guer- rero (Chilpancingo, rarely Tlalixquatilla), Oaxaca (Teotitln, 950 meters; south to Mitla, K-d), Querdtaro, Mxico (breeding, July 16, August 5; up to 9350 feet at Puerta Lengua de Vaca, K-d), Distrito Federal (Xochimilco, K-d), Morelos, San Luis Potosi (Charcas; Rio Verde, 3000 feet, April 26, eggs, Presa de Guadalupe, K-d), Hidalgo, Puebla, and eastern Veracruz (up to 10,500 feet, Cofre de Perore). Toxostoma curvirostre oberholseri Law. Cuitlacoche picocurvo del nordeste. Toxostorna curvirostris oberholseri Law, Condor, 30, 1928, 151 (San Diego [,Duval County], Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Common resident in mesquite land of southern Texas (Comstock, Austin) and north- eastern M4xico, south to central Tamaulipas. Mfixico: Common in Atlantic Coastal Plains of northeast and in adjoining moun- tains of the Central Plateau. Recorded from eastern Coahuila (west to Sabinas, G-d, and 8 mi. S Cuatro Cifinegas, K-d; E1 Diamante, July 5, laying), Nuevo Le6n (Cerro 1 Toxostorna curvirostre deflexurn (W. Deppe) is considered a synonym. 178 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Potosl, 7500 feet, July 12, laying, Galeana, 6000 feet, not celsum, possible intergrade toward T. c. curvirostre, K-d), and Tamaulipas (Miquihuana, Llera, K-d; So.to la Marina, G-d). Toxostoma lecontei Lawrence. LeConte Thrasher. Cuitlacoche de LeConte. Sparse resident in deserts of interior southern California, southern Nevada, southwest- ern Utah, western and southern Arizona, northeastern and central Baja California, and northwestern Sonora. Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Lawrence. Cuitlacoche de LeConte nortefio. Toxostoma LeConei Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, 1851, 121 (California, near the junction of the Gila and Colorado Rivers: Fort Yuma, California; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Western and southern San Joaquin Valley (north to western Fresno County) and Colorado, Mohave, and Inyo districts (north to southern Mono County) of California, southern Nevada (north to latitude 37ø), southwestern Utah (Washington County), and central southern Arizona (Florence) south to northeastern Baja California and northwestern Sonora. Mxico: Northeastern Baja California (west to Las Palmas Canyon; south to Puerto de Calamajue, latitude 29 ø 40', O-d; juveniles, March 23; eggs, March 25, April 8) and northwestern Sonora (southeast to Puerto Lobos). Toxostoma lecontei arenicola (Anthony). Guitlacoche de LeConte bajacaliforniano. tlarporhynchus lecontei arenicola Anthony, Auk, 14, 1897, 167 (Rosalia Bay, Lower California; type in Carnegie Mus.). Mxico: West side of central section of Baja California from latitude 29 ø to 26 ø (Playa Maria Bay, San Juanico Bay). Toxostoma redivivum (Gambel). California Thrasher. Cuitlacoche californiano. Common resident of chaparral on Pacific slopes of California (north to Humboldt, Trinity, and Shasta counties) and northwestern Baja California. Toxostoma redivivum redivivum (Gambel). Cuitlacoche californiano austral. Harpes rediviva Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, 1845, 264 (near Monterey, in Upper Cali- fornia; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Southern coastal districts (north to Monterey) and San Joaquin Valley of California, locally to borders of deserts, and northwestern Baja California. Mxico: Northwestern Baja California on Pacific drainage, south to latitude 30 ø. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 179 Toxostoma dorsale Henry. Crissal Thrasher. Cuitlacoche crisal. Resident of dense desert scrub from southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western Texas south to northern interior Baja California, central Sonora, Zacatecas, and Hidalgo. Toxostoma dorsale coloradense van Rosscm. Cuitlacoche crisal palido. Toxostoma dorsale coloradense van Rossem, Condor, 48, 1946, 80 (BrawIcy, Imperial County, California, altitude minus 113 feet; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Lower Colorado River valley of California and Arizona, from Riverside County southward, Colorado Desert of California, northeastern Baja California, and northwest- ern Sonora. Locally fairly common. Mxico: Northeastern Baja California (southwest to Las Palmas Canyon) and northwestern Sonora (Colorado River delta). Toxostoma dorsale trinitatis Grinnell. Cuitlacoche crisal de Trinidad. Toxostoma crissale trinltatls Grinnell, Condor, 29, 1927, 127 (El Valle de la Trinidad, 2500 feet altitude, lat. 31 ø 20', Lower California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Confined to the Trinidad Valley, northern Baja California. Toxostoma dotsale dorsale Henry. Cuitlacoche crisal cornfin. Toxostorna dorsale Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10, 1858, 117 [see Oberholser, Auk, 37, 1920, 303, for record of publication] (Fort Thorn [,Dona Aria County, New Mexico]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Colorado River valley of southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, Arizona, and Cali- fornia (west to Providence Mountains and south to latitude 34 ø ) east through central (Camp Verde) and southern Arizona, east of lower Colorado River valley, to southern New Mexico (Palomas Hot Springs, Carlsbad) and western Texas (Guadalupe Moun- tains, Chisos Mountains) and south to central Sonora, central Chihuahua, and north- western Coahuila. Mxico: Northern and central coastal Sonora (except Colorado River delta; south to Guaymas), northern and central Chihuahua (Ramos, and 5 mi. N Chihuahua, June 11, breeding, O-d), and northwestern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 27, breeding). Distribution discontinuous and sparse. Toxostoma dorsale dumosum Moore. Cuitlacoche crisal de Moore. Txostoma dotsale dumosum Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, 1941, 149 (Portezuelo, Hidalgo, Mexico; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mxico: Eastern and central sections of Central Plateau; local in occurrence. Re- corded from Zacatecas (12 mi. W Sombrerete, 6500 feet, August, nine specimens, K-d), Coahuila (Diamante Pass, 7500 feet), San Luis Potosl (Ventura, 6100 feet, December, twenty specimens, laying on December 9, K-d), and Hidalgo (Portezuelo, 5800 feet, December, April, 15 mi. NW Actopan, 6000 feet, November, K-d). June 3, 1954; Miller 180 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 FAMILY TURDIDAE THRUSHES Turdus migratorius Linnaeus. American Robin. Primavera real. Breeds from the northern tree-line of North America south to southern California, the tablelands of Mxico as far as Guerrero and Oaxaca, and the Gulf coast of the United States. Winters from southern Canada southward, reaching Guatemala, Yucatan, and southern Florida. Turdus migratorlus propinquus Ridgway. Primavera real occidental. Turdus propinquus Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 2, 1877, 9 (Western region, including eastern base of Rocky Mountains; lectotype from Laramie Peak, Wyoming, in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from southwestern Oregon, central interior British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southern Saskatchewan south to southern California, southern Nevada, Michoackn, Guanajuato, and central Nuevo Le6n. Winters from southern British Columbia south to southern Baja California and Oaxaca. M6xico: Baja California (winters in northern sections; casually to Guadalupe Island and to Cape district), Sonora (breeds in Transition Zone; in lowlands in winter), Sinaloa (Babizos, 6400 feet, June 25, July 7, laying, K-d), Nayarit (10 mi. N Santa Teresa, 5500 feet, June 16, laying, July 7, small juvenile, Tepic, 3000 feet, August 2, K-d), Jalisco (intergrades with T. m. phillipsi), Michoac&n (Uruapan, 5200 feet, June, breed- ing, 13 mi. NE Ario de Rosales, 7000 feet, March, intergrades with T. m. phillipsi, K-d; Tzitzio, breeding, intergrades), Guerrero (Omilteme, March 22, K-d), Oaxaca (5 mi. N Oaxaca, February 28, Mitla, January 7, 8, K-d), Chihuahua (Mount Mohinora, 10,000 feet, May 18, laying, San Feliz, August 26, small juvenile, K-d), Durango (nest- ing, 6000.-8300 feet, June, July, K-d), Zacatecas (Laguna Valderama, July 16, laying), Aguascalientes (6 mi. SW Aguascalientes, March 3, K-d), Guanajuato (17 mi. NE Guanajuato, 6000 feet, April 28-June 29, breeding, San Luis de La Paz, 8500 feet, July 6, breeding, 7 mi. NW Xichfi, 8000 feet, April 23, breeding condition, K-d), M6xico (Temascaltepee, December 14, 47 mi. W Toluca, October 26, K-d), Morelos (Tres Marlas, February 20, K-d), Coahuila (Diamante Pass, April 15), Hidalgo (Portezuelo, December 19, March 31, K-d), Pueblo (26 mi. NW Texmeluckn, November 2, K-d), and Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosi, 7500 feet, July 15, breeding, K-d). Turdus migratorius migratorius Linnaels. Primavera real migratoria. Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I, 1766, 292 (in America septentrionali = South Carolina). Breeds from northern Alaska and the transcontinental forest belt of Canada south to northern British Columbia, central Alberta, and, east of the Great Plains, to central Oklahoma, central Missouri, central Illinois, northeastern Kentucky, southwestern North Carolina, and Maryland. Winters from north-central United States and south- eastern Canada south to southern Veracruz, Yucatan, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Mxico: Sparse winter visitant, chiefly along Caribbean slope. Recorded from 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 181 Durango (Nazas River near Abasolo., December 1, two specimens, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (Mesa de Chipinque, February 8; March 19, D-d), Veracruz (Orizaba, Tres Zapotes, February 28, and Yucatfin (Chichn Itz). Turdus migratorius phillipsi Bangs.1 Primavera real mexicana. Turdus migratorlus phillipsi Bangs, Proc Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, 1915, 125 (Las Viegas [: Las Vigas], Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool). Mxico: Resident of mountains of southern and southeastern sections, north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Recorded from Guerrero (resident in mountains, 8000 to 11,500 feet, breeds from early April to June, K-d, O-d), Oaxaca (Tamazulapan, 6000 feet, July 7, breeding, K-d; La Cumbre, 9000 feet, April 2, breeding, O-d), Mxico (Mount Popoca.tepetl, 13,000 feet, May 17, 26, laying and small juveniles, 5 mi. S Lerma, 9400 feet, July 3, small juvenile, west slope Mount Toluca, 9000 feet, June 10, breeding, K-d), Distrito Federal (Careaga, March 11, K-d), Morelos (Coajomulco, 8900 feet, June 20, small juvenile, K-d), Hidalgo (Real del Monte, August 15, juvenile, K-d), Tlaxcala (Ponotla, August 5, juvenile, K-d), Puebla (Huauchinango, 5600 feet, April 10, breeding condition, K-d; Mount Orizaba, April 22, G-d), southwestern Tam- aulipas (intergrades with T. m. propinquus), and western Veracruz (31 mi. SW Orizaba, May 26, laying, K-d). Turdus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder). Primavera real visitante. Merula rnigratoria achrustera Batchelder, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 1, 1900, 104 (Raleigh, North Carolina; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds in Lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf states north to southern Illinois and central Maryland. Partly migratory, extending south in winter to southern Texas, Yucatfin Peninsula, and southern Florida. Mxico: Occasional winter visitant to Yucatn Peninsula. Recorded from Yucatfin (Santa Clara, January 12) and Quintana Roo (Isla Holbox, two specimens, Decem- ber 19, 20). Turdus confinis Baird. San Lucas Robin. Primavera de San Lucas. Turdus confinis Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, 1864, 29 (Todos Santos, Cape St. Lucas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident of Upper Sonoran Zone of mountains of Cape district of Baja California (breeds in Sierra de la Laguna; July 5, eggs; small juveniles, July 17-29, O-d; vagrant to sea coast). 1 Tudus migratorius permixtus Griscom is now thought to be too inconsistently separable from this form to warrant recognition. 182 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Turdus rufftorques Hartlaub. Rufous-collared Robin. Primavera de collar rojizo. Turdus (Merula) rufftorques Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 7, 1844, 214 (Guatemala; type in Bremen Mus.). Mountains of Chiapas, Guatemala, and western El Salvador. M.xico: Chiapas (6 mi. SW Cuidad Las Casas, 7500 feet, April 2-8, nesting, K-d; 28 mi. ESE Comitgn, 4900 feet, April 12, breeding, O-d; Volc/m TacanA, 3000 meters). Turdus rufo-palliatus Lafresnaye. Rufous-backed Robin. Primavera chivillo. Resident of western Mxico, from southern Sonora to Oaxaca. Turdus ruœo-palliatus grisior van Rossem. Primavera chivillo del noroeste. Turdus rufo-palliatus grisior van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 461 (Guirocoba, Sonora, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Tropical Zone of foothills of southern Sonora (Hacienda de San Rafael, latitude 27 ø 08', southward), Sinaloa (breeding, May 19 to July 31, K-d), and Durango (Chacala; Tamazula, 2800 feet, December, K-d). Intergrades with T. r. rufo-palliatus in southern Sinaloa and Nayaxit. Turdus rufo-palliatus graysoni (Ridgway). Primavera chivillo de Islas Marfas. Merula fiavirostris graysoni Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, 12 (Tres Marias Islands; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the Tres Madas Islands off Nayaxit. Erroneously recorded from mainland of Nayarit. Turdus rufo-palliatus rufo-palliatus Lafresnaye. Primavera chivillo mexicano. Turdus rufo-palliatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, 184o, 259 (Monterey en Californie = error; Acapulco, Mdxico, by subsequent designation; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Recorded from Nayarit (intergrades with T. r. grisior; 5 mi. NW Chapalilla, 3000 feet, June 26, nesting, Tepic, July 27, nesting, K-d), Jalisco (intergrades), Colima, MichoacAn (VolcAn Jorullo, June 18, breeding, A-d; Tiquicheo, July 28, nesting, Tafetan, 4625 feet, July 20, nesting, K-d), Guerrero (ZirAndaro, May 26, 29, laying, K-d; Pie de la Cuesta, August 23, small juvenile, O-d), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec; Teotit- IAn, May 13, breeding condition, K-d), Mxico (Temascaltepec), Distrito Federal (Careaga, K-d), Morelos (Jiutepec, June 4, laying, K-d), and Puebla (6 mi. N Izficar de Matamoros, 4350 feet, May 6, breeding condition). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 183 Turdus assimilis Cabanis.  