COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA NUMBER 33 Distributional Check-List of the Birds of Mexico PART II BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY December 20, 1957 r  MEXICAN CACIQUE (i I$SICULUS 31EL/INIC'I'EI{U,', 0he-half natural size Painting by Andrew Jackson Grayson NOTE The publications of the Cooper Ornithological Society consist of two series---The Condor, a bimonthly journal, and the Pacific Coast lvifauna, for the accommodation of papers the length of which pro- hibits their appearance in The Condor. For information as to either series, address C. V. Duff, Business Manager, 2911 Antelo View Drive, Los Angeles 24, California, or Thomas R. Howell, Assistant Business Manager, Department of Zoology, University of California, Los An- geles. The publications of the Society are edited at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Trogonidae, Trogons ................................................................................................... 11 Alcedinidae, Kingfishers .............................................................................................. 15 Momotidae, Motmots .................................................................................................... 18 Galbulidae, Jacamars .................................................................................................... 21 Bucconidae, Puff-Birds ................................................................................................. 22 Ramphastidae, Toucans ................................................................................................. 23 Picidae, Woodpeckers .................................................................................................... 25 Dendrocolaptidae, Woodhewers ................................................................................... 45 Furnariidae, Ovenbirds ................................................................................................ 52 Formicariidae, Antbirds ............................................................. i .................................. 55 Cotingidae, Cotingas ...................................................................................................... 59 Pipridae, Manakins ...................................................................................................... 65 Tyrannidae, Tyrant Flycatchers .................... , .............................................................. 66 Alaudidae, Larks ............................................................................................................ 103 Hirundinidae, Swallows ................................................................................................ 107 Corvidae, Crows and Jays ............................................................................................ 117 Paridae, Titmice ............................................................................................................ 133 Sittidae, Nuthatches ...................................................................................................... 140 Certhiidae, Creepers ...................................................................................................... 143 Chamaeidae, Wren-tits .................................................................................................. 145 Cinclidae, Dippers ......................................................................................................... 146 Troglodytidae, Wrens .................................................................................................. 147 Mimidae, Mockingbirds and Thrashers ........................................................................ 170 Turdidae, Thrushes ...................................................................................................... 180 Sylviidae, Old World Warblers, Gnatcatchers, and Kinglets ...................................... 201 Motacillidae, Wagtails and Pipits .................................................................................. 209 Bombycillidae, Waxwings ............................................................................................ 211 Ptilogonatidae, Silky Flycatchers ................................................................................ 212 4 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Laniidae, Shrikes ........................................................................................................... 214 Cyclarhidae, Pepper-shrikes ......... '. .............................................................................. 217 Vireolaniidae, Shrike-vireos ........................................................................................... 218 Sturnidae, Starlings ...................................................................................................... 219 Vireonidae, Vireos ......................................................................................................... 220 Coerebidae, Honeycreepers .......................................................................................... 235 Parulidae, Wood Warblers ............................................................................................ 237 Ploceidae, Weaver Finches ........................................................................................... 275 Icteridae, Blackbirds, Troupials, and Meadowlarks .................................................... 276 Thraupidae, Tanagers ................................................................................................... 297 Fringillidae, Finches, Grosbeaks, Buntings, and Sparrows ........................................ 312 Hypothetical List ........................................................................................................... 403 Index to Part II ............................................................................................................ 409 INTRODUCTION Part I of the Distributional Check-list of the Birds of Mxico was published in 1950 as Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 29 and encompassed, in the sequence of Wetmore's "Systematic Classification for Birds of the World," the families from the Tinamidae to and including the Trochilidae. The present part II covers all the remaining bird groups. In the introduction to part I the plan and organization of the undertaking were de- .scribed. Since, however, part II appears as a separate publication, these matters need to be reviewed for the benefit of users of this final section of the list. Moreover, certain additions should be recorded in procedure and participation which inevitably took place in the course of our work of the last eight years. The present check-list, we emphasize anew, is the first detailed list for Mxico, and as such has many inadequacies and leaves many questions unresolved. Its greatest value should be as a point of departure and a stimulus to release into print countless additional significant data hitherto lying dormant, or even buried, in various museums and note- books. The present group of author-compilers feels, in a very real sense, that the rapidity with which the Mexican Check-list becomes out of date will be a measure of its useful- ness in advancing knowledge. It should spur workers to concentrate on revealed gaps in our knowledge of Mexican birds