White-necked Ko.bin. Primavera mirlo. Lower and middle elevations of both coasts of Mxico south through Central America and western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador. Turdus assimilis calliphthongus Moore. Primavera mirlo noroccidental. Turdus similis calliphthongus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 1937, 207 (Baromicon, Sonora, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Known only from the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the Fuerte River drainage of southeastern Sonora (Rancho Santa Btrbara; Upper Sonoran and lower part of Transition zones; May 17, 20, breeding, K-d), extreme northeastern Sinaloa, and adjacent Chihuahua (San Jos, 5500 feet). Turdus assimilis lygrus Oberholser.2 Primavera mirlo de Oberholser. Turdus assimilis lygrus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, 1921, 106, new name for Merula tristis Swainson (Temiscaltipec, Mexico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus., England). Mxico: Central and southern Sinaloa (north to. Babizos, 6400 feet, July 6, breeding, small juvenile, 6 mi. W San Miguel, April 21, breeding, 5 mi. E Cacalotgn, July 29, August 7, laying, K-d), Nayarit (10 mi. N Santa Teresa, 6000 feet, July 30, nesting, Tepic, 3000 feet, June 8, nesting, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Michoac{m (Pgtzcuaro., May 30, breeding, C-d; Uruapan, 5200 feet, June 6, small juvenile, June 25, breeding, 37 mi. E Morelia, K-d), Guerrero (Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, June 7, laying, K-d; breeding, March 7-June 6, O-d), western Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe, Pluma), southern Chihuahua (San Feliz, 7500 feet), western Durango, western Mdxico (47 mi. W Toluca, October, Temascaltepec, July 13, small juvenile, and November, December, K-d), and Morelos (Cuernavaca, June 1, breeding, C-d). Birds from extreme southwestern Chiapas (Sierra Gineta, K-d) are perhaps best referred here, although possibly intergradient toward T. a. leucauchen. Turdus assimilis leucauchen Sclater. Primavera mirlo chiapaneca. Turdus leucauchen Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 26, 1858, 447 (Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Caribbean slope from southeastern Veracruz to central and northern Guatemala and northeastern Honduras. Mxico: Northeastern Oaxaca (Santo Domingo, Tutla), Chiapas (Montafies de Simojovel, Tumbal/, Palenque, K-d; variously intermixed with atypical examples in central mountains, Ocozocoautla, K-d, O-d, Socoltenango and Comit/n, K-d), and southeastern Veracruz (Sierra de Tuxtla).  Wetmore (Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 134, No. 9, 1957, 79) has recently advocated considering Turdus assimilis conspecific with Turdus albicollis of South America. 2 Since birds from Temascaltepec, Mxico, are now found to be the same as those of southern Sinaloa (Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 1937:205), Turdus a*similis renominatus Miller and Griscom becomes a synonym. 184 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Turdus assimilis assimilis Cabanis. Primavera mirlo jalapefia. Tuidus assimilis Cabanis, Mus Hein., 1, 1850 (1851), 4 (Xalapa Jalapa, Veracruz, Mxico; type in Halberstadt Mus.). Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, November, January, Totontepec, May 3, 8, small juveniles, K-d), eastern Mxico (Volcfin de Popocatepetl, 10,000 feet, May 27, breeding condition), San Luis Potosi (16 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, 4500 feet, October 6, K-d; Xilitla, April 22, breeding condition), Hidalgo (Jacala, April 13, breeding), north- ern Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, 1200 feet, April 7, breeding condition, K-d; Villa Jufirez, May 16, breeding, C-d), southern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias, April 10-July 27, breeding, C-d), and western Veracruz (Presidio, April 22, breeding condition, K-d). Turdus grayi Bonaparte. Clay-colored Robin. Primavera merulfn. Eastern and southern Mdxico south through Central America to the Santa Marta region of northern Colombia. Turdus grayi grayi Bonaparte. Primavera mirulfn de Gray. Turdus Grayi Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 5, 1837 (1838), 118 (Guatemala; restricted to Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Liverpool Mus.). Southern Mxico south to southern Nicaragua in lowlands and foothills. Mxico: Recorded from Guerrero, Oaxaca (Teotitln, 950 meters., May 11, breeding condition, 18 mi. N Matias Romero, 300 feet, June 7, breeding condition, K-d), Chiapas (Monserrate; Ciudad Las Casas, 7000 feet, January; Tumbalg, June 16, adults and small juvenile, K-d), Mxico (Valley of Mxico, records requiring verification), San Luis Potosi (east base of Sierra Madre, Naranjo, 16 and 30 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, K-d), Hidalgo (20 mi. N Atotonilco, 4000 feet, July 24, small juvenile, Metztitl/tn, August, September, K-d), Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, May 11, nest, K-d), Veracruz (except arid coastal plain; Sierra Tuxtla area, breeding, March 15-August 12, Presidio, April 25, 28, laying, K-d), and Tabasco (inland at Teapa). Erroneously recorded from Nayarit (mainland and Tres Madas Islands) and southern Quintana Roo. Turdus grayi umbrinus Griscom. Primavera mirulln guatemalteca. Turdus grayi umbrlnus Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 438, 1930, 5 (Finca E1 Cipres (2300 ft.), near Mazatenango, Pacific slope, Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Pacific lowlands of extreme southern Chiapas and of Guatemala. Mxico: Southern Chiapas near the Guatemalan border (Huehuetfin, February 28, 29, Chicharras, February 18, G-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 185 Turdus grayi microrhynchus Lowery and Newman. Primavera mirulln potosina. Turdus grayi microrhynchus Lowery and Newman, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 22, 1949, 5 (Santa Maria del Rio, elevation 5,500 feet, San Luis Potosi, Mxico; type in Louisiana State Univ. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the interior of southern San Luis Potosl (Valley of Rio Santa Maria and Rio Verde; 6 mi. S Rio Verde, 3300 feet, April 21, May 1, K-d). Turdus grayi tamaulipensis (Nelson). Primavera mirnlln tamaulipeca. Merula tamaulipensis Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 75 (Ciudad, Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Arid coastal plain of Caribbean slope in extreme northern Chiapas (Jaba- linero), southeastern San Luis Potosi (Valles; 4 mi. NW Pujal, 250 feet, June 12, nest- ing, K-d), central and southern Nuevo Le6n (Linares, May 4, nesting), southern Ta- maulipas (G6mez Farlas, April 16, breeding condition, July 3, 27, small juveniles, C-d; 18 mi. N Victoria, May 28, laying, K-d; Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 6, nest), Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, May 18-June 4, breeding, K-d; Boca del Rio), northern and eastern Tabasco (Frontera, Boca del Cerro), Campeche, Yucafftn, and Quintana Roo (including Islas Mujeres and Cozumel; south to Rio Hondo). Turdus plebejus Cabanis. x Black-billed Robin. Primavera piquinegra. High mountain rain forest from Chiapas to western Panamfi. Turdus plebejus differens (Nelson). Primavera piqninegra chiapaneca. Merula plebeia differens Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, 1901, 175 (Pinabete, Chiapas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of southeastern Chiapas and Guatemala. Mxico: Known only from southeastern Chiapas (Mount Ovando, A-d; Volcan Tacanfi area). Turdus infuscatus (Lafresnaye). Black Robin. Primavera negra. Merula in)uscata Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, 1844, 41 (Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mountains of southern and eastern Mxico and of Guatemala, E1 Salvador, and central Honduras. Mxico: Guerrero (Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, five specimens, June 5, laying, K-d; Omilteme, one specimen, June 4, breeding condition, Cuapongo, one specimen, September 30, O-d), Oaxaca (Totontepec), Chiapas (Tumbal; Mount Ovando, A-d;  Doubtfully included by some authors with the South American Turdus ignobilis Sclater. 186 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Triunfo, C-d; Cacahuat/tn, 600 meters, Volcan Tacank, 3000 meters, K-d), eastern San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), southwestern Tamaulipas (5 mi. NW G6mez Farias), and Veracruz (Jalapa; 31 mi. SW Orizaba, July 26, breeding condition, K-d). Ixoreus naevius (Gmelin). Varicd Thrush. Tordo pinto. Breeds from central Alaska, central Yukon, and northwestern Mackenzie south to northern California, northeastern Oregon, no.rthern Idaho, and northwestern Montana. Winters from southwestern British Columbia and northern Idaho south to northern Baja California. Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson). Tordo pinto pfilido. Orpheus meruloides Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 2, 181 (1832), 187, pl. 38 (Fort Franklin, lat. 63¬ø: Great Bear Lake, Mackenzie; location of type un- known). Interior Alaska, Yukon, and western Mackenzie south, exclusive of coast districts, to eastern Oregon, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana. Winters from northern Idaho through western Great Basin to central western California and northern Baja California. Mxico: Irregular winter visitant to northern Baja California (Laguna Hanson, San Pablo; the species, undetermined as to race, recorded from Guadalupe Island). Ridgwayia pinicola (Sclater). Aztec Thrush. Primavera pinta. Turdus pinicola Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 334 (Southern Mexico . . . above Jalapa [, Veracruz]; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: High mountains from Chihuahua and Coahuila to Oaxaca. Recorded from Sinaloa (Babizos, 6400 feet, July 6, 11, laying, July 10, small juvenile, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoactn, Guerrero (Omilteme, May 4, laying, K-d; Cuapongo, April 15- June 5, breeding condition, June 12, small juvenile, O-d), Oaxaca, Chihuahua (south- western section; San Feliz, 7500 feet, August 27, juvenile, K-d), Durango (Las Rucias, July 7, breeding, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal, Coahuila (5 mi. W and 22 mi. S Ocampo, 6000 feet, December 15), Hidalgo (Real del Mone), Puebla, and west-central Veracruz. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin).  Wood Thrush. Tordo de la selva. Turdus mustelinus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1789, 817 (in Noveboraco=New York). Breeds from central Minnesota, north-central Michigan, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec south, east of the Great Plains, to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast,  Merging of the genera HyIocichIa and Catharus should await a thorough comparative analysis of structure and ecology. 1957 TI-IE BIRDS OF MEXICO 187 and northern Florida. Winters from southern Texas south through eastern Mxico and Central America to Panamir. M.xico: Fairly common winter visitant and transient, chiefly on Caribbean slope. Recorded from Oaxaca (south to Tehuantepec City), Chiapas (Palenque, May 12, 20, 15 mi. SE E1 Real, 2500 feet, December 1, K-d), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla, winter), Puebla (winter), Veracruz (transient and winter), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatgn (in- cluding Banco Campeche), and Quintana Roo( including Islas Mujeres and Cozumel). Hylocichla guttata (Pallas). Hermit Thrush. Tordo solitario. Breeds from central Alaska, central Yukon, southern Mackenzie, southern Mani- toba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southern California, southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, northern Great Lakes region, Appalachian Mountains as far as western Maryland, and southern New York. Winters from southern British Columbia, southern Nevada, central Colorado, northern Texas, and casually from Ohio Valley and Massachusetts south to southern Baja California, Guatemala, the Gulf coast of the United States, and southern Florida. Hylocichla guttata nana (Audubon). Tordo solitario chico. Turdus Nanus Audubon, Birds Amer., 1838, pl. 419, fig. 1, Ornith. Biogr., 5, 1839, 201 (valleys of the Columbia River: Fort Vancouver, Washington; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds in coastal southeastern Alaska and coastal British Columbia. Winters from southwestern British Columbia south to southern Baja California. Mdxico: Winter visitant to Baja California, occasionally extending south to the Cape (some records may more properly relate to H. g. guttata) and northern Sonora (Sonoyta, November 8, one specimen). Hylocichla guttata guttata (Pallas).l Tordo solitario manchado. Muscicapa guttara Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, 1, 1814, 465 (In insulis Americae vicinis, praesertim Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska; type in Berlin Mus.). Breeds on coast of southern Alaska, from Alaska Peninsula to Cross sound, in south- western Yukon, and through interior British Columbia to northern Washington and northern Idaho.. Winters from southwestern British Columbia, southeastern Oregon, southern Nevada, central Colorado, and northern Texas south to Michoac&n and Hidalgo. Mxico: Common winter visitant to lowlands of northwestern states, less commonly south and east to Michoac&n, Hidalgo, and Tamaulipas. Recorded from Baja California (common winter visitant, October 4 to April 23, extending to Cape; the species, unde- termined as to race recorded from Guadalupe Island), Sonora (winter visitant to So- noran and Tropical zones), Sinaloa (fairly common winter visitant, E1 Molino, Novem- ber 7, San Ignacio, March 19, 12 mi. N Concha, January 29, K-d), Michoacn (10 mi. 1 Hy}ocichla guttara euboria Oberholser is regarded as a synonym. 188 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 N Tiquicheo, December 26, K-d), Chihuahua, Durango (Tamazula, December 8, K-d), Guanajuato (17 mi. NE Guanajuato, January 19, K-d), Coahuila (to April 26), San Luis Potosl (Santo Domingo, November 27, 28), Hidalgo (15 mi. NW Actopen, No- vember 8, Portezuelo, April 14, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas (Soto la Marina). Hylocichla guttata slevini Grinnell.1 Tordo solitario de Slevin. Hylocichla aonalaschkae slevini Grinnell, Auk, 18, 1901, 258 (in the vicinity of Point Sur, Monterey County, California; type destroyed). Breeds in Cascade mountains of Washington and Oregon and coastal districts from southwestern Oregon to central California. Winters in Baja California, Sonora, and Sinaloa. Mxico: Fairly common winter visitant in northwestern states. Recorded from Baja California (winter visitant throughout, including Santa Margarita Island; October 10- April 12), Sonora (Sierra Carrizal, Chinobampo, October 20 on), Sinaloa (Los Leones, March 24, E10rito, March 7, Elota, March 23, Che]e, February 11, K-d). Itylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding). Tordo solitario serrano. Turdus sequoiensis Belding, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, 1889, 18 (Big Trees, Calaveras County, California; types destroyed). Breeds in the Sierra Nevada of central California and south to San Bernardino Mountains of southern California. Winters from southern Arizona south to Michoactn and southern Tamaulipas. Mxico: Winter visitant in small numbers, chiefly in north-central states. Recorded from Sonora (Bacadhuachi, Alamos), Sinaloa (Huassa, December 23, K-d), Micho- ac/tn (13 mi. NE Ario de Rosales, February 28, March 2, San Agustin, February 13, K-d), Chihuahua, and Tamaulipas (Mesa de Llera, January 12, G6mez Farlas, March 12, C-d; Victoria, March 15, G-d). Erroneously recorded from Baja California. Earlier records from Coahuila, Hidalgo, and Nuevo Le6n require redetermination. Hylocichla guttata polionota Grinnell. Tordo solitario de lomo gris. Hylocichla guttara polionora Grinnell, Condor, 20, 1918, 89 (Wyman Creek at 8O00 feet altitude, east slope of White Mountains, in Inyo County, California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mountains of Great Basin region from southeastern Washington and central Idaho to southeastern California and southern Nevada. Winters from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas south to Guatemala. Mxico: Common winter visitant, chiefly in mountains of Central Plateau; overlap in characters with H. g. auduboni leads to uncertainty in identification of some speci- mens. Recorded from Sonora (one migrant, Mina Abundancia, April 11), Sinaloa (Huassa, December 6, 9, Babizos, 6400 feet, four winter specimens, Batel, 6200 feet, October 23, K-d), Jalisco (Atoyac, 4200 feet, March 13, Tapalpa, 7800 feet, March 27, 1 Hyloclchla guttara oromela Oberholser is in part synonymous with this form. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 189 April 15), Michoacfin (13 mi. NE Ario de Rosales, 7000 feet, February 20-27, San Agustin, 5700 feet, February 19, K-d; Patambfin, February 2, G-d), Guerrero (Cua- pongo, October 1, 27, K-d), Oaxaca (45 mi. NW Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Cerro San Felipe, Mitla, K-d), Chiapas (6 mi. SW Ciudad Las Casas, 7500 feet, April 2, K-d), Chihuahua (Mojarachic, G-d), Durango (Piedra Gorda, 7000 feet, March 26, 55 km. S Durango, 7500 feet, March 6, K-d), Guanajuato (17 mi. NW Guanajuato, 6000 feet, five speci- mens, 5 mi. W Ibarra, 7200 feet, May 14, 7 mi. NW Xichfi, 8000 feet, April 22, K-d), Mxico (47 mi. W Toluca, October 10, Temascaltepec, April 23, continental divide, 7500 feet, November 5, K-d), Hidalgo (El Mineral del Chico, December 6, K-d; 8 mi. N Zimap/tn, April 20, O-d), Puebla (Huauchinango, 4000 feet, December 15, April 8, 26 mi. NW Texmeluc/tn, 9000 feet, 4 mi. E Agua Fria [M6xico], 8500 feet, October 31, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (February 26; La Joya de Salas, March 26, April 12, Acufia, April 13, 15, C-d), and Veracruz (Huatusco, 4000 feet, March 19, 23, 25, K-d). Hylocichla guttata auduboni (Baird). Tordo solitario de Audubon. Turdus auduboni Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, 1864, 16 (Fort Bridger [, Wyoming]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Rocky Mountain region from Montana south to southeastern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Winters from northeastern Sonora, Chihuahua, and Nuevo Le6n south to Guatemala. Mxico: Common winter visitant to highlands. Recorded from Baja California (La Grulla, 7200 feet, October 15; Cape district in Sierra de La Laguna as late as June 8, probably late migrants), Sonora (eastern mountains, October 5, January 1, April 16), Sinaloa (Babizos, 6400 feet, November 27-December 1, K-d; Batel, 5100 feet, Octo- ber 15, O-d), Jalisco (Tapalpa, 7800 feet, to April 18, K-d), Michoac/tn (Pgtzcuaro, February 5-March 21, C-d; 5 mi. SW Ario de Rosales, 5000 feet, February, K-d), Guer- rero (October 3, K-d; to May 1), Oaxaca, Chiapas (Ciudad Las Casas, 7500 feet, winter to April 11, K-d), Chihuahua (winters; to May 18, K-d), Durango (7000-8000 feet, October 19-April, K-d), Guanajuato (6000-8000 feet, 7 mi. NW Xichfi, to April 20, K-d), Quer6taro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, December 20, K-d), Mxico, Morelos (Huitzilac, December 31, G-d; Tres Madas, February 13, K-d), Coahuila, Hidalgo, Puebla (May), Nuevo Le6n (Monterrey, winter), Tamaulipas (southwestern moun- tains; Jaumave, April 13, C-d), and Veracruz (above 4000 feet, to April 25; casually to sea level at Santa Lucrecia). Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penard. Tordo solitario de Faxon. Hylocichla guttara ]axoni Bangs and Penard, Auk, 38, 1921, 433 (Shelburne, N Hampshire; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Breeds from central Yukon east in transcontinental forests to central Quebec and Nova Scotia and south to northeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern parts of prairie provinces, central Minnesota, northern Great Lakes region, Pennsyl- vania, western Maryland, and southern New York. Winters casually north to limits of breeding range and south to Durango, Oaxaca, the Gulf coast of the southern United States, and southern Florida. M.xico: Rare winter visitant. Recorded from Durango (Rancho Guasimal, 5500 190 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 feet, four specimens, October 28-November 2, E1 Salto, October 10, K-d), Mxico (47 mi. W Toluca, October 19, continental divide at 7500 feet, November 6, K-d), Oaxaca (Moctum, K-d), and Puebla (Huauchinango, 4000 feet, December 1, K-d). Hylo½ichla ustulata (Nuttall). Swainson Thrush. Mirulincillo de Swainson. Breeds from central Alaska, northern Yukon, western and central southern Macken- zie, northern Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, and southern Labrador south to southern California, central Nevada, central Utah, central Colorado, the northern Great Lakes region, the Appalachian Mountains as far as West Virginia, and southeast- ern New York. Winters from central Mxico to Bolivia and northern Argentina. Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (Nuttall). Mirulincillo de Swainson quemado. Turdus cestulatus [= ustulatus] Nuttall, Man. Ornith. U.S. and Canada, ed. 2, 1, 1840, 400, 830, and errata p. vi (forests of Oregon = Fort Vancouver, Washington; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Pacific coastal districts from southeastern Alaska to southwestern California. Win- ters from central M.&xico south to Ecuador (K-d). Mdxico: Common migrant, principally along Pacific coast; winters from Nayarit and southern Tamaulipas southward. Recorded from Baja California (fairly common transient throughout; stragglers as late as June 13), Sonora (fairly common transient, chiefly through eastern foothills, September 4, May 24), Sinaloa (15 mi. WSW Cosal, April 30-May 4, 6 mi. SW San Miguel, April 19, K-d), Nayarit (Tres Marias Islands, January; Chacala, March 17, Sauta, April 20-May 8, K-d), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, September 27, December 8, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (17 mi. E Tapanatepec, October 7, Cacahoattn, April 17-June 14, K-d), Chihuahua (to May 29, K-d), Durango (Rancho Guasimal, 5500 feet, November 3, K-d), Guanajuato (5 mi. NW Irapuato, September 25, K-d), San Luis Potosi (5 mi. W Nuevo Morelos, October 15, 19, K-d), Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, December 2, K-d), southern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farlas, Febru- ary 28), and Veracruz (winter to May 15). Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). Mirulincillo de Swainson oriental. Turdus Swainsoni Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Ornithologie, 1845, 28, new name for Merula wilsonii (Carleton House [, Saskatchewan River], lat. 53 ø; type believed lost). Breeds in transcontinental range of species (which see) in North America exclusive of Pacific coast region. Winters from southern Mdxico south through Central and South America to Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and British Guiana. Mdxico: Sparse transient; winter visitant from Veracruz and Yucatan southward. 1 Godfrey (Canad. Field Nat., 65, 1951, 172-174) has contended that Hylocichla ustulata almae Oberholser is a synonym; while uncertain that this is so, we are equally uncertain that H. ustulata incaria Godfrey is separable from both almae and swainsoni. Certain migrants in Mxico of less neutral coloration than swainsoni may relate to the still poorly defined H. u. clarescens Burleigh and Peters of the east coast of North America. In view of these several uncertainties, the Swainson Thrushes other than H. u. ustulata are all treated here as H. u. swainsoni. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 191 Recorded from Baja California (rare migrant, October 11, June 8), Sinaloa (15 mi. WSW Cosal/t, May 11, 6 mi. W San Miguel, April 19, K-d), Nayarit (Sauta, April 17, K-d; Tres Marlas Islands, May), Guerrero (April 27), Oaxaca (Tutla, February 1, March 1; Esquilapa, April 19, 17 mi. E Tapanatepec, October 12, K-d), Chiapas (San Crist6bal, March 30-April 8, O-d; Volc/tn Tacang, April 4, Palenque, February 17, K-d), Tamaulipas (Zamora, May 4, Tampico, April 26, C-d), Veracruz (spring migra- tion to May 6; 7 mi. SE Loma Bonita [Oaxaca], February 17, Huatusco, October 26, K-d), Tabasco (Balancn, May 13; Teapa, April 5, 14, G-d), Yucatan (Xocempich, December 6), and Quintana Roo (Contoy Island, April 22, G-d). Hylocichla minima (Lafresnaye). Gray-cheeked Thrush. Mirulincillo de cara gTis. Breeds in northeastern Siberia and in North America in northern part of transcon- tinental forest belt from Alaska to central Labrador, extending south to northeastern British Columbia, central Saskatchewan, northeastern New York, and northwestern Massachusetts. Winters from Nicaragua and Hispaniola south to northeastern Peril and northeastern Brazil. Hylocichl minima minima (Lafresnaye). Mirulincillo de cara gris norteiio. Turdus rainlinus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, 1848, 5 (ad Bogotam in Nava-Grenada - BogorS., Colombia; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from northeastern Siberia through northern North America to Labrador and south to northeastern British Columbia, central Saskatchewan, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland. Winters from Nicaragua to northeastern Peril and northeastern Brazil. Mxico: Rare transient on Yucat/tn Peninsula. Recorded from Campeche (San Antonio, April 15, one record). The species has been recorded from Cozumel Island (April 30), Quintana Roo, but racial affinity of the specimen cannot be determined. Hylocichla fuscescens (Stephens). Veery. Mirulincillo negruzco. Central British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Mani- toba, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec south to northern Nevada, northeastern Arizona, southern Colorado, South Dakota, Iowa, northern Illinois, northern Ohio, northern Georgia, and Washington, D.C. Winter range little known; apparently chiefly in South America. I-Iylocichla fuseescerts fuseescerts (Stephens). Mirulincillo negruzco oriental. Turdus Fuscescens Stephens, in Shaw, General Zool., lO, pt. 1, 1817, 182 (Pennsylvania; type lost). Breeds from southern Ontario and southern Quebec south to northern Georgia and Washington, D.C. Winters from Costa Rica to south-central Brazil. Mxico: Rare transient on Yucatan Peninsula. Recorded from Yucatan (Xocem- pich, September 26) and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island). 192 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Catharus dryas (Gould). Spotted Nightingale-thrush. Chepito ninfa. Resident of humid mountain forests from Chiapas to Honduras, and in the Andes of South America from Colombia to Bolivia. Catharus dryas ovandensis Brodkorb. Chepito ninfa chiapaneco. Catharus dryas ovandensis Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 369, 1938, 4 (Mount Ovando, Chiapas, altitude, 1775 meters; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Mxico: Resident locally in mountains of Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, July 13-August 22, twelve specimens, Triunfo, 1900 meters, April 16, 25, Tumbal, 1800 meters, June 4, 14, 15, Volcfin Tacan, 3000 meters, April 15, May 19, K-d). Catharus mexicanus (Bonaparte). Black-headed Nightingale-thrush. Chepito solitario. Humid mountain forests from northeastern Mxico to western Panamfi, chiefly on Caribbean slope. Catharus mexicanus cantator Griscom. Chepito solitario cantor. Catharus mexicanus cantator Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 438, 193o, 4 (Finca Sepacuite (3500 ft.), about 50 miles east of Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Highlands of Chiapas, Guatemala, and Honduras. Mxico: Eastern Chiapas (Tumbalfi, 1800 meters, June 5-24, seven specimens, Santa Rosa, May, June, nine specimens, breeding, K-d; 28 mi. ESE ComitAn, 4900 feet, April 14, 18, breeding, O-d; Laguna Ocotal). Catharus mexicanus mexicanus (Bonaparte). Chepito solitario mexicano. Malacocychla mexicana Bonaparte, Cornpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, 1856, 998 (Jalappa, Mexico; type believed lost). Mxico: Recorded from western Chiapas (Monserrate, August, nesting), Mxico (Valley of Mxico; occurrence not recently reconfirmed), Hidalgo (El Barrio, April 13, D-d), Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, 2200 feet, May 16, nest and eggs, Huauchinango, 4400 feet, April 1, breeding condition, K-d), Tamaulipas (Rancho del Cielo, June 16, small young, C-d; 50 mi. NW Victoria; Carritos, G-d), and Veracruz (10 mi. S Presidio, 3000 feet, July 7, laying, K-d; Sierra de Tuxtla, April 16, nesting). Cathams occidentalls Sclater. Russet Nightingale-thrush. Zancas de plata. Middle and higher elevations from Chihuahua and Tamaulipas south to western Panamfi. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 193 Catharus occidentalis olivascens Nelson. Zancas de plata oliv/meo. Catharus olivascens Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, 1899, 31 (Sierra Madre, Chihuahua (65 miles east of Batopilas), Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Northern Sinaloa (Babizos, 6400 feet, December 16, Santa Gertrudis, May 23, K-d), western Chihuahua (north to Colonia Garcia; Mount Mohinora, I0,000 feet, May 10-28, breeding, Laguna Juanota, 10,000 feet, July 29, August, laying, K-d), and northwestern Durango (Muertocito, June 15, laying, K-d). Catharus occidentalis fulvescens Nelson.1 Zancas de plata rojizo. Catharus occidentalis /ulvescens Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 75 (Amecameca, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M4xico: Southern Sinaloa (Batel, November, May 28, breeding, K-d), Jalisco, Michoacgn (Pgtzcuaro, May 6-August 27, breeding, C-d; 37 mi. E Morelia, 9500 feet, June 29, laying, K-d), Guerrero (Mount Teotepec,  11,500 feet, May 18, 26, laying, K-d; March 15-August 13, breeding, O-d), southern Durango (Ciudad, June 21-30, breeding, E1 Salto, June 15, 16, breeding, K-d), Guanajuato ( ! 7 mi. NE Guanajuato, 6000 feet, June 30, breeding, 7 mi. NW Xichfi, 8000 feet, April 20-22, breeding, K-d), Mxico (west side Mount Toluca, June 12, small juvenile, K-d), Distrito Federal, Mo- relos (Huitzilac; Coajomulco, 8900 feet, June 19, breeding, K-d), Hidalgo (Real del Monte, E1 Mineral del Chico, intergrades toward C. o. occidentalis), southern Tamau- lipas (Galindo, Miquihuana, intergrades), and western Puebla (4 mi. E Agua Frla [M4xico], July 29, laying, intergrades, K-d). Catharus occidentalis occidentalis Sclater. Zancas de plata poblano. Catharus occidentalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1859, 323 (Totontepec, Oaxaca; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern uplands, 5 mi. NE Cerro San Felipe, 9000 feet, April 4, O-d; Totontepec, April 1-May 27, small juveniles, Soyaltepec, 600 meters, K-d), east- ern San Luis Potosl (Llano de la Cruz, possibly referable to or approaching C. o. Jul- vescens), Puebla (Huauchinango, 4500 feet, March 29, 30, breeding condition, K-d), and western Veracruz (30 mi. SW Orizaba, 5000 feet, July 20, 22, laying, K-d). Catharus occidentalis alticola Salvin and Godman. Zancas de plata montafies. Catharus alticola Salvln and Godman, Biol. Cent.-Am., Aves, I, 1879, 3 (Guatemala, forests of the Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Mountains from Chiapas to western E1 Salvador. Mxico: Chiapas (Triunfo, C-d; 6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, 7300 feet, April, breeding, O-d, K-d; Pinabete).  Lage series (K-d, O-d) from high elevations in Guerrero show complete gradation and lack of correlation within single populations of characters of bill color and secondary patterning--char- acters once supposed to differentiate fulvescens and omiltemensis as sympatric representatives of two species; accordingly Catharus frantzii omiltemensis is regarded as a synonym. 194 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Cathams aurantiirostris (Hartlaub).  Orange-billed Nightingale-thrush. Chepito pico anaranjado. Northern Mxico south to central Costa Rica; also Colombia, Venezuela, and Trini- dad. Catharus aurantiirostris aenopennis Moore. Chepito pico anaranjado noroccidental. Catbarns aurantilrostris aenopennls Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 1938, 96 (floor of Arroyo Hondo, about twenty miles north of Junction of Rios Chinipas and Fuerte, southwestern Chihuahua, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Canyons of western slope of Sierra Madre Occidental, 4500-7000 feet, in northern Sinaloa and southwestern Chihuahua; in winter extends to lowlands of Sinaloa (Rosario, December 27). Cathams aurantiirostris clams Jouy. Chepito pico anaranjado mexicano. Catharus melpomene clarus Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, 1894, 773 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco, W. Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Southern Sinaloa (Batel, May 22, 23, breeding, intergrades with C. a. aeno- pennis, K-d), Nayarit (150 to 5500 feet, Tepic, July 3-10, laying, K-d), Jalisco (Sierra de Ameca, July 22, breeding, O-d), Michoacftn (CoalcomAn, A-d; Uruapan, June 5-24, nesting, K-d), Guerrero (breeding condition, April 1 to early July, O-d), central C'hi- huahua (east slopes of Sierra Madre; Bravo, Jesfis Maria), Durango (Nombre de Dios, 6500 feet, June 2-10, breeding, K-d), Guanajuato (17 mi. NE Guanajuato, 6000 feet, May 3-July 21, breeding, June 25, July 21, laying, K-d), Mxico, Morelos, San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), Hidalgo (Jacala, July 13, breeding, C-d), western Puebla (Atlixco), and southwestern Tamaulipas (La Joya de Salas, May 27, 28, nests and eggs). Catharns aurantiirostris melpomene (Cabanis). Chepito pico anaranjado oriental. Turdus Melpomene Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 5 (Xalpa: Jalapa, Veracruz, Mxico; lectotype in Berlin Mus.). Mdxico: Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe, 6500 feet, January 14, Moctum, K-d), Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, VolcAn Tacan/t, K-d), northeastern Puebla (Huauchinango, 4000 feet, K-d), and central western Veracruz (upper Tropical Life-zone). Myadestes townsendi (Audubon). Townsend Solitaire. Jilguero de Townsend. Breeds from central eastern Alaska, southern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, and southwestern South Dakota south in mountains to southern California and Durango. Winters at lower altitudes from southern British Columbia and western Nebraska south to Baja California and northern mainland of Mxico. 1 The northern group of forms in Mdxico and Central America is not clearly conspecific with the South American races. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 19'5 Myadestes townsendi townsendi (Audubon). Jilguero de Townsend nortefio. Ptilogonys Townsendl Audubon, Birds Am., folio, 4, 1838, pl. 419, fig. 2; Ornith. Biog., 5, 1839, 206 (near the Columbia River: Fort George, near Astoria, Oregon; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Western North America, breeding south to mountains of southern California and northern Chihuahua. Winters south to Baja California, Sonora, Coahuila, and central Texas. Mxico: Recorded from Baja California (sparse winter visitant; Sierra San Pedro Mgrtir, Guadalupe Island), Sonora (uncommon transient and winter visitant along northern border), Chihuahua (breeds in northern section; Rio Gaviln, August 2, breed- ing condition, O-d), and Coahuila (Sierra Guadalupe, to April 21). Myadestes townsendi ealophonus Moore. Jilguero de Townsend cantor. Myadestes townsendi caIophonus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 193.7, 201 (within 1000 feet of summit of Mr. Mohinora, southwest Chihuahua, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Known from southern Chihuahua (north to Pinos Altos; breeds 6000 to 10,000 feet; May 18-July 18, K-d), and Durango (Muertocito, 6000 feet, June 15, 19, breeding, Las Rucias, July 6-8, breeding, Ciudad, June 26, laying, 25 mi. S Durango, 8000 feet, August 3, juveniles, K-d). Records of the species from southeastern Sonora (to May 25), Jalisco (Sierra de Bolafios), and Zacatecas (Sierra Madre) probably pertain to this form. Myadestes obscurus Lafresnaye. Brown-backed Solitaire. Jilguero obscuro. Southern Sonora and southern Tamaulipas south through mountains of southern M6xico to Guatemala and E1 Salvador. Myadestes obscurus cinereus Nelson. Jilguero obscuro ceniciento. Myadestes obscurus cinereus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, 1899, 30 (mountains near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Southeastern Sonora (winters in foothills and lower mountains, to May 15), Sinaloa (Babizos, 6400 feet, June 19-24, laying, Batel, 5200 feet, April 1, May 24, breeding condition, K-d; wintering, 700-2500 feet, K-d), southern Chihuahua (Bravo; Barranca de Cobre, 4000-6500 feet, May 8-27, breeding condition; San Feliz, August 6, 9, K-d), nd Durango (Tamazula, 2800 feet, Rancho Guasimal, 5500 feet, Ciudad, 8000 feet, June 21-28, breeding, K-d). Myadestes obscurus insularis Stejneger. Jilguero obscuro de Islas Mar/as. Myadestes obscurus var. insularis Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 4, 1882, 371,373 (Tres Marias Islands; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Tres Marlas Islands off coast of Nayarit. 196 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Myadestes obscurus occidentalis Stejneger. Jilguero obscuro occidental. Myadestes obscurus vat. occidentalis Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 4, 1882, 371,372 (Tonila, Jalisco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Western mountains from Nayarit to western Oaxaca, intergrading broadly with adjoining races to north and east. Recorded from Nayarit (10 mi. NW Santa Teresa, SS00 feet, June 14-30, breeding, Tepic, 3000 feet, June 30-July 14, breeding, K-d), Jalisco (Sierra Nevada de Colima), Michoacfin (Coalcomfin, A-d; Uruapan, June 18, laying, Tzitzio, July 26, small juvenile), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, 4300 feet, August 19, small juvenile, Omilteme, 8200 feet, April 28, small juvenile, O-d), western Oaxaca (Tlapancingo), western Guanajuato (17 mi. NE Guanajuato, K-d), western Mxico (Temascaltepec, Puerta Lengua de Vaca, K-d), and Morelos (Huitzilac). Myadestes obscurus obscurus Lafresnaye. Jilguero obscuro oriental. Myadestes obscurus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, 1839, 98 (Mexico = Veracruz probably; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M.&xico: Mountains of eastern section. Recorded from eastern Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe, Moctum, Tototontepec, K-d), eastern Guanajuato (7 mi. NW Xichfi, April 20, K-d), eastern Mxico (Rio Frlo, K-d), Distrito Federal (Desierto de Leones, O-d), San Luis Potosi (16 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, 4500 feet, K-d), Hidalgo (Real del Monte, 8600 feet, July 17, small juvenile, K-d), eastern Puebla (Huauchinango, December 18, 26 mi. NW Texmelucfin, April 1, breeding, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (Montetrey; Cerro Po- tosi, 7S00 feet, July 6, laying, K-d), southern Tamaulipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas), and western Veracruz (9 mi. S Huatusco, S000 feet, March 1S, 31, breeding condition, K-d). Myadestes obscurus oberholseri Dickey and van Rossera. Jilguero obscuro de Oberholser. Myadestes obscurus oberholseri Dickey and van Rossera, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, 1925, 133 (Volcan de San Rafael, Salvador; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mountains of Chiapas, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Mdxico: Chiapas (Monserrate; Triunfo, C-d; Ocozocoautla, Teopisca, August 29, Socoltenango, Volcgm Tacangt, K-d; 6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, March 28-April 3, 28 mi. ESE Comitfin, April 9, breeding condition, O-d). Myadestes unicolor Sclater. Slate-colored Solitaire. Clarln. Southeastern Mxico south to northern Nicaragua in Subtropical and Temperate zones. Myadestes uni½olor unicolor Sclater. Clarln de la selva. Myadestes uni½olor Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 24, 1857, 299 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). M6xico: Recorded from Oaxaca (Moctum, October 9, K-d), Chiapas (Monserrate, Tumbalt; 25 mi. ESE Comitkn, April 14, 15, June 2, breeding condition, O-d, K-d); 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 197 Hidalgo (El Barrio, April 13, breeding condition), Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, 1200 feet, November 8, 5 mi. N Papantilla, 2200 feet, May 16, breeding condition, K-d), and Veracruz (Sierra de Tuxtla, April 16, nesting). Sialia sialis (Linnaeus). Eastern Bluebird. Azul de tempestad. Breeds from southeastern Arizona, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec south through Mxico to northern Nicaragua and to Gulf coast of United States and southern Florida. Winters north to north-central United States, southern Ontario, and Massachusetts. Sialia sialis fulva Brewster. Azul de tempestad occidental. Sialia sialis ]ulva Brewster, Auk, 2, 1885, 85 (Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona; type in Mus. Comp. Zoo[). Resident from southeastern Arizona south over Mexican tableland to Guerrero and Mxico. In winter spreads to Chiapas, Guatemala, and Veracruz. M.xico: Recorded from Sonora (resident of upper Sonoran and Transition zones of eastern mountains; Pajaritos Mountains, Anconchi), Sinaloa (western slopes up to 6400 feet, Babizos, July 5, laying, Batel, May 22, breeding condition), Nayarit (10 mi. N Santa Teresa, 6000 feet, June 12, 26, nesting, Tepic, 3000 feet, June 22, breeding con- dition, K-d), Jalisco (Tapalpa, 7800 feet, April 16, 17, laying, K-d), Michoactn (Coal- com/tn, A-d; Pgttzcuaro, March 10-August 29, breeding, C-d), Guerrero (Cuapongo, May 29-June 17, breeding condition, K-d, O-d), Oaxaca (winter), Chiapas (Tenejapa, November 30), Chihuahua (Rio Gavil/tn, July 26, small juvenile, O-d; Vasagota, May 10, breeding, Churo, May 22, laying, K-d), Durango (Piedra Gorda, 7000 feet, March, Rancho Guasimal, 5500 feet, November, K-d), Guanajuato (17 mi. NE Guanajuato, 6000 feet, May 20, laying, 5 mi. W Ibarra, 7200 feet, May 14, 20, nesting, 7 mi. NW Xichfi, 8000 feet, April 25, laying, K-d), Mxico (Temascaltepec, July 29, juvenile, O-d), Hidalgo, Puebla, and Veracruz (winter; Huatusco, October 28, November 7). Sialia sialis guatemalae Ridgway. Azul de tempestad montero. Sialia sialis guatemalae Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, 13 (highlands of Guatemala and Honduras; type from Guatemala in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of eastern Mxico and Guatemala. Mxico: Oaxaca (46 mi. NW Oaxaca, 7000 feet, March, July 20, K-d, San Felipe, Suchixtepec, G-d), Chiapas (Ciudad Las Casas, 7500 feet, April 2, 3, breeding condi- tion, K-d; 28 mi. ESE Comitgtn, April 7, laying, O-d), southeastern San Luis Potosi (16 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, October 5, K-d), eastern Puebla (Huauchinango, 4000 feet, April 12-15, breeding condition, K-d), southern Tamaulipas (southwestern moun- tains and Sierra de Tamaulipas; 30 mi. N Gonzales, June 10, nesting, K-d), and Vera- cruz (Jalapa, March 21, laying, Huatusco, 4300 feet, March 21-31, nesting, Kd). A record from Mxico City probably relates to S.s. ]ulva or to intergrades with it. 198 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus). Azul de tempestad oriental. Motailla sialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 187 (in Bermudis [and] America cali- diore  South Carolina). Breeds from southern Saskatchewan east to Nova Scotia and south to central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and central Florida. In winter south to Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Cuba, and southern Florida. Mdxico: Rare winter visitant to Nuevo Le6n (Sabinas) and Tamaulipas (G6mez Fadas, March 1, one specimen, C-d). Sialia sialis episcopus Oberholser. Azul de tempestad tamaulipeco. Sialia sialis episcopus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, 1917, 27 (Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in LI. S. Nat. Mus.). Resident in southern Texas and lowlands of northern and eastern Tamaulipas. Mdxico: Recorded from Tamaulipas (east of Sierra Madre; Sierra de Tamaulipas, April 11-June 9, breeding, C-d; Oriental) and Veracruz (one record of vagrant, Jalapa, October 18). Sialia mexicana Swainson. Western Bluebird. Ventura azul. Southern British Columbia and western and central Montana south to northern Baja California and through Central Plateau of Mdxico to Morelos and Veracruz. North- ern races partly migratory. Sialia mexicana occidentalis Townsend. Ventura azul del invierno. Sialis occidentalis Townsend, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1837, 188 (Plains of Columbia River - Fort Vancouver, Washington; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern British Columbia and western and central Montana south to southern California, northeastern Oregon, and northwestern Wyoming. In winter scatters locally and extends south to northern Baja California. Mdxico: Winter visitant to extreme northern Baja California (Tecate, Nachogiiero Valley). Sialia mexicana anabelae Anthony. Ventura azul bajacaliforniana. Sialia mexicana anabelae Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, 1889, 79 (San Pedro Mountain, Lower Calif.; cotypes in Carnegie Mus.). Mdxico: Abundant resident of Sierra Jugrez and Sierra San Pedro Mgrtir of north- ern Baja California, spreading to adjacent lowlands in winter (Las Cruces, San Felipe; San Agustin, January 10, 11, O-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 199 Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway. Ventura azul de Baird. Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway, Auk, 11, 1894, 151, 157 (Camp 110, "New Mexico" --Cactus Pass, 20 mi. E Kingman, Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Nevada, central Utah, and Colorado south through Rocky Mountains to northern Sonora and northern Chihuahua. In winter scatters to adjoining desert areas. M6xico: Recorded from Sonora (breeds in northeastern section in San Luis Moun- tains; winters in lowlands south to Alamos) and Chihuahua (Colonia Pacheco, breed- ing; intergrades in central section of Sierra Madre, La Junta, 7500 feet, June 2-15, nesting, July 1, small juvenile). A record for Sinaloa (Mazatlfin) is doubtful. Sialia mexicana amabile Moore. Ventura azul chihuahuense. Sialia mexicana areabile Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, 1939, 125 (Nievero, 4 miles west of Ciudad, Durango, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). M6xico: Resident of higher parts of Sierra Madre Occidental from southern Chihua- hua to Zacatecas. Recorded from Chihuahua (5000 to 11,000 feet; Laguna Juanota, Mount Mohinora, Los Frailes; breeding, May 13-July 1, K-d), Durango (breeding, June 8-July 8, 50 mi. S Durango, 8000 feet, July 1, E1 Salto, November, K-d), and Zacatecas (Sombrerete, 6500 feet, August 13, Kd; Valparaiso Mountains, December). Sialia mexicana australis Nelson. Ventura azul suriana. Sialia mexicana ausralis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 159 (Mount Tancitaro, Michoacan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Southern part of Central Plateau in Jalisco (20 mi. W Ojuelos, 6400 feet, June 4, 7, nesting, 18 mi. NE Lagos Moreno, July 30, Quarenta, 5700 feet, December 14, K-d), Michoacgn (P/tzcuaro area, March 3-August 29, breeding, C-d; 13 mi. NE Ario de Rosales, 7000 feet, February 28), Guanajuato (17 mi. NE Guanajuato, 6000 feet, May 2, laying, also wintering, 5 mi. W Ibarra, 7200 feet, May 16-26, nesting, K-d), M6xico (west slope Mount Toluca, June 15, nesting, Mount Popocatepetl, 13,000 feet, May 25, 26, nesting, K-d), Morelos, Puebla, and western Veracruz (Las Vigas; 31 mi. SW Orizaba, 5000 feet, March 5, K-d). Sialia mexicana mexicana Swainson. Ventura azul mexicana. Sialia Mexicana Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 2, 1831 (1832), 202 (table land of Mexico; location of type unknown). Mxico: Northeastern part of Central Plateau in Coahuila (breeds in southern mountains; E1 Diamante, July 7, breeding condition, K-d), San Luis Potosi (Charcas, Villar; Ventura, 6100 feet, December 12, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (north to central section; 6 mi. E Galeana, July 12, 24, breeding condition, August 11, small juvenile, K-d), and southwestern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana). 200 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Sialia currucoides (Bechstein). Mountain Bluebird. Ventura de montafia. Motacilla s. Sylvia Currucoides "Borkh." Bechstein, in Latham, Allgem. Ueb. Viigel, 3, pt. 2, 1798, 546, pl. 121 (Virginien = western America; type in Darmstadt Mus.). Breeds from central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, and southwest- ern Manitoba south in mountains to southern California, central Arizona, and southern New Mexico and in plains to South Dakota and northeastern North Dakota. Winters from southern British Columbia, western Montana, and Kansas south to northern Baja California, Sinaloa, Michoacftn, and Guanajuato. Mxico: Winter visitant to northern states, casually south to Michoacftn and Guana- juato. Recorded from northern Baja California (reaches Guadalupe Island, casually), Sonora (south to Alamos), Sinaloa (Rosario, 55 feet, December 19, Kd), Michoac,Sn (San Agustin, 5700 feet, February 10-25, four specimens, K-d), Chihuahua, Guana- juato (Guanajuato), Coahuila (Hip6lito, February 24, K-d), and central Nuevo Le6n (Monterrey). Supposed breeding in Chihuahua unlikely and not substantiated. September 30, 1956; Miller, Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 201 FAMILY SYLVIIDAE OLD WORLD WARBLERS, GNATCATCHERS AND KINGLETS Polioptila caerulea (Linnaeus). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Perlita. Northern California, central Nevada, Utah, Colorado, eastem Nebraska, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, extreme southern Ontario, Ohio, southwestern Penn- sylvania, and southern New Jersey south to southern Baja California, Guatemala, Cozu- mel Island, the Gulf coast, and the Bahama Islands. Winters from southern United States southward, extending to Cuba. Polioptila caerulea amoenissima Grinnell. Perlita comfin de noroeste. Polloptila caerulea amoenissima Grinnell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 15, 1926, 494 (Pleasant Valley, Mariposa County, California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Breeds from northern California, central Nevada, Utah, and Colorado south to northern states of Mxico. Winters from southern California, southern Nevada, and New Mexico south to about latitude 28 ø N in Baja California, and to Michoac/tn, Puebla, and Yucat/tn. Mxico: Baja California (exclusive of Cape region; breeds in northern mountains), Sonora (in summer from Pajaritos Mountains eastward, south to Sierra de Oposura and Sierra de San Antonio; widespread in winter except in northeast), Sinaloa (Mazatl/n, Culiacn), Nayarit (San Blas, March 19, Chacala, March 11-20, K-d), Jalisco (Tonila, Oco.tlgn), Colima (Plains of Colima), Michoacgn (5 mi. NE Apatzinggn, January- February, K-d), Chihuahua (Rio Gavilgn, breeding, K-d), Durango (Piedra Gorda, March 11, 20, K-d), Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano, G-d), Aguascalientes (San Ja- cinto, October 11-31, K-d), Guanajuato (Irapuato, K-d), Morelos (Cuernavaca, G-d), Coahuila (El Diamante, July 8, laying, K-d), Hidalgo (Tulancingo, G-d), Puebla (26 mi. NW Texmeluc/m, April 3, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (breeds; Rodriguez, G-d), Tamaulipas (Nuevo Laredo, G-d), and Yucatan (Chichn Itzg). Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway. Perlita comfin de San Lucas. Polloptila caerulea obscura Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882 (1883), 535 (San Jos del Cabo, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Resident in Baja California from about latitude 28 ø N south to the Cape district. Polioptila caerulea gracilis van Rossem and Hachisuka.1 Perlita cornfin sonorense. Polioptila caerutea gracills van Rossera and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 1937, lo9 (Rancho Santa Barbara, 20 miles northeast of Guirocoba, extreme southeastern Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Sonora (breeds in foothills of Sierra Madre in southeastern part of the state; in winter to the lowlands west of the breeding area, to Tesia, and to San Esteban Island). 1 Status uncertain; more material is needed to settle the validity of this race. 2o2 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Polioptila caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus).! Perlita comfin pitiflor. Motacilla caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 337 (Pennsylvania = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Breeds from north-central United States, southern Ontario, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey south to the Gulf coast, Florida, and the Bahamas. Winters from the Gulf states and Virginia south to eastern Mxico, Guatemala, and Cuba. M&xico: Winter visitant to, Michoac/m (P/ttzcuaro, March 18, C-d), Guerrero (Iguala), Chiapas (HuehuetAn, G-d), Mxico (Temascaltepec, December 6-12, K-d), Distrito Federal (Tlalpan, G-d), Morelos (Cuautla, March 25, K-d), San Luis Potosi (16 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, October 1, 12, K-d), Hidalgo (Pachuca, G-d), Puebla (Metlatoyuca, G-d), Nuevo Le6n (Linares, Montetrey, G-d), Tamaulipas (Tampico, Victoria, Soto la Marina), Veracruz (common in winter, Misantla, Jalapa, Tres Za- potes), Tabasco (Frontera, G-d), Campeche (Apazote, G-d), Yucat/n (Chichn Itz/b G-d), and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island, uncertain record). Polioptila caerulea ndsoni Ridgway. Perlita cornfin de Nelson. Polioptila nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 109 (Oaxaca City, Oaxaca; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Resident in southern Mxico and western Guatemala. M&xico: Guerrero (Cuajinicuilapa, 175 feet, February 6, 7, 14, K-d), Oaxaca (Oaxa- ca City, Tamazulapan, 6000 feet, July 16, breeding condition, Mitla, June 14, 17, K-d), and central and southern Chiapas (San Vicente; Sierra Gineta, September 1, K-d; 28 mi. SE Comitfin, 4900 feet, April 13, breeding condition, O-d). PolioptHa caerulea deppei van Rossem. Perlita comfin yucateca. Polloptila caerdea deppei van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 402 (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Resident from Guanajuato and southern San Luis Potosi through southeastern Mx- ico to northern Guatemala. Mxico: Northern Chiapas (Yaja16n, Palenque), Guanajuato (5 mi. W Ibarra, 7200 feet, May 15-27, breeding condition, 17 mi. NE Guanajuato, 6000 feet, June 28, 30, breeding condition, K-d), San Luis Potosl (Vailes), Hidalgo (Jacala), Tlaxcala (Ponot- la, 7300 feet, August 4, juveniles, Kd), Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, November, I0 mi. S Tehuitzingo, August 2, K-d), Veracruz (Tres Zapotes, Jalapa, Tlalco.talpan), Tabasco (Montecristo, San Juan Bautista), Campeche (Ichek, Champot6n, Campeche), Yucaffm (Chichn Itz/t, Rio Lagartos, Mrida), and Quintana Roo (Chetumal, Car- rillo Puerto, Tabi). Polioptila caeralea cozumelae Griscom. Perlita comfin de Cozumel. Polioptila caerulea cozumelae Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 236, 1926, 10 (Cozumd Island; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mxico: Resident on Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo. 1 p, c. mexicana (Bonaparte) from Oaxaca is considered a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO Polioptila plumbea (Gmelin). Tropical Gnatcatcher. Perlita p.lomiza. Southeastern Mxico south through Central America to Brazil and Peril. 203 Polioptila plmnbea superciliaris Lawrence. Perlita plomiza mexicana. Polioptila superciliaris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, 1861, 304 (Lion Hill, Panama; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Resident from southern Campeche and Quintana Roo to Panama. Mxico: Campeche (near Aguada Seca) and Quintana Roo (Chetumal, Xtocomo, Xcan, near Kantunil-Kin). Polioptila albiloris Sclater and Salvin. White-lored Gnatcatcher. Pispirria. Mxico, from Sonora, Michoacn, and Yucatan southward, through Central Amer- ica to Costa Rica. PoIioptila albiloris restricta Brewster. Pispirria sonorense. Polioptila nigriceps restricta Brewster, Auk, 6, 1889, 97 (Alamos, Sonora; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Resident in the tropical lowlands of Sonora (Tecoripa, Alamos, Chino- bampo) and adjacent Chihuahua (Barranca de Cobre, May 19, nest and eggs). Polioptila albiloris nigriceps Baird. Pispirria cabeza negra. Polioptila nlgriceps Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, 1, 1864, 69 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M4xico: Resident on Pacific coast in Sinaloa (El Fuerte, Culiacn, June 2, laying; Mazatlan), Nayarit (Tepic, July 2-14, breeding condition, Sauta, May 12, laying, K-d), Jalisco (Beltran), Colima (Manzanillo, G-d), and western Durango (Tamazula, 2800 feet, November, December, K-d). Polioptila albiloris vanrosselni Brodkorb. Pispirria de van Rossem. Polloptila albiloris vanrossemi Brodkorb, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 34, 1944, 312 (Quiotepec, Dis- trict of Cuicatlfi, Oaxaca; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident in the interior and Pacific lowlands of southern M&xico in Micho- ac{m (Apatzingan; Taletan, 4000 feet, July 20, K-d; La Placita, July 8, A-d), Guerrero (12 mi. S Zirndaro, Mgy 25, breeding condition, 7 mi. S Mexcala, June 26, breeding condition, K-d; Acapulco; Iguala), Oaxaca (Quiotepec, Cuicatlan, Santa Efigenia), Chiapas (Arriaga, Tonal, San Bartolom, Chicomucelo), and Puebla (10 mi. S Tehuit- zingo, 4000 feet, July 31, breeding condition, K-d). 204 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Polioptila albiloris albiventris Lawrence. Pispirria yucateca. Polioptila albiventrls Lawrence, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 3, 1885, 273 (Temax, Yucatan; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mxico: Resident in northern Yucatan (chiefly in the arid scrub country of the coastal areas; Progreso, Temax, Mrida) and Quintana Roo (record from Cozumel Island doubtful). Polioptila melanura Lawrence. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. Perlita colinegra. Southern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas south to southern Baja California, Sonora, Du- rango, Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas. Polioptila melanura californica Brewster. Perlita colinegra californiana. Polioptila californica Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 6, 1881, 103 (Riversid% San Bernar- dino [ Riverside] Co., California; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Resident in southwestern California (lower Santa Clara valley southward) and northwestern Baja California. Mxico: Baja California (east to the eastern base of Sierra San Pedro Mfirtir and south to about latitude 30 ø N). Polioptila melanura pontilis van Rossem. Perlira colinegTa bajacaliforniana. Polioptila melanura pontilis van Rossera, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 44, 1931, 99; new name for P.m. nelsoni van Rossera, preoccupied (San Francisquito Bays Baja California; type in Dickey Coll, Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Resident in the middle parts of Baja California (San Bartolom Bay on west coast, latitude 27 ø 40', San Ignacio in the interior, latitude 27 ø 17', and on the Gulf coast from San Francisquito Bay, latitude 28 ø 26', south at least as far as San Bruno, latitude 27 ø 9' N). Polioptila melanura margaritae Ridgway. Perlira colinegra de Margarita. Polloptila margaritae Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 3, 1904, 733 ([Santa] Margarita Island [,Lower California]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident in Baja California from about latitude 27 ø N south to Cape dis- trict, and on Santa Margarita and Espiritu Santo islands. Polioptila melanura lucida van Rossem. Perlira colinegra sonorense. Polioptila melanura lucida van Rossem, Condor s 33, 1931, 36 (10 miles north of Guaymas s Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil. Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Resident in desert region from southeastern California, extreme southern Nevada, and central Arizona south to northeastern Baja California and to northwestern main- land of Mxico. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 205 Mxico: Baja California (Colorado Desert area, south to about latitude 31 ø N), Sonora (Guaymas, Batamotal, G-d), Chihuahua (Ciudad Camargo, June 22, breeding, O-d), and northwestern Durango (Rancho Bail16n). Polioptila melanura curtata van Rossem. Perlita colinegra de Isla Tibur6n. Polloptila melanura curtata van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 1932, 140 (Petrel Bay, east side of Tiburon Island, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Resident on, and restricted to, Tibur6n Island, Sonora. Polioptila melanura melanura Lawrence. Perlira colinegra mexicana. Polioptila melanura Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 6, 1857, 168 (Texas = Rio Grande Valley; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Resident from west-central New Mexico and the Rio Grande Valley south to Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosl, and Tamaulipas. M6xico: Jalisco (5 mi. S Lagos Moreno, 6370 feet, October 20, Kd), Durango (Abasolo, December, Nombre de Dios, June 3, breeding condition, 12 mi. NE Durango, 6200 feet, March 4, July 29, breeding condition, K-d), Zacatecas (Lulfi, May 26, 27, O-d), Guanajuato (Irapuato, August 16, 5 mi. W Dolores Hidalgo, 6200 feet, Decem- ber 13, 15, K-d), Coahuila (San Pedro, Saltillo; Hip61ito, June 30-July 2, breeding con- dition, K-d), San Luis Potosl (Presa de Guadalupe, July 16, Santo Domingo, Decem- ber 3, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (Rodriguez, G-d, Monterrey), and Tamaulipas (Jaumave, G-d). Regulus satrap,a Lichtenstein. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Reyezuelo de mofio amarillo. Southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, Lake Athabaska, northern Manitoba, On- tario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to central California, southeastern Arizona, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina; also highlands of southern Mdxico and Guatemala. In winter south to the Gulf coast of the United States and northern Florida. Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichtenstein. Reyezuelo de toorio amarillo obispito. Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 35 (Am. sept. = North America; type in Berlin Mus.). Breeds from Lake Athabaska, northern Manitoba, Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to northern Minnesota, northern Michigan (Charlevoix County), northern New York, and central New England, extending southward in the mountains to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Winters from southern Minnesota, Michigan, Ontario, New York, and New Brunswick south to Texas, northeastern Mx- ico, the Gulf coast, and northern Florida. Mdxico: Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen) and Tamaulipas. ;206 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 ' ß Regulus satrapa aztecus Lawrence. Reyezuelo de mofio amarillo azteca. Regulus satrapa aztecus Lawrence, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 4, 1887, 66 (City of Mexico; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Mxico: Resident in the highlands of southern Mxico in the states of Michoacgn Zitacuaro, November 23, K-d), Guerrero (Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, breeding series, juvenile, May 20, K-d), Oaxaca (Parada, G-d), Mxico (Puerta Lengua de Vaca, 47 mi. W Toluca, 9300 feet, October 10, 30, west slope Mount Toluca, 9000 feet, June 14-16, laying and juveniles), Distrito Federal (Mxico City, Ajusco, Salazar, G-d), Hidalgo (Real del Monte; El Mineral del Chico, 8500 feet, December, August, laying on March 29, K-d), and Puebla (Ixtaccihuatl). Regulus satrapa clarus Dearborn. Reyezuelo de mofio amarillo suriano. Regulus satrapa clarus Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, 1907, 134 (Sierra Santa Elena, Guatemala; type in Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Resident in Guatemala and extreme southern Mxico. Mxico: Chiapas (Cerro Mal, Porvenir, 3200 meters, F-d; Volcan Tacana, A-d). Regulus calendula (Linnaeus). Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Reyezuelo cuauhchichil. Northwestern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, Ontario, cen- tral Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to Guadalupe Island off Baja California, central Arizona, central New Mexico, southern Manitoba, northern Michi- gan, southern Ontario, and northern Maine. Winters from southern British Columbia, northern interior United States and West Virginia south to Guatemala, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Regulus calendula clneraceus Grinnell. Reyezuelo cuauhchichil ceniciento. Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinnell, Condor, 6, 1904, 25 (Strain's Camp, Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles County, California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Breeds from central British Columbia southward in the mountains to southern Cali- fornia, central Arizona, and central New Mexico. Winters from southern British Colum- bia, Idaho, Nevada, and southern Utah south to Baja California and the highlands of Mxico. Mxico: Baja California (throughout), Sonora (common, sea level to lower parts of Transition Zone), Sinaloa (Huassa, Babizos, Culiacan, K-d), Jalisco (Tapalpa and 20 mi. W Ojuelos, K-d), Michoacan (Nahuatzen, G-d; San Agustin, Zitgcuaro, K-d), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, G-d), Chihuahua (Colonia Garcia, Mojarachic), Durango (Chacala; Abasolo, E1 Salto, K-d), Zacatecas (Fresnillo, February 17, K-d), Aguas- calientes (6 mi. SW Aguascalientes, February 29, K-d), Guanajuato (Irapuato, Octo- ber 6, 5 mi. W Ibarra, May 25, K-d), Queretaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, December 14, 19, K-d), Mxico (Lerma, K-d), Distrito Federal (Tlalpan, G-d), Morelos (Tetela del Volcan, G-d), Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 19), San Luis Potosl (Santo Domingo, Ventura, K-d), Hidalgo (Mineral del Chico, December 9, March 29, K-d), 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 207 Puebla (Huauchinango, G-d; 4 mi. E Agua Frla, October 2, April 1, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (8 mi. N Mo.nterrey, October 29, K-d), and Tamaulipas (Camargo, Nuevo Laredo; Jaurnave, March 26, Kd). Regulus calendula obscurus Ridgway. Reyezuelo cuauhchichil de Isla Guadalupe. Regdus calendula obscurus Ridgway, Bull. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 2, 1876, 184 (Guadeloupe [= Guadalupe] Island, Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Resident on Guadalupe Island, off Baja California (June 11, 1953, breed- ing condition). Regulus calendula calendula (Linnaeus). Reyezuelo cuauchichil de invierno. Motacilla Calendula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 337 (in Pennsylvania = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, Ontario, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to northern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Manitoba, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern Maine, and Nova Scotia. Winters from Nebraska, southern Iowa, and West Virginia south to Baja California and the mainland of Mxico, Guatemala, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Mdxico: Baja California (Sierra de la Laguna; Mount Miraflores, G-d), Sonora (Tesla, Nacozari), Sinaloa (Huassa, December 5, Batel, November 20, K-d), Jalisco (Lagos de Moreno, October 21, K-d), Guerrero (Cuapongo, October 20, November 12, O-d), Oaxaca (Mitla, October 10, K-d; La Parada, Talea), Chihuahua (Chihuahua), Durango (Tamazula, E1 Salto, 11 mi. W Durango, K-d), Zacatecas (15 mi. W Fresnillo, K-d), Aguascalientes (San Jacinto, October 10, K-d), Guanajuato (Irapuato, Septem- ber 24, K-d), Querdtaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, December 16, K-d), Mxico (Tenango del Valle), Distrito Federal, Morelos (Jiutepec, March 16, K-d), Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 17, Diamante Pass, Chorro del Agua), San Luis Potosl (Sole- dad), Hidalgo (Real del Monte), Puebla (Teziutlgn), Nuevo Le6n (Monterrey, Mesa de Chipinque, Linares), Tamaulipas (Soto la Marina, G6mez Farlas), and Veracruz (Jalapa, Las Vigas). Ramphocaenus rufiventris (Bonaparte). Long-billed Ant-wren. Silvia piquilarga. Southeastern Mdxico through Central America to Colombia and Ecuador. Ramphocaenus rufiventris rufiventris (Bonaparte). Silvia piquilarga de vientre canelo. Scolopacinus rufiventris Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 5, 1837 (1838), 119 (Guatemala  San Jose de Guatemala). Resident from southeastern Mdxico, except the Yucatan Peninsula, south to Panama. Mxico: Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, K-d; mountains near Santo Domingo), Chiapas (Pa- lenque; Mapastepec, June 9, breeding condition, K-d; San Benito), Veracruz (12 mi. 208 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 SSW Boca del Rio, May 19, nesting, O-d; Presidio, May 1, breeding condition, K-d; Tres Zapotes, G-d; San Andrs Tuxtla), and Tabasco (La Venta, G-d, Tenosique, near Reforma). Ramphocaenus rufiventris ardeleo Van Tyne and Trautman. Silvia piquilarga yucateca. Ramphocaenus ruventris ardeleo Van Tyne and Trautman, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 439, 1941, 9 (YucatAn, Chichen ItzA; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Resident on the YucatAn Peninsula and adjacent areas south to Pet6n, northern Guatemala. M6xico: Campeche (Pacaytfin, La Tuxpefia), Yucafftn (Chichn Itzt), and Quin- tana Roo (Chetumal, Agua Blanca, Laguna Chancabacab, Carrillo Puerto; breeding condition, May 17-June 1). July 15, 1956; Friedmann 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 209 FAMILY MOTACILLIDAE WAGTAILS AND PIPITS Motacilla alba Linnaeus. White Wagtail. Cola parchada. Greenland, Iceland, Europe, and northern Asia, extending south in winter to Africa, India, Borneo, and the Philippines. .Motacilla alba ocularis Swinhoe. Cola parchada de Swinhoe. Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe, Ibis, 2, 1860, 55 (Amoy, China; type in Brit. Mus.). Breeds in northeastern Siberia, migrating south as far as Borneo and the Philippines; wanders rarely to western Alaska. M6xico: Accidental in Baja California (La Paz, January 9, 1882). Artthus spinoletta Linnaeus. Water Pipit. Alondra aqutica. Northern circumpolar areas, chiefly in Arctic Zone, and on northern shore lines and mountains. In New World from northwestern Alaska to Greenland and south in moun- tains to Oregon, Utah, northern Arizona, and northern New Mexico; in winter from Oregon, Utah, Arkansas, West Virginia, and Delaware Valley south to Baja California, Guatemala, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Recent recognition of three subspecies in New World requires redetermination of most early records of pipits from Mxico. Antbus spinoletta pacificus Todd. Alondra aqu,Stica del Pacffico. Anthus rubescens pacificus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 1935, 63 (Red Pass (6000 feet), British Columbia; type in Carnegie Mus.). Western North America, breeding from Aleutian Islands and Alaska (except Arctic coast) south in mountains to southern Washington and eastern Oregon. Winters from Oregon, central Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico south to Oaxaca and Veracruz. M6xico: Common winter visitant to northern states; sparsely south over Central Plateau to Oaxaca. Recorded from Baja California (common in winter throughout, Oc- tober 4-May 8), Sonora (common winter visitant to river valleys, October 17-May 6), Sinaloa (Culiacfin, winter, to April 21, K-d), Jalisco (Atoyac, Ocotlfn, March, K-d), Colima (Lajuela, February, K-d), Michoacn (Ario de Rosales, Lago de Cuitzeo, Feb- ruary, K-d), Oaxaca (Mitla, December, K-d), Chihuahua (Chihuahua, October 9, Chu- huichupa, September 14, F-d; Colonia Diaz, January 26, 28, G-d), Durango (Canutillo, December, K-d), Zacatecas (December, February, K-d), Aguascalientes (San Jacinto, October, K-d), Guanajuato (Irapuato, January, K-d), Quer6taro (San Juan del Rio, December, K-d), Mxico (Puerta Lengua de Vaca, October, Kd), Distrito Federal (April 24, K-d), Coahuila (Cuatro Ci6negas, February, Hip61ito, November, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (February 3), and Veracruz (Orizaba, F-d; 31 mi. SW Orizaba, March, K-d). 210 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Antbus spinoletta alticola Todd. Alondra aqufitica de las montafias. Antbus rubescerts alticola Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 1935, 64 (Estes Park, Colorado; type in Carnegie Mus.). Breeds in Rocky Mountains from Montana and Wyoming south to northern Arizona and north-central New Mexico. Winters south to southern California and Oaxaca; casu- ally to E1 Salvador. M.6xico: Winter visitant; little known. Recorded from Oaxaca (Mitla, January, K-d), Guanajuato (Irapuato, January, K-d), Distrito Federal (Perion, March, April, thirty specimens, K-d; November 1, R-d), San Luis Potosl (Santo Domingo, Novem- ber, K-d), and Tlaxcala (Apizaco, April 6, G-d). Artthus spinoletta rubescerts (Tunstall). Alondra aqufiUca rojiza. Alaucla Rubescerts Tunstall, Ornith. Brit., 1771, 2 (Pennsylvania: Philadelphia). Breeds from northern coast of Alaska east to western Greenland and south to Great Slave Lake, northern Manitoba, Gasp. Peninsula, and Newfoundland. Winters from southern Utah, Arkansas, West Virginia, and New Jersey south to Guatemala, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Mxico: Fairly common winter visitant chiefly on Caribbean slope. Recorded from Oaxaca (San Mateo, November 13; Mitla, December, K-d), Guanajuato (Irapuato, January, K-d), Queretaro (San Juan del Rio, December, K-d), Mxico (Puerta Lengua de Vaca, October, Lerma, January, K-d; Amecameca, G-d), Coahuila (Cuatro Cinegas, November, Hip61ito, February, K-d; Saltillo, April 18), Puebla (?), Nuevo Le6n (March 9), Tamaulipas (Matamoros, November 17-30, February 11, Altamira, De- cember 14), Veracruz (fairly common; Orizaba, F-d; 31 mi. SW Orizaba, March, K-d), and Yucatgn (Chichn Itzg, November 1, one record). Anthus cervinus (Pallas). Red-throated Pipit. Alo.ndra garganta roja. Motacilla cervina Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1, 1811 (1827), 11 (in Camschatka = Kamchatka). Tundras of northern Europe and northern Asia. Winters south to Tanganyika, India, and southern China. Mxico: Accidental in Baja California (San Jos del Cabo, January 26, 1883). Anthus spragueii (Audubon). Sprague Pipit. Alondra obscura de la majada. Alauda Spragueii Audubon, Birds. Am., 8vo ed., 7, 1844, 334, pl. 486 (near Ft. Union [, western North Dakota]; cotypes in U.S. Nat. Mus. and Acad. Nat. $ci. Phila.). Breeds in northern Great Plains of North America from northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south to western Montana, North Dakota, and northwestern Minnesota. Winters from Sonora, Texas, southern Louisiana, and south- ern Mississippi south to southern Mxico. Mxico: Sonora (plains near Sgsabe, October 21 on), Michoacgn (La Salada, March 10, G-d), Guerrero (Iguala), Puebla (December), Tamaulipas (Matamo.ros, November 27-30), and Veracruz (near Veracruz). November 1, 1956; Griscom, Miller 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 211 FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDAE ?AXWINGS Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing. Chinito. Cacuantototl (Nthuatl). Bombycilla tedforum Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am6r. Sept., I, 1807 (1808), 88, pl. 57 (Amerique depuis le Canada jusqu'au Mexique = eastern North America). Breeds from southern Alaska across central Canada to southern Quebec and New- foundland and south to northwestern California, northern Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri, Tennessee, and northern Georgia. Winters throughout the United States and south through M6xico and Central America to Panamt; also to Greater Antilles. M6xico: Winter visitant and transient, commonly south to Guerrero and Veracruz. Recorded from B aja California (irregular, October 15-June 18), Sonora (common tran- sient, chiefly in spring, November 30-May 23), Sinaloa (Carrizo, April 10-21, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco (Atoyac, February 21, 20 mi. W Ojuelos, March 8, K-d), Colima (18 mi. E Colima, January 21, K-d), Michoacfin, Guerrero (December 18-April 20, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (April 17; San Vicente, G-d), Chihuahua (May 18), Guanajuato, Quer6taro (San Juan del Rio, December 3, 12, K-d), M6xico, Distrito Federal (Careaga, March 9-17, Kd), Coahuila, San Luis Potosl (large flocks, March 23-May 2), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (flocks, March 14-April 15; Nuevo Laredo, December 21, Victoria, February 21, G-d), Veracruz (common in winter and on migration to May 8), Yucat&n (rare, two records, February), and Quintana Roo (rare; Tabi; Cozumel Island, May; Chinchorro Reef). November I, 1956; Griscom, Miller 212 PACIFIC COAST A¾IFAUNA No.33 FAMILY PTILOGONATIDAE SILKY FLYCATCHERS Ptilogonys cinereus Swainson. Gray Silky Flycatcher. Capulinero. Mountainous areas from northern Mxico south to Guatemala. Ptilogonys cinereus otofuscus Moore. Capulinero nortefio. Ptilogonys cinereus otoJuscu Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 1935, 112 (Arroyo Hondo, Chihuahua, Mexico (about thirty miles northeast of junction of Rio Chinipas and Rio Fuerte in southwestern Chihuahua); type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: West side of Sierra Madre Occidental in Sinaloa (Babizos, breeding and nesting, Batel, breeding, Carrizo, K-d), Nayarit (intergrades with P. c. cinereus, breed- ing, 10 mi. NW Santa Teresa, Tepic, Chapalilla, K-d), Chihuahua (Arroyo Hondo, San Feliz, K-d), Durango (Piedra Gorda, 25 mi. S Durango, Neviero, breeding, K-d), and Zacatecas. Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus Swainson. Capulinero mexicano. Ptilogonys cinereus Swainson, Cat. Exhib. called Modern Mexico, 1824, App., 4 (Mexico; re- stricted to Temascaltepec; type formerly in Bullock Coil.). Mxico: Mountains of central and eastern sections. Recorded from Jalisco (breed- ing, K-d), eastern Michoacfin (5 mi. E Zitficuaro, February 29, O-d), Oaxaca (Tama- zulapan, breeding, Cerro San Felipe, K-d; Ixtl/tn, O-d), Guanajuato (nesting, K-d), Queretaro (San Juan del Rio, December, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal (C-d), Mo- relos, San Luis Potosl (Alvarez), Hidalgo, Puebla, central Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosl, July 7, postbreeding, K-d), southwestern Tamaulipas (La Joya de Salas, May 26-28, nesting), and western Veracruz (east to Jalapa; May 24, nest). Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Griscom. Capulinero guerrerense. Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Griscom, Bull. IV[us. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, 398 ([near] Chilpan- cingo (8000 ft.), Guerrero, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Southwestern and south-central Michoactn (intergrades with P.c. cinereus, nesting, K-d) and Guerrero (Cuapongo, April 30, laying, O-d). Ptilogonys cinereus molybdophanes Ridgway. Capulinero chiapaneco. Ptiliogonys cinereus rnolybdophanes Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 464 (Guatemala; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Chiapas and western Guatemala. Mxico: Chiapas (San Crist6bal, 7700 feet, April 7, breeding, O-d; 20 mi. SE Teo- pisca, G-d; Tumbalfi, Kd; Ocosingo, Palma Real). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 213 Phainopepla nitens (Swainson). Phainopepla. Jilguero negro. Arid woodlands and deserts from central California and southern Nevada east to western Texas and south over Mexican Plateau to Puebla and Veracruz. Phainop4pla nitens lepida Van Tyne. Jilguero negro del noroeste. Phainopepla nitens lepida Van Tyne, Occas. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, 1925, 149 (River- side, California; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Central California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, south- western New Mexico, and extreme western Texas south through the deserts of north- western Mxico. Vagrant farther south. Mxico: Baja California (moderately common resident except in higher mountains), Sonora (common resident of Sonoran and Tropical zones throughout), Chihuahua (Bus- tillos), Guanajuato (vagrant, October 5, K-d), Coahuila (Diamante Pass, March 6, vagrant), and Veracruz (31 mi. SW Orizaba, March 10, vagrant, K-d). Phainopepla nitens nitens (Swainson). Jilguero negro copet6n. Ptilogonys nitens Swainson, Anim. Menag., 1837, 285 (Mexico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus., England). Brewster County, Texas, south over central, eastern and southern parts of Mexican Plateau to Puebla and Veracruz. Mxico: Jalisco (Lagos de Moreno, K-d), Colima (Sierra Madre, race and seasonal status uncertain), Oaxaca (Mitla, January, ten specimens, K-d), southern Chihuahua (Ciudad Camargo, June, nesting, K-d), Durango (Resolana, 6300 feet, June 23, nest and eggs, O-d), Guanajuato, Mxico, Distrito Federal, Coahuila (El Diamante, breed ing, K-d), San Luis Potosl, Hidalgo (Tula, G-d; Portezuelo, Jalotopec, K-d), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (Galeana), and Veracruz (plateau districts down to 7000 feet). November 1, 1956; Griscom, Miller 214 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 FAMILY LANIIDAE SHRIKES Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus. Loggerhead Shrike. Verdugo. Tentzompanmamana (Nahuatl). Mofia tehfia (Otorni). Southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Mani- toba, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec south to southern Baja California, Guer- rero, Oaxaca, the Gulf coast of the United States, and southern Florida. Winters chiefly south of latitude 45 ø N. Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway. Verdugo californiano. Lanius ludovicianus gainbell Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467 (California, especially coast district = Murphy's, Calaveras County, California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, eastern Washington, and south- western Montana south to central eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and southwestern Wyoming and through south-central Oregon to Great Valley of California and coast of California from Sonoma County to San Diego County. Winters from central Washing- ton south through California, the Great Basin, the Mohave and Colorado deserts, and the northwestern states of Mxico; casually south to Morelos. Mxico: Winter visitant, chiefly to Baja California, Sonora, and Sinaloa. Recorded from Baja California (intergrades at northwest border with L. 1. grinnelli; in winter south casually to San Jos& del Cabo), Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa (mouth of Sinaloa River, March 3, 5, El Molino, February 14, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Chihuahua (Cole- nia Jufirez), Guanajuato (Irapuato, December 4, January 9, 11, K-d), Quer&taro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, December 19, 11, K-d), Distrito Federal (Ajusco, December 16, Tlalpan, December 2, G-d), Morelos (Cuernavaca, January 10, G-d), and Coahuila (Hip61ito, November 6, K-d). Lanius ludovicianus nevadensis Miller. Verdugo nevadense. Lanius ludovicianus nevadensi$ A. H. Miller, Condor, 32, 1930, 156 (Lone Pine Creek, elevation 4500 feet, Inyo County, California; type in Mus. Vert. ZooL). Breeds in Great Basin and Mohave Desert regions of southeastern Oregon, eastern California, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, northern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. Partly migratory south to northern states of M.xico; casually south to Micho- acfin and San Luis Potosl. Mxico: Winter visitant in northwestern section. Recorded from Baja California (south to La Paz,) Sonora (Guirocoba, January 28, March 8, K-d), Sinaloa (Guamu- chil, March 21, Badiraguato, January 7, E1 Molino March 10, 12, San Lorenzo, Janu- ary 4, K-d), Michoacitn (Patambfin, La Salada), Aguascalientes (6 mi. SW Aguascali- entes, February 28, K-d), and San Luis Potosi (Santo Domingo, December 4, K-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 215 Lanius ludovicianus grinnelli Oberholser. Verdugo de Grinnell. Lanius ludovicianus grinnelli Oberholser, Wilson Bull., 31, 1919, 87 (San Fernando, Lower Cali- fornia; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident of northern Baja California, exclusive of Colorado Desert area, south to latitude 29 ø (juvenile provisionally referable to this race from Angel de la Guarda Island; breeds in late February and March). Lanius ludovicianus nelsonl Oberholser. Verdugo de Nelson. Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni Oberholser, Condor, 20, 1918, 209 (Todos Santos, southern Lower California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident of southern Baja California from Cedros Island and latitude 28 ø south to Cape (Magdalena Island; breeds in late February and March). Lanius ludovicianus sonoriensis Miller. Verdugo sonorense. Lanius ludovicianus sonoriensis A. It. Miller, Condor, 32, 1930, 155 (Whitetail Cation, elevation 5000 feet, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Resident from southeastern California (San Gorgonio Pass), extreme southern Ne- vada, central Arizona (Prescott), southwestern New Mexico (White Sands), and west- ern Texas (Frijole) south to southern Sinaloa and northern Durango. Mxico: Recorded from northeastern Baja California (Colorado River delta area), Sonora (resident throughout), Sinaloa (Elota, March 26, laying, 7 mi. N Escuinapa, January 15, K-d), Chihuahua, and Durango (12 mi. NE Durango, 6200 feet, May 23, small juveniles, Nombre de Dios, 6500 feet, K-d). Lanius ludovicianus mexicanus Brehm. Verdugo mexicano. Lanius mexicanus Brehm, Jour. r Ornith., 2, 1854, 145 (Mexico = Jantepeque, Morelos; type in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Resident of open terrain from near sea level to 9300 feet, from Coahuila south to Guerrero and Oaxaca. Recorded from Nayarit (Tepic, June 21, breeding, K-d), Jalisco (Autlgn, July 27, small juveniles; Ocotlgn, March 11, breeding condition, K-d), Colima (Colima, K-d), Michoacgn (Pgtzcuaro area, April 30-June 6, breeding condi- tion, Cd), Guerrero (Amojileca, Chilpancingo, February 12-June 8, breeding, March 21, laying, May 7-19, small juveniles, O-d), Oaxaca (Mitla, June 13, juvenile, K-d), Zacatecas (12 mi. W Sombrerete, August 8, 11, juveniles, K-d; intergrade area), Aguas- calientes (San Jacinto, K-d), Guanajuato, Queretaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mxico (Puerta Lengua de Vaca, 9300 feet, K-d), Distrito Federal, Morelos, northwestern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, intergrade), San Luis Potosl (Presa de Guadalupe, July 22, K-d), Hidalgo (Portezuelo, April 16, eggs, K-d), Tlaxcala (13 km. NE Tlaxcala, July 20, O-d), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (intergrades in north), and Veracruz. 