and their distribution. The compilers of part II have attempted to canvass everything that has been pub- lished on the subject and also to utilize the combined collections available to the four of them. It was in no sense possible to review and re-identify every specimen in each collection and the compilers are fully aware of large series of Mexican birds that have not been completely identified or reported. The compilers believe that within a committee of as few as four members it is unwise to attempt to settle the validity of some forms of birds by a simple vote. A minority opinion may actually be based on better information or experience than a majority one. In general, subspecies have been included once proposed except those which the authors are unanimously against recognizing. Those excluded, as well as certain doubts about recognized forms, are mentioned in footnote statements. Nonetheless, the authors attempt to express critical judgment of many taxonomic issues through the plan and content of the list. English names are employed only for full species. Spanish or native names are pro- vided for both full species and subspecies, but those for the latter always include the name of the species as an entity. Since the appearance of part I, opinion has crystallized in North America for the elimination of vernacular names for subspecies. While part of our author group subscribes strongly to this view, it was acknowledged by all of us that it would be unwise to institute a new plan in this regard in part II that would thus make the whole undertaking discordant. Therefore we have continued to present the Spanish vernacular names for subspecies which, even if little employed, often will prove usefully descriptive of the birds for Spanish readers. The compilers acknowledge their indebtedness to various Mexican scientists for courtesies extended: to Dr. Rafael Martin del Campo of the Instituto de Biologia of Mxico City, who has helped greatly by supplying Spanish and Indian names of birds; to the authorities of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Mxico City for per- [5] 6 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 mitting Moore to examine their entire collection of mounted specimens; and to Dr. Isaac Ochotorena, Director of the Instituto de Biologla of Mxico City and to Dr. Rafael Martin del Campo for similarly allowing examination of all specimens in the collection under their guardianship. The cooperation of the officials of the Direcci6n General Forestal y de Caza in granting permits for the conduct of scientific work in Mxico over a long period of years also is deeply appreciated. The procedure in preparing part II of the list and the participation of the members of the author group may properly be recorded. Each member agreed to prepare the manuscript on a given group of families. These manuscripts prepared by any one author were then carefully gone over by the other three members of the group and revised manuscripts were then developed by the principal author or authors for the family con- cerned. These revised manuscripts were in almost all instances put in mimeographed form and submitted to active workers in the field of Mexican ornithology for criticism and corrections, with the understanding that they were not obliged to inform the authors of unpublished data in their possession if they intended to put them on record independ- ently. These reviewers did however supply freely many helpful and detailed records for inclusion in the list. To this group who thus served so importantly in relation to part II we express our sincere thanks: John W. Aldrich, Emmet R. Blake, Pierce Brodkorb, Thomas D. Burleigh, George H. Lowery, Jr., Robert J. Newman, Kenneth C. Parkes, Raymond J. Paynter, Jr., James L. Peters, Allan R. Phillips, Frank A. Pitelka, Charles G. Sibley, George M. Sutton, Robert W. Storer, Josselyn Van Tyne, Alexander Wetmore, and John T. Zimmer. Upon return of the mimeographed version the principal author for each family prepared a final manuscript. All such manuscripts were then edited and adapted to reasonably uniform plan and practice by the editor-in-chief. The conclusion of work on the various families was in effect marked by the date of producing the mimeographed or subfinal copy. Additions from the literature following that time could not be made systematically although occasional significant matters were added later as they came to the attention of the authors or in the course of the final editing. It should be evident that it is impractical to keep the manuscript for a check-list current throughout. Accordingly we record here the date for each family or group of families which marks the approximate end of systematic coverage of data, together with the author or authors primarily involved in bringing the section concerned to the subfinal' form. Trogonidae to Pipridae April 10, 1952 Griscom Tyrannidae September 1, 1956 Griscom, Miller, and Moore Alaudidae and Hirundinidae September 11, 1951 Miller Corvidae August 30, 1954 Moore Paridae to Cinclidae January 11, 1952 Miller Troglodytidae December 31, 1954 Miller Mimidae June 3, 1954 Millet Turdidae September 30, 1956 Miller and Griscom Sylviidae July 15, 1956 Friedmann Motacillidae to Ptilogonatidae November 1, 1956 Griscom and Miller Laniidae December 1, 1955 Miller Cyclarhidae to Coerebidae November 1, 1956 Griscom and Miller Parulidae August 26, 1948 Moore Ploceidae to Thraupidae March 2, 1954 Friedmann Fringillidae December 14, 1955 Miller Hypothetical List May 3, 1956 Friedmann A very major factor contributing to the preparation of the list has been the utiliza- tion of the wealth of material in the Moore Collection, which by 1956 contained ap- 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 7 proximately 55,000 bird specimens and a great amount of data on breeding seasons and migration. Robert Moore has contributed extensively by the assembling, classifying, and reporting of data to the other authors on the families with which they were primarily concerned. His work from 1931 to 1934 had resulted in the building of a large collection from Sinaloa and adjacent states and thereafter it was decided to expand his program to cover the whole of Mxico for the specific purpose of developing the first check-list of the birds of that country. From 1934 to 1942 he supported the field activities of his collectors by joining them occasional!y at strategic collecting stations. In 1942 Robert Moore, Herbert Friedmann, and Ludlow Griscom joined to form a group of compiling authors for part I of the Mexican check-list which as noted earlier was published in 1950 by the Cooper Ornithological Society. Friedmann as Chairman of the Research Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union had previously urged on behalf of the committee the preparation of a Mexican list. The participation by Friedmann and Griscom made available to the undertaking the extensive data on Mexi- can birds derived from two of the largest collections in the United States, namely,. the United States National Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. In 1949 Robert Moore, joined by Mrs. Moore, as individuals and trustees, gave to Occidental College the funds to erect a Laboratory of Zoology and an endowment known as the Moore Fund. The Laboratory was to serve as research headquarters for the check- list activities. The facilities and collections of the Laboratory and its supporting trusts and institutions have been an essential foundation for the check-list undertaking. Specifically to be acknowledged in this regard are the authorities of Occidental Col- lege, particularly its President, Dr. Arthur Coon% who approved and supported the whole project. They agreed that the primary objectives would be the preparation of part II of the check-!ist, the purchase of bird-skins to fill in geographical gaps in the representation of the avifauna of Mxico, and the provision of salaries. In 1950 Dr. Alden H. Miller was invited to join the group of compiling authors. His participation became more extensive than originally planned owin to illnesses among the other authors and later he was asked to assume the role for part [I of editor-in-chief of the group of compilers. Miller had the opportunity to work over all material in the Moore Collection for those families for which he had first responsibil:ty and also for those in which he had secondary concern. Certain other persons have devoted major segments of time to the undertaking. Acknowledgment is due especially to Chester C. Lamb, who collected the majority of the material from Mxico in the Moore Collection and who, prior to 1932, had obtained most of the large representation of Lower Californian birds in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; to the late W. W. Brown and Mario del Toro Avils who supplied many im- portant specimens; to Dr. John Davis, who from 1950 to 1953 was Assistant in Verte- brate Zoology at the Moore Laboratory of Zoology and participated in the arranging and classifying of the collection covered in part II: to Don R. Medina, who from 1954 to 1956 assisted at the Moore Laboratory in related fashion; and to Patrick Gould who aided similarly from late 1956 to 1957. At the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Miller has had extensive support in comple- tion of the check-list manuscript and in the editing of it from the Annie 3/I. Alexander endowment. The Associates in Tropical Biogeography of the University of California have supported additional field work to enrich the Museum's collections from Mxico, and the University of California has financed Research Assistants for the project. The assistants who have aided substantially have been Robert A. Norris, Rober K. Selander, Don R. Medina, Richard F. Johnston, and Robert I. Bowman. In addition, Miller's 8 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 present colleagues on the staff of the Museum, namely, John Davis, A. Starker Leopold, Frank A. Pitelka, and Ward C. Russell have assisted with the undertaking, either on fie'd expeditions, or through aid in the actual developing of data for the manuscript. For most species appearing in the Mexican Check-list, previously unpublished data are incorporated. These data are specifically entered where they have significance in outlining the limits of distribution, altitudinal range, seasonal status, or breeding period, or where they represent the only known records for the state at the time of preparing the manuscript. It has been thought advisable, both from the standpoint of supplying information to the reader and of making due acknowledgment by the compilers, to state, wherever possible, the sources of these items. The museums whose specimens or data have been so cited are therefore referred to in the text by the following symbols: A. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology B. Dickey Collection, University of California at Los Angeles C. George M. Sutton Collection D. Cornell University Collection E. Louisiana State University Museum F. Museum of Comparative Zoology G. United States National Museum H. American Museum of Natural History K. Robert T. Moore Collection L. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Mdxico City M. British Museum N. Chicago Natural History Museum O. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology P. Yale Peabody Museum Q. Allan R. Phillips Collection R. Carnegie Museum When, as in most instances, the small letter "d" is added to the symbol (for example, A-d), it indicates that the record is derived from skins, eggs, or nests; otherwise the information is not known to be thus based on specimens. Details from published sources are entered without these symbols. The plan involved in the entry of citations to original descriptions has been to verify details from these publications themselves wherever possible. Moreover type localities are given as they appeared in the original work with respect to orthography, punctua- tion and accenting whenever these matters could be checked; if necessary these earlier usages are equated or explained in terms of current practice or subsequent knowledge of geography. It has been desirable to employ for descriptive purposes names for certain geograph- ical areas whose boundaries do not correspond with those of states or territories. "Central Plateau" represents the upland area, consisting of portions or all of the states of Chi- huahua, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Queretaro, northeastern and eastern Jalisco, central and eastern Michoac/m, and western M6xico; it is roughly bounded by the Rio Grande, the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Sierra Madre Oriental, and the Rio Balsas. "Pacific Plains" designates the flat coastal area (for the most part near sea level in altitude and arid), consisting of the western portions of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Nayarit; it is bounded by the Gulf of California and the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Arizona-Mexican border on the north, the foothills west of the Sierra Madre Occidental on the east, and the mountains which extend east from Cape Corrientes on the south. "Atlantic Plains" represents the flat coastal area (for the most part near sea level in altitude and arid), consisting of the eastern portions of the states of Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, and Veracruz, the northern portions of Campeche and 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 9 Quintana Roo, and all of Yucatan; it is bounded by the Gulf of M6xico on the east, the Texas-Tamaulipan border on the north, the Sierra Madre Oriental on the west and the humid portions of the states of Veracruz, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and British Hon- duras on the south. In stating the range in M6xico of each form we have used the following order in listing the several states. The country has been divided into four more or less equal bands running from north to south, beginning with the western side and ending with the eastern portion of the country. Sometimes the order is changed slightly when the habitat of a form that is chiefly confined to one of these bands follows a faunal area to some extent into another section. The four sections and their included states are as follows: 1 2 3 4 Baja California Chihuahua Coahuila Nuevo Le6n Sonora Durango San Luis Potosl Tamaulipas Sinaloa Zacatecas Hidalgo Veracruz Nayarit Aguascalientes Tlaxcala Tabasco Jalisco Guanajuato Puebla Campeche Colima Queretaro Yucafftn Michoacfin Mxico Quintana Roo Guerrero Distrito Federal Oaxaca Morelos Chiapas Co-editor Group ALDEN H. MILLER, Editor-in-chief HERBERT FRIEDMANN LUDLOW GRISCOM ROBERT T. MOORE FAMILY TROGONIDAE TROGONS Pharomachrus mocino de la Llave. Resplendent Trogon. Quetzal. Quetzah6totl (Nfihuatl). Cloud forests of the Subtropical Zone from southern M6xico to Bolivia. Pharomachrus mocino mocino de la Llave. Quetzal guatemalteco. Pharomachrus Mocino de la Llave, Registro Trimestre, 1, 1832, 48 (Guatemala and Chiapas; type in Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. M6xico). Resident in cloud forests, from the mountains of extreme eastern Oaxaca south to. northern Nicaragua. M6xico: Extreme eastern Oaxaca ( 12 mi. E La Gloria) and Chiapas (near Tumbal&; Catarinas, 1300 meters; Santa Rosa, 28 mi. ESE Comit&n, April 18, breeding, O-d). Euptilotis neoxenus (Gould) Eared Trogon. Coa orej6n. Trogon neoxenus Gould, Monog. Trogonidae, pt. 3, 1838, plate [10] and text (Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). M6xico: Resident in montane pine forests (6000 to 10,000 feet) of western section. Rare and little known. Recorded from Sinaloa (Babizos, December 3, one male, K-d), Nayarit, Michoac&n, Chihuahua (Rio Gavilkn; Laguna Juanota, 10,000 feet, K-d; Sierra del Nido, O-d), Durango (Piedra Gorda and 6 mi. SW EL Salto, K-d), and Zacatecas. Trogon massena Gould. Massena Trogon. Tresgarantias grande. Southern M6xico to Ecuador in Tropical Zone. Trogon massena massena Gould. Tresgarantlas grande del Norte. Trogon massena Gould, Monog. Trogonidae, pt. 3, 1838, plate [4  16 of volume] and text (Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to eastern Nicaragua. M6xico: Tropical rain forests of Oaxaca (15 mi. N Matias Romero, June 2, breed- ing, O-d; winters, K-d), Chiapas (Atlantic slope only, winters, K-d), Veracruz, Ta- basco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (46 kin. W Chetumal). Trogon citreolus Gould. Citreoline Trogon. Cuauhtotola amarilla. Atlantic and Pacific coasts of M6xico and drier parts of Tropical Zone in Central America south to northern Costa Rica. [11] 12 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Trogon citreolus citreolus Gould. Cuauhtotola amarilla de Gould. Trogon citreolus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, 30 (no type locality = M6xico; type in Brit. Mus.). _a. rid Tropical Zone of Pacific slope of western M6xico. M6xico: Sinaloa (common from sea level to 3500 feet, breeding in July, winters, K-d), Jalisco (Autlgtn, 3000 feet), Nayarit (July 28, breeding, O-d), Colima, Michoacgtn (winters, K'-d), Guerrero, and Oaxaca (western part, possibly intergrading with next race). Trogon citreolus sumichrasti Brodkorb. Cuauhtotola amarilla de Sumichrast. Trogon citreolus sumichrasti Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, 1942, 183 (Arriaga, 56 meters, Chiapas; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Pacific slope of southern M6xico. M6xico: Oaxaca (Las Tejedas, 9 mi. W Tehuantepec, K-d) and Chiapas (western and central parts). Togon citreolus melanocephala Gould. Cuauhtotola amarilla cabecinegra. Trogon melanocephala Gould, Monog. Trogonidae, 1835, plate [6] and text (State of Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Drier parts of Tropical Zone of eastern Mdxico through Central America to northern Costa Rica. Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern), Chiapas (eastern), Tamaulipas (southern), Veracruz (12 mi. S Boca del Rio, May 20, laying, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quin- tana Roo. Trogon mexicanus Swainson. Mexican Trogon. Pabel16n mexicano. Tresgarantlas. Pitorreal. Coa. Cuauhtotola. Txinitzcan (Nfihuafi). Teutzinitzcan (Nfihuatl). Montane pine forests from northwestern Mxico to Honduras. Trogon mexicanus clarus Griscom. Pabel16n mexicano ptlido. Trogon mexicanus clarus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 1932, 57 (Pinos Altos, Chihuahua; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M6xico: Confined to the Sierra Madre Occidental (5500 to 10,000 feet) of north- western M6xico. Recorded from eastern Sinaloa (fairly common, Santa Gertrudis, May 22, nestling, K-d; Batel, October 14, O-d), Chihuahua (fairly common, especially from 8000 to 10,000 feet on Mount Mohinora, K.-d), and Durango (Piedra Gorda, Rancho Guasimal, Neviero, K-d; Cerro Huehuento). Trogon mexicanus mexicanus Swainson. Pabel16n mexicano de Swainson. Trogon mexicanus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 440 (Temiscaltepec, Mexico). Resident in the mountains of western and central M4xico and western Guatemala. M4xico: Recorded from Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacn, Guerrero, Oaxaca, 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 13 Chiapas (Ciudad Las Casas, April 5, laying, K-d; birds of the southern portion of the state approach lutescens in size), Zacatecas, Hidalgo, Puebla, Mgxico, Morelos, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. Trogon elegans Gould. Coppery-tailed Trogon. Coa elegante. In pine forests and arid tropics from Arizona to northwestern Costa Rica. Trogon elegans canescerts van Rosscm. Coa elegante blanquecina. Trogon elegans canescens van Rossera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 441 (San Javier, Sonora; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern Arizona (summer resident only) and northwestern Mxico. Mxico: Sonora, northern Sinaloa (common, sea level to 3500 feet), and western Chihuahua (Rio Gavilgn, July 21, August 18, small juveniles, O-d). Trogon elegans goldmani Nelson. Coa elegante de Islas Mafias. Trogon ambiguus gold*nanl Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 1898, 8 (Maria Madre Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mgxico: Tres Madas Islands (Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena). Trogon elegans ambiguus Gould. Coa elegante del noreste. Trogon ambiguus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, 1835, 30 (Northern Mdxico; type in Brit. Mus.). Extreme southern Texas (casual) and most of Mxico; absent from heavy tropical rain forest. Mxico: Sinaloa (southern portion, intergrades with canescens; sea level to 5200 feet at Rancho Batel in Transition Zone: Potrerillo, May 25, breedinc. K-d), Nayarit (sea level to 6000 feet, K-d), Jalisco (up to 7800 feet at Tapalpa), Michoacfin, Guer- rero, Oaxaca, Durango, Zacatecas, M&xico, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. Reaches sea level in Sinaloa, Nayarit, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. Found breeding or in breeding condition from late April to July. Trogon collaris Vieillot. Collared Trogon. Trobo de collar. Humid tropical and subtropical rain forests from eastern M&xico to Bolivia and Brazil. Trogon collaris puella Gould. Trobo de collar jalapefio. Trogon puella Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845, 18 (Escuintla, South America --- Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Common in Humid Tropical and Subtropical zones from southern Mxico to west- ern Panama. 14 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, San Luis Potosi, Puebla (Papantilla, May 17, nesting, K-d), Veracruz (Presidio, April 21, nesting, winters, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yuca- fftn, and Quintana Roo. Occurs up to 4450 feet. Trogon violaceus Gmelin. Gartered Trogon. Trog6n violftceo. Tropical rain forests from southern M6xico to Peril, the Guianas, and the Amazon. Trogon violaceus braccatus (Cabanis and Heine). Trog6n violJcea del notre. Aganus braccatus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., Th. 4, 1862-63 (186g), Heft 1, 184 (Mexico = Valle Real, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Southeastern M6xico to northeastern Nicaragua. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Tamaulipas, Veracruz (Presidio, May 6, nesting, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucafftn, and Quintana Roo (Carillo Puerto, June 10, laying). Erroneously recorded from "near City of M6xico." April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 15 FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE KINGFISHERS Ceryle torquata (Linnaeus). Ringed Kingfisher. Martin pescador matraca. Chalal,5. Chiefly Tropical Zone, from northern M6xico to Chile and Argentina; also Lesser Antilles. Ceryle torquata torquata (Linnaeus). Marfin pescador matraca de Linnaeus. Alcedo torquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 180 (Martinique and Mexico). Mxico to Peril, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Mxico: Sinaloa, Nayarit (Sauta, May 3, nesting, K-d), Michoacgn (four winter specimens, K-d), Guerrero (O-d), Oaxaca (wintering, K-d), Chiapas, Hidalgo, Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, K-d), Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Cam- peche, and Quintana Roo. Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus). Belted Kingfisher. Martin pescador pardo. Chalalactli (Nfihuatl). Breeds in North America from tree-line to southern United States. Winters from central United States to Trinidad and northern South America. Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell. Martin pescador pardo del Pacffico. Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, 1910, 388 (Graveyard Point, Montague Island, Alaska; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Breeds west of the Rocky Mountains from northern Alaska to southern California. Winters from Washington south to Durango. M6xico: Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit (October 12-17), Chihuahua, Durango and Tres Marias Islands; season, August to May 9. This race only recently known in M.6xico; numerous specimens of the species require re-examination. Ceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus). Martfn pescador pardo del este. Alcedo aleyon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 115 (South Carolina). Breeds in eastern Canada and eastern United States west to the Rocky Mountains. Winters from central United States through the West Indies to Trinidad and through M6xico and Central America to northern South America. M6xico: Recorded definitely from Sonora (Guirocoba, January 13, one specimen, K-d), Sinaloa (winters, four specimens, extreme dates October 18 to April 28, K-d), Jalisco, Michoac&n (one specimen, January 11, K-d), Oaxaca, Chihuahua (G-d), Du- rango, December 8, 31, K-d), Guerrero (O-d), Guanajuato (winters, October 3 to January 25, K-d), Mxico, Coahuila (one specimen, November 14, K-d), Puebla, Ta- maulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Ghloroceryle amazona (Latham). Big Green Kingfisher. Martin pescador verde. Tropical Zone from southern Mxico to west Ecuador and Argentina. Chloroceryle amazona mexicana Brodkorb. Martin pescador verde mexicano. Chloroceryle amazona mexicana Brodkorb, Auk, 57, 1940, 543 (Barra de Cahuactn, Chiapas; type in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Tropical Mxico through Central America to Darien. Mxico: Sinaloa (six winter specimens, December 23 to February 28, K-d), Nayarit (Chacala, March 22, nesting, K-d), Michoacgn (three winter specimens, K-d), Guer- rero (Zirgndaro, May 21, breedin condition, K-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas, Puebla, southern Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Yucafftn (requires confirmation), and Quintana Roo. Chloroceryle americana (Gmelin). Little Green Kingfisher. Martin pescador americano. Northern Sonora and southern Texas south to western Peril and Argentina. Chloroceryle americana hachisukai Laubmann. Martin pescador americano de Hachisuka. Chloroceryle americana hachisukai Laubmann, Verh. Ornith. Gesell. Bayern, 22, 1940 (1941 ), 165, New name for C. a. leucosticta van Rossem and I-Iachisuka, preoccupied (Rancho La Ari- zona, near Saric, Sonora; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Northern Sonora (casually Arizona) and southwestern Texas south to Nayarit and western Durango. Recorded from Sonora, Sinaloa (abundant resident, sea level to 3000 feet, rarely to 6400 feet, at Babizos, July 8, breeds from February 28 to June 12, K-d), Nayarit (Rancho Moloti, March 31, Santa, May 13, nesting, K-d), western Durango (two specimens, Tamazula, 2800 feet), Chihuahua, and northern Coahuila. Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis (Sharpe).l Martin pescador americano de rio. Ceryle septentrionalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 17, 1892, 134 (restricted to Teapa, Tabasco; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Texas through Mxico (sea level to 7000 feet) to Guatemala and E1 Sal- vador. Intergrades northwestward in Mxico with the preceding subspecies over a wide area. Mxico: Common in Tropical and Upper Sonoran zones. Recorded from Jalisco, Colima, Michoacgtn, Guerrero (February 15, breeding condition, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas, Durango (Rio Mesquital, 6200 feet, May 27, nesting, K-d), Aguascalientes, Guana- juato, Queretaro (K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal, Morelos, San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, March 4, nesting (K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. 1 Ckloroceryle americana vanrossemi Brodkorb, Auk, 57, 1940, 543 (Barra de Cahuactn, Chiapas) is regarded as a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 17 Chloroceryle aenea (Pallas). Least Kingfisher. Martfn pescador mfnimo. Humid tropics from southern Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. Chloroceryle aenea stictoptera (Ridgway). Martin pescador minimo nortefio. Ceryle supercillosa stictoptera Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, 1884, 95 (Sisal, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Mxico to E1 Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, Puebla (Papantilla, possibly breeding, K-d), Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. April 10, 1952; Griscom 18 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 FAMii¾ MOMOTIDAE MOTMOTS Hylomanes momotula Lichtenstein. Tody Motmot. Bobo chico. Tropical and upper tropical rain forests, from southern Mxico to northwestern Colombia. Hylomanes raoraotula raoraotula Lichtenstein.1 Bobo chico de Rio. Iarylomanes momotula Lichtenstein, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin for 1838 (1839), 449, pl. 4 (Valle Real, Mxico; type in Berlin Mus.). Southern Mxico through Caribbean slope of Central America to eastern Nicaragua. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Escuilapa, March, Soyaltepec, January 22, K-d), Chia- pas (Cacahuattn, K-d; Mount Ovando; Santa Roa, Comittn), Veracruz, Tabasco, and Quintana Roo (12 mi. W Bacalar). Aspatha gularis (Lafresnaye). Blue-throated Motmot. Bobo garganta azul. Prionites gularis Lafrasnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, 1840, 130 (Guatemala; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mountain forests (chiefly in subtemperate oak zone), from southern Mxico to E1 Salvador and Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas (Teopisca; Cuidad Las Casas; Volcm Tacanfi, 3000 meters, May 20, one juvenile, three adults, K-d: Siltepec). Electron carinaturn (DuBus). Keel-billed Motmot. Bobo pico aquillado. Prionites carinatus DuBus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., 14, pt. 2, 1847, 108 (Guatemala; type in Roy. Mus. Belg.). Tropical rain forests, from southern Mdxico to northwestern Costa Rica. Mxico: Veracruz and Tabasco. Eumomota superciliosa (Sandbach). Turquoise-browed Motmot. Guardabarranca. Xionpalqucchol (Nfihuatl). Chiefly Arid Tropical Zone from southern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica. 1 Includes Iarylomanes momotula chiapensis Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 369, 1938, 2 (Mount Ovando, Chiapas), which requires confirmation. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 19 Eumomota superciliosa bipartita Ridgway. Guardabarranca chiapaneco. Eumomota superciIiaris bipartitus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, 1912, 90 (Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Parts of southern Mxico and Pacific slope of Guatemala. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (juvenile, March 26, K-d), and possibly Veracruz (Uvero, Tolosa). Eumomota superciliosa superciliosa (Sandbach). Guardabarranca cejas de turqnesa. Pyronites superciIiosus Sandbach, Athenaeum, no. 517, 1837, 698 (Mexico = Campeche; type in coll. Mus. Roy. Inst., Liverpool). Mxico: Resident in extreme southeastern section. Recorded from Tabasco, Cam- peche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (Meco; possibly Cozumel Island). Momotus mexicanus Swainson. Rufous-crowned Motmot. PJjaro reloj. Arid Tropical Zone of western Mxico and the interior of Guatemala. Momotus mexicanus vanrossemi Moore. Pfijaro reloj de van Rossera. Momotus mexlcanus vanrossemi Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, 1932, 109 (Chinobampo, Sonora; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). M&xico: Resident of Alamos Faunal Area of southern Sonora (January 30, extreme northern Sinaloa south to Rio Sinaloa, K-d), and adjacent portions of Chihua- hua (one observed, K). Momotus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson. Pfijaro reloj mexicano. Moraotus Mexicanus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 442 (Temiscaltepec, Mexico). Mxico: Western and interior sections, from sea level to 5500 feet. Recorded from Sinaloa (from Rio Sinaloa south), Nayarit (Sauta, April 30 to May 8, breeding, K-d), Colima, Jalisco, Michoacfin, Guerrero (Mexcala, June 27, breeding, K-d; Chilpancingo, April 8-July 2, breeding, May 18, laying, O-d), Durango (5500 feet), Zacatecas, ico, Morelos, Puebla (6 mi. N Izucar de Matamoros, May 3, K-d), and extreme western Veracruz. Momotus mexicanus saturatus Nelson. Pfijaro reloj del Pacifico. Momotus mexicanus saturatus Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 49 (Ciudad Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Eastern half of Oaxaca (up to 6000 feet, K-d) and Chiapas. 20 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Momotus momota (Linnaeus). Blue-crowned Motmot. Turco real. Northeastern Mxico south to northwestern Peril, Trinidad, Bolivia, and Argentina. Numerous subspecies in the arid tropical, humid tropical, and subtropical zones. Momotus momota coeruliceps (Gould). Tnrco real de cabeza azul. Prioriires coeruliceps Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 4, 1836, 18 (Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). M6xico: Tropical Zone of northeastern section, from sea level to 4500 feet. Recorded from Nuevo Le6n, San Luis Potosl, Tamaulipas (Magiscatzin, June 15 to 21, breeding, K-d), Puebla, and northern Veracruz (south to Jalapa; Laguna Tamiahua, June 1, nest- ing, K-d). The record from the "City of Mexico" is erroneous. Momotus momota lessonii Lesson.1 Turco real de Lesson. Momotus Lessonii Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1842, 174 (Realejo, Nicaragua; type in Paris Mus.). Tropical and Subtropical zones from southern Mxico to western Panamg, up to at least 4OOO feet. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, southern Veracruz (from Presidio south; Presidio, April 30, breeding, K-d), Tabasco, southern Campeche, and southern Quintana Roo. Momotus momota exiguus Ridgway. Turco real yucateco. Momotus lessonii exiguus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, 1912, 89 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to northern part of Yucatgn Peninsula in Campeche, Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo (breeds, April, May). x We follow Wetmore in including M. lessoni goldman Nelson. April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 21 FAMILY GALBULIDAE JACAMARS Galbula ruficauda Cuvier. Rufous-tailed Jacamar. Gorri6n de montafia. Humid tropical rain forests from southern M6xico to western Ecuador, northeastern Argentina, and Trinktad. Galbula ruficauda melanogenia Sclater. Gorri6n de montafia de Sclater. Galbula melanogenia Sclater, in Jardine's Contrib. Ornith. for 1852, 1853, 61, pl. 90 (Veragua on p. 93; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to western Ecuador. Mxico: Eastern Oaxaca (Tutla, Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, Palomares, K-d), Chiapas, Veracruz (Rio Jaltepec, May 12, nest), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. April I0, 1952; Griscom 22 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 FAMn,Y BUCCONIDAE PuFF-BraDs Notharcus macrorhyn.chus (Gmelin). 5Yhite-necked Puff-Bird. Boc6n. Humid tropical America from southern M6xico to northern Argentina. Notharcus macrorhynchus hyperrhynchus (Sclater). Boc6n picogordo. Bucco kyperrkynckus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 23, 1855 (1856), 193, pl. 105 (Upper Amazon; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to west Ecuador, Venezuela, and upper Amazonia as far as eastern Bolivia. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, extreme west-central Veracruz (near Tezonapa, 25 mi. S Presidio, one specimen, K-d), southern Campeche, and southern Quintana Roo. Malacoptila panamensis Lafresnaye. Brown Puff-Bird. Malacoptila. Humid tropical forests from southern Mxico to western Ecuador and northern Colombia. Malacoptila panamensis inornata (DuBus). Malacoptila mexicana. Monasa inornata DuBus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., 14, pt. 2, 1847, 107 (Guatemala; type in Brussels Mus.). Southeastern M&xico to eastern Nicaragua. Mxico: Chiapas (Palenque, N-d) and Tabasco (two records). April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 23 FAMILY RAMPHASTIDAE TOUCANS Aulacorhynchus prasinus (Gould). Emerald Toucanet. Tucfin verde. Xochitenficatl (Nfihuatl). Subtropical Zone in the mountains of southern M6xico and Central America, and in the Andes of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peril. Aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri (Sturm). Tuc,'in verde de Wagler. Pteroglossus wagleri Sturm, Monog. Ramphastidae, 1841, pl. 16 (no locality ---- M6xico; location of type unknown). M6xico: Confined to the mountains of Guerrero (Omilteme, April 28, breeding, O-d) and western Oaxaca. Aulacorhynchus prasinus prasinus (Gould). Tucfin verde esmeralda. Pteroglossus praslnus Liehr. Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, 1834, 78 (Mexico: Valle Real, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Mountains of eastern M6xico, reaching sea level in southeastern M6xico, and British Honduras. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (western and northern; Monserrate), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, breeding, and 30 mi. E Huauchinango, K-d), Veracruz (El Faro in arid division of Lower Tropical Zone), and Quintana Roo (Camp Mengel, three specimens, F-d, referred by some authors to A. p. virescens Ridgway). Aulacorhynchus prasinus stenorhabdus Dickey and van Rossem.1 Tucfin verde de van Rossem. Aulacorhynchus prasinus stenorhabdus Dickey and van Rossera, Ibis, 1930, 52 (Cerro Los Na- ranjos, Volcan Santa Ana, Dept. Sonsonate, E1 Salvador; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Subtropical Zone of Pacific cordillera from southern M6xico to E1 Salvador. M6xico: Chiapas (Pacific cordillera). Pteroglossus torquatus (Gmelin). Collared Aragari Toucan. Pitorreal. Tropical Zone from southern M6xico to northern Colombia and coastal Venezuela. Pteroglossus torquatus torquatus (Gmclin).2 Pitotreal de collar. Ramphastos torquatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1788, 354 (Mexico; restricted to Veracruz by Brodkorb). Southern M6xico to the Canal Zone in Panama. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz (Presidio, May, nesting, K-d), and Tabasco. 1 Includes Aulacorhynchus prasinus chiapensis Brodkorb, Auk, 57, 1940, 546 (Mount Ovando, Chiapas, 1900 meters). 2 Includes Pteroglossus torquatus esperanzae Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 401, 1939, 6 (Finca Esperanza, Chiapas). 24 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Pteroglossus torquatus erythrozonus Ridgeray. Pitotreal yucateco. Peroglossus orquatus erythrozonus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, 1912, 88 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). YucatAn Peninsula to northern Guatemala and British Honduras. M6xico: Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson. Keel-billed Toucan. Pico de canoa. Tropical Zone from southern Mdxico to northern Colombia and adjacent Venezuela. Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfmcatus Lesson. Pico de canoa mexicano. Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson, Trait d'Ornith., livr. 3, 1830, 173 (Mxico; type in Paris Mus.), Southeastern Mxico to northern Guatemala and British Honduras. M&xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (A-d), Puebla, Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua, K-d), Ta- basco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 25 FAMILY PICIDAE WOODPECKERS Colaptes cater (Gmelin) Red-shafted Flicker. Carpintero alirrojo. Kreto (Tarascan). Breeds from southeastern Alaska, central British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to the tableland of southern Mxico. Migratory in northern half of range. Hybridizes extensively with Colaptes auratus along the western border of the Great Plains.  Colaptes cater collaris Vigors.2 Carpintero alirrojo de collar. Colapres collaris Vigors, Zool. Jour., 4, 1829, 354 (Western shores of North America = Monterey, California; type lost). Southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to northwestern Mxico and western Texas. Mxico: Resident in Sonora, Chihuahua (breeding, K-d), and northern Durango (breeds in Upper.Sonoran and Transition zones of northwestern portion). Winter visi- tant to northern Baja California. A broad belt of intergradation between collaris and mexicanus extends over Sinaloa (breeding in the Sierra Madre, K-d), Nayarit (10 mi. SW Santa Teresa, breeding, June 20, K-d), northern Jalisco, central and southern Du rango (Nombre de Dios, June 7, breeding, K-d), Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato (Dolores Hidalgo, April 27, nesting, K-d), and Hidalgo. Many older winter records for the species in Mxico cannot now be allocated subspecifically. Colaptes cater martirensis Grinnell. Carpintero alirrojo de San Pedro Mftrtir. Co!aotes ca]er martirensis Grinnell, Auk, 44, 1927, 67 (La Grulla, 7200 feet, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Western slopes (Transition and Upper Sonoran zones) of Sierra San Pedro Mtrtir and Sierra Jufi. rez, Baja California, ranging to western seacoast in winter. Colaptes cater rufipileus Ridgway. Carpintero alirrojo de Guadalupe. Colapres mexicanus rufipileus Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, 1876, 191 (Guadeloupe = Guadalupe Island, Baja California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Formerly resident on Guadalupe Island, Baja California; now extinct. Colaptes cater mexicanus Swainson. Carpintero alirroio mexicano. Colapres mexicanus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., 1, 1827, 440 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mxico; type in Liverpool Mus.). Mxico: Central and southern sections. Breeds chiefly in the pine-oak forest belt (variously 3500 to 8000 feet), sometimes higher, and occasionally descending to lower 1 Colapres cater collaris x auratus luteus. A hybrid population produced along the western border of the Great Plains, on migration to California, Arizona, Louisiana, and northern Mxico; one speci- men from Chihuahua.  Includes Colapres cafer chihuahuae Brodkorb, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 314, 1935, 2 (30 mi. W Mifiaca, Chihuahua). 26 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 levels in fall, winter, and spring. Recorded from southern Jalisco, Michoacfin, Guerrero (Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, May 29, nesting, K-d), Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus only; La Cumbr, April 4, breeding, O-d), Zacatecas (Valderama, July, breeding), Guanajuato (nesting, April 27-May 22, K-d), Mxico (Mount Popocatepetl, 13,000 feet, May 21, breeding, K-d), Distrito Federal, Morelos, Puebla, and Veracruz. Inter- grades over a broad area with collaris and nanus. Erroneously recorded from the Isth- mus of Tehuantepec. Colaptes caret nanus Griscom. Carpintero alirrojo enano. Colapres ca]er nanus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 75, 1934, 381 (Ipana, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Chisos Mountains in southwestern Texas and adjacent states of northeastern Mxico. Mxico: Resident in Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 7, nesting), Nuevo Le6n, San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipas. Breeds chiefly in the Transition Zone. Colaptes cafer mexicanoides Lafresnaye. Carpintero alirrojo guatemalteco. Colapres mexicanoTdes Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1844, 42 (Mexico; cotypes in Mus. Comp. Zool. ex Parzudaki, probably from Guatemala, fide Bangs). Confined .to montane pine-oak forests of Chiapas and Guatemala. Mxico: Chiapas (San Crist6bal, Juncana; 28 mi. ESE Comitfin, April 7, laying, O-d). Colaptes chrysoides (Malherbe). Gilded Flicker. Carpintero aliamarillo. Lower Sonoran deserts and Arid Tropical Zone from southeastern California and southwestern Arizona to northern Sinaloa. Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway. Carpintero aliamarillo de Mearns. Colapres chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 32 (Quitovaquito, Ari- zona; tyle in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern California and southwestern Arizona south to northeastern Baja Cali- fornia and northern Sonora. Mxico: Baja California (extreme northeast portion) and northwestern Sonora (east to Hermosil!o and south to Kino Bay and about latitude 28 ø 30; also Tibur6n Island). Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens Anthony. Carpintero aliamarillo de San Fernando. Colapres chrysoides brunnescens Anthony, Auk, 12, 1895, 347 (San Fernando, Baja California; type in Carnegie Mus.). M6xico: Lower Sonoran deserts of central Baja California between latitudes 30 ø and 28 ø . 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 27 Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides (Malherbe). Carpintero alialnarillo de Malherbe. Geopicus chrysodes Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (2), 4, 1852, 553 (Mnerica; Cape San Lucas, Baja California, by subsequent designation; type possibly in Paris Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Baja California south of latitude 28 ø. Colaptes chrysoides tenebrosus van Rossera. Carpintero alialnarillo dc van Rossem. Colapres chrysoides tenebrosus van Rossen, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1930, 171 (Obregon, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Arid Tropical Zone of central and southern Sonora (north coastwise to about latitude 28 ø 30', and inland to about 28 ø 50'; intergrades north of latitude 28 ø with mearnsi) and Sinaloa (south to Quelite, K-d; E1 Molino, May 15, sea level, nest- ing, K-d). Piculus auricularis (Salvin and Godman). Gray-capped Green Woodpecker. Carpintero orejiamarillo. Breeds in western and southwestern Mxico, northward in the Upper Sonoran Zone and lower parts of the Transition Zone, and southward chiefly in the Subtropical Zone. Rare and little known. Piculus auricularis sonoriensis van Rossem and Hachisuka.1 Carpintero orejianarillo sonorense. Piculus auricularis sonorlensis van Rosseln and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 1937, 195 (Rancho Santa Barbara, 5000 feet, 20 niles northeast of Guirocoba, southeastern Sonora; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Known only from the type locality in southeastern Sonora. Piculus auricularis auricularis (Salvin and Godtnan). Carpintero orejiamarillo guerrerense. Chloronerpes auricularis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, 381 (Xautipa, Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero; type in Brit. Mus.). Mdxico: Recorded from Sinaloa (Babizos, 6400 feet; Batel, April 2, breeding, K-d), Nayarit (10 mi. NNW Santa Teresa; Tepic, K-d), Jalisco, and Guerrero. Piculus rubiginosus (Swainson). Red-capped Green Woodpecker. Carpintero olivceo. Eastern and southern Mxico, from sea level up to 6500 feet, and south through the mountains of Central America and South America to northern Argentina; extends to Venezuela, British Guiana, Trinidad, and Tobago. Occupies Subtropical and Temperate zones in mountains; some races in Tropical Zone. Status uncertain; further naterial needed to substantiate this forln. 28 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Piculus rubiginosus aeruginosus (Malherbe).l Carpintero olivficeo del Golfo. Chrysopicus aeruginosus Malherbe, Monog. Picides, 2, 1862, 171, pl. 90 (Mexico; types possibly in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Characteristic of Tamaulipan Biotic Province where apparently resident in humid tropics, arid tropics, and mountains, from sea level to 6000 feet. Ranges south- ward and westward through mountains west of Atlantic drainage to Guerrero. and western Oaxaca. Recorded definitely from Guerrero (Atoyac, intermediate), Oaxaca (western mountains), San Luis Potosi (El $alto, August, breeding), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n (Mesa de Chipinque, breeding), Tamaulipas (La Joya de $alas, May 25, juvenile; Acufia; G6mez Farias, April 24, nest), and Veracruz (Potrero Viejo). Piculus rubiginosus yucatanensis (Cabot). Carpintero oliv,Sceo yucateco. Picus Yucatanensis Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1844, 164 (Yucatan = road between Chemax and Yalahao; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Chiefly lowland tropical rain forest in southeastern Mxico, extending south to Nicaragua. Mxico: Erroneously recorded from various montane localities in interior of Vera- cruz and Oaxaca;  actually all specimens from high altitudes in the interior of south central Mxico require critical reexamination. Recorded from Oaxaca (Atlantic low- lands), Chiapas (Atlantic lowlands; up to 1800 meters, Tumbalfi, K-d; Santa Rosa, 28 mi. ESE Comitfin, April 7, laying, O-d), Veracruz (eastern lowlands; up to 3000 feet, La Gloria, K-d; Presidio, Motzorongo, S,.'erra Tuxtla), Tabasco, Campeche, Yuca- t fin, and Quintana Roo. Intergrades with next race in central and southern Chiapas. Piculus rubiginosus maximus Griscom. Carpintero oliv,Sceo grande. Piculus rubiginosus maximus Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 379, 1929, 11 (Chanquejelve, 5000 ft., Huehuetenango, Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Pacific cordillera of Guatemala (5000 to 6500 feet), ranging north into Chiapas. Mxico: Pacific slope of extreme southeastern Oaxaca (15 mi. NE Tapanatepec, K-d) and Chiapas at moderate altitudes in the mountains (Gineta Mountains; moun- tains near Tonalfi, Triunfo at 2000 meters). Celeus castaneus (Waglet). Chestnut ¾oodpecker. Carpintero castafio. Picus castaneus Wagler, Isis yon Oken, 22, 1829, col. 515 (no locality; types collected by Deppe at Valle Real, Mxico; cotypes in Berlin Mus.). Tropical lowland rain forest from southeastern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica on the Pacific coast and to Chiriqul Lagoon, Panamfi, on the Caribbean coast. Uncom- mon to rare. 1 UstCally regarded as a distinct species. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Cent. Am., Aves, 1892, 2,406, show how Sclater in error reported this and next race from the same localities in interior of Veracruz and Oaxaca. Moreover, they record an intermediate from Atoyac, Guerrero. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 29 Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (eastern lowlands; Palenque), Veracruz (up to 3000 feet, La Gloria, K-d; Presidio, 1000 feet, May, breeding, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, Yuca- fftn (rare, one record only), and Quintana Roo. Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus). Tropical Pileated Woodpecker. Carpintero real. Common resident of woodlands and forest in the Tropical Zone, occasionally rang- ing as high as 5000 feet, from Sonora and Tamaulipas, Mxico, throughout tropical America to northwestern Peril, northern Argentina, and southeastern Brazil. Dryocopus lineatus obsoletus (van Rossera). Carpintero real de van Rosscm. Ceophloeus lineatus obsoletus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 1934, 12 (Alamos, Sonora; type h Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mdxico: Extreme southeastern Sonora, clinally approaching scapularis south through Sinaloa. Specimens from southern and central Sinaloa (San Lorenzo, K-d) are arbitrar- ily referred to this race. Dryocopus lineatus scapularis (Vigors). Carpintero real del Pacifico