216 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Swainson. Verdugo de rabadilla bianca. Lanius excubitorides Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 2, 1831 (1832), 115, pl. 34 (Carlton House, Saskatchewan; type probably lost). Breeds from central Alberta and central Saskatchewan south through Great Plains to northeastern Coahuila and central southern Texas (Brownsville). Winters from north- ern Texas and southern Louisiana south to Guerrero and Oaxaca. Mxico: Resident as intergrades in Rio Grande valley area of northeastern section. Common winter visitant through central and eastern states south to Isthmus of Tehuan- tepec. Recorded from Jalisco (Mascota), Michoacfin (Jorullo; San Agustin, February 14, 18, K-d), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, November 27, February 6, 9, O-d), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, October 6, A-d), Chihuahua, Durango, Aguascalientes (San Jacinto, October 22, K-d), Guanajuato (Tupfitaro, December 21, Irapuato, November 5, Janu- ary 28, February 14, K-d), Queretaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, December 12, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal, Coahuila (Sabinas, intergrades; Hip61ito, November 2-Feb- ruary 24, K-d), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (Metztitlgn, Kd), Nuevo Le6n (8 mi. N Monterrey, October 30, K-d), Tamaulipas, and Veracruz (20 mi. W Veracruz, March 7, K-d). Lanius ludovicianus migrans Palmer. Verdugo viajero. Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer, Auk, 15, 1898, 248 (Kingston, Ontario; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and southwest- ern New Brunswick south to northeastern Texas, central Louisiana, Tennessee, western North Carolina, and Maryland. Winters in southern half of breeding range and south to southern Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast, and northern Florida. M6xico: Sparse migrant and winter visitant to northeastern section. Recorded from southern Coahuila (Saltillo, April 20) and Tamaulipas (Tampico; Pesca, C-d). December 1, 1955; Miller 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 217 FAMILY CYCLARHIDAE PEPPER-SHRIKES Cyclarhis gujanensis (Gmelin). Pepper-shrike. PSjaro perico. Northeastern Mxico through Central America and South America to Peril, Brazil, and northern Argentina, chiefly in Tropical Zone. Cyclarhis gujanensis fiavivcntris Lafresnaye. Pfijaro perico oriental. Cyclaris (sic) fiaviventris Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, 1842, 133 (Santa-Cruce in Mexico _ Vera- cruz, probably; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Northeastern Mxico to Honduras, exclusive of Yucat{tn Peninsula. Mxico: Eastern Oaxaca, Chiapas (Monserrate; 6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, 7300 feet, O-d), San Luis Potosi ( 16 and 30 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, K-d), Hidalgo (Jacala, D-d), Puebla (Metlatoyuca), southern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias, FebruaryrJuly, breeding, C-d), and Veracruz. A record from the Valley of Mxico apparently is erroneous. Cydarhis gujancnsis yucatancrisis Ridgway. Pfijaro perico yucateco. Cychloris fiavlventris yucatanensis Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 9, 1886, 519 (Merida, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Confined to Yucatan Peninsula. M.xico: Campeche (Ichek; San Juan Capisko, Kd), Yucat/[n (April, breeding), and Quintana Roo (Palmul, Carillo Puerto, Tabi, Meco, Chetumal). Cydarhis gujanensis insularis Ridgway. Pijaro perico de Cozumel. Cyclorhls insularis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 22 (Cozumel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Confined to Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo; common. November 1, 1956; Griscom, Miller 218 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33  FAMILY VIREOLANIIDAE SHRIKE-VIREOS Vireolanius melitophrys Bonaparte. t Chestnut-sided Shrike-vireo. Pfijaro olivficeo. Vireolanius melitophrys "Du Bus" Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, I, 1850, 330 (Mexico; type in Brussels Mus.). Upper Tropical and Subtropical zones of mountains of southern Mxico and western Guatemala. Uncommon. Mxico: Jalisco (Sierra de Autlgn, 9000 feet), Michoac/tn (Cerro de Tancitaro), Guerrero (Chilpancingo; Omilteme, June 4, breeding, Cuapongo, O-d), Oaxaca (Moc- turn, September 12, K-d), Mxico (Temascaltepec, breeding, K-d), Morelos (Huitzilac; Coajomulco, June 22, breeding, K-d), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla, 4000-6700 feet), and Veracruz (5000-10,000 feet). Smaragdolanius pulchellus (Sclater and Salvin). Emerald Shrike-Vireo. PSjaro lorito. Humid Tropical Zone from southern Mxico to Colombia and western Venezuela. Smaragdolanius pulchellus pulchellus (Sclater and Salvin). Pijaro lorito mexicano. Vireolanius pulchellus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico to eastern Honduras. Uncommon. Mxico: Northern and eastern Oaxaca (Tutla; Soyaltepec, Moctum, Esquilapa, K-d), Chiapas (El Ocote, Ocosingo; Montafias de Simojovel and 50 km. ESE Comit/[n, K-d; Tuxtla Gutierrez, O-d; Laguna Ocotal), and Veracruz (Mirador, Buena Vista, Presidio). 1 Pending revisionary study, Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani Nelson, named from Mxico and Morelos, is regarded as a synonym based on immature characters (Criscore, Ibis, 1935, 553). November I, 1956; Griscom, Miller 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 219 FAMILY STURNIDAE STARLINGS $turnus vulgaris Linnaeus. Starling. Estornino. Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 167 (in Europa, Africa: Sweden). Southern Greenland, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to Azores, Corsica, Asia Minor, and northwest India. Winters from England, southern Scandinavia, and southeastern Europe south to northern Africa, Iran, central India, and northern East Pakistan. Introduced in eastern North America in 1890. By 1953 had spread to nest from eastern Washington, southern Alberta, southern Saskatch- ewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec south to eastern Oregon, northern Utah, Colorado, northeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, the Gulf states east of the Mississippi River, and northern Florida. Winters from southern Canada south to southern California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western Texas, northern Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast from southern Texas eastward, and southern Florida. Mxico: Winter visitant since 1939 to northeastern section. Recorded from northern Tamaulipas (lower Rio Grande valley; Nuevo Laredo). November 1, 1956; Griscom, Miller 220 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 FAMILY VIREONIDAE VIREOS Vireo atricapillus B/'oodhouse. Black-capped Vireo. Vireo de antifaz. Vireo atricapilla Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, 1852, 60 (Rio San Pedro, two hun- dred and eight miles from San Antonio; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds from central southern Kansas south through Oklahoma and central Texas (Edwards Plateau) to Brewster County, Texas, and central Coahuila. Winters chiefly in western Mxico. Mxico: Southern Sinaloa (regular winter resident, September 22-March 20, eight specimens, K-d), Nayarit (Tepic, San Blas, Chacala, August, March, K-d), Jalisco, (Zapotillo, February, K-d), Michoacan (10 mi. N Tiquicheo, January, K-d), Guerrero (Chilpancingo, March 2, K-d), Durango (west of Sierra Madre, Tamazula, Rancho Guasimal, October, November, K-d), Mxico (Volcan de Toluca, September 11, C,-d), Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 26, breeding; 18 mi. NE Ocampo, May 9; Sierra del Pino, July 3), and Tamaulipas (Santa Leonor, April 15). Vireo bairdi Ridgway. Cozumel Vireo. Vireo de Baird. Vireo bairdi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 22 (Cozumel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo; common. Vireo griseus Boddaert. White-eyed Vireo. Vireo gristceo. Breeds in lower Carolinian Zone of eastern United States from Nebraska to southern Vermont and south to Veracruz, Cuba, southern Florida, and Bermuda. Winters from Gulf states and South Carolina south to Guatemala, Honduras, and Yucatan. Vireo griseus noveboracensis (Gmelin). Vireo grisficeo visitante. Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1789, 947 (Noveboraco: New York). Breeds from eastern Nebraska, Iowa, central Illinois, central Indiana, Ohio, south- ern New York, and southern New England south to central Texas, central sections of Gulf states, and western South Carolina. Winters from central Texas, the Gulf coast, and South Carolina south to Guatemala, Honduras, Cuba, and southern Florida. Mxico: Winter visitant to Oaxaca (November 16-March 11; Santa Efigenia, De- cember 29, G-d), Chiapas (Palenque, May 20, K-d), Coahuila (Sabinas, May 25, G-d), San Luis Potosl (October, April, K-d), Hidalgo (October 7, K-d), Puebla (Metla- toyuca, February 14, G-d; 30 mi. E Huauchinango, October 28-November 29, K-d), Tamaulipas (October 23-March 23), Veracruz (Tres Zapotes, abundant winter resi- 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 221 dent; October-April 11), Tabasco (Frontera, Teapa, G-d), Campeche (Apazote, De- cember 23, January 2, G-d), Yucatan (Mrida, February 22, G-d), and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island, January 23, G-d). Vireo griseus griseus (Boddaert). Vireo grisficeo de invierno. Tanagra grisea Boddaert, Tabl. Planch. Enlum., 1783, 45 (Louisiana). Breeds along coastal plain o.f Gulf of Mxico from southeastern Texas to northern Florida and from southeastern Virginia to southeastern Georgia. Winters from southern Texas, southern Louisiana, and South Carolina south through eastern Mxico to north- ern Honduras and to western Cuba. Mxico: Recorded from San Luis Potosi (30 mi. E Ciudad del Malz, March 21, K-d), Tamaulipas (San Ignacio, January, C-d; Victoria, October 30, February 18, April 2, R-d, G-d), Veracruz (Tres Zapotes, March 10-20, G-d), Campeche (Septem- ber 26), Yucattn, and Quintana Roo (October 27-March 27). Vireo griseus micrus Nelson. Vireo grisficeo chico. Vireo noveboracensis micrus Nelson, Auk, 16, 1899, 30 (Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Resident from southern Texas south to Puebla. Mxico: Coahuila (Sabinas, March 9, O-d, May 14, F-d), San Luis Potosl (6 mi. S Rio Verde, April 30, laying, K-d; winters; common near Valles), Hidalgo (Jacala, April 9, G-d), Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, October 29, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (15 mi. SW Linares, July 16, specimens approaching V. g. perquisitor, nesting, K'-d), Tamau- lipas (Llera and Magiscatzin, breeding specimens approaching V. g. perquisitor, K-d), and extreme northern Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, May 23-June 5, intermediates, K-d; Antigua, March 15, vagrant, F-d). Vireo griseus perquisitor Nelson. Vireo grisficeo veracruzano. Vireo perquisitor Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 267 (Papantla, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Known only from northeastern Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, Novem- ber 11, one specimen, K-d) and north-central Veracruz (Papantla; 10 mi. E Papantla, August 31, September 2, 5, three specimens, 17 mi. N Poza Rica, November 24, De- cember 3, two specimens, K-d). Vireo pallens Salvin. X Mangrove Vireo. Vireo p,ilido. Chiefly mangrove swamps from southern Sonora south, disjunctly, to Costa Rica (Puntarenas) on Pacific coast. On the Caribbean coast from Yucat/tn Peninsula south, including most of coastal islands, to Nicaragua (Greytown). 1 Acquaintance with this species in life convinces the authors that it should not be merged with Vireo griseus. 222 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 : Vireo pallens paluster Moore. Vireo pfilido pantero. Vireo pallens paluster Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 51, 1938, 69 (Isla Las Tunas, on the gulf coast of northwestern Sinaloa, Mexico; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Extreme southwestern Sonora (Masochari Island, May 14, breeding con- dition), Sinaloa (Isla Las Tunas; Mazatl&n), and Nayarit (San Blas). Vireo pallens semiflavus Salvin. Vireo pfilido amarillo. Vireo semifiavus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, 188 (Peten, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Caribbean lowlands from Campeche to southern Nicaragua. Mxico: Campeche (Pueblo Nuevo, Jaina), Yucatan (mainland; eggs, April 7), and Quintana Roo (breeds from May through June; Mujeres Island). Vireo pallens salvini van Rossem. Vireo p,41ido de Salvin. Vireo pallens salvlnl van Rossera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 418 (Holbox Island, Yucatan [= Quintana Roo]; type in Brit. Mus.). M&xico: Islands of northern coast of Yucatkn Peninsula, from Progreso, Yucatkn, to Holbox Island, Quintana Roo. Vireo huttoni Cassin. Hutton Vireo. Vireo oliv,Sceo. Resident from southwestern British Columbia south on Pacific coast to mountains of Cape district of Baja California and from southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and western Texas south through mountains of Mexican Plateau; also in Chiapas and Guatemala. Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin. Vireo olivficeo de Hutton. Vireo Huttoni Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, 1851, 150, pl. 10, fig. i (Monterey, Cali- fornia; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Pacific coast district from mainland of southwestern British Columbia south to northwestern Baja California, west of Cascade-Sierran axis and southern deserts. Mdxico: Northwestern Baja California (Upper Sonoran Zone north of latitude 30 ø N). Vireo huttoni cognatus Ridgway. Vireo olivficeo de E1 Cabo. Vireo huttoni cognatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 107 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Confined to the mountains of southern Baja California (Cape district, above 3000 feet, in Upper Sonoran Zone). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 223 Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewster. Vireo olivficeo de Stephens. Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 7, 1882, 142 (Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mountains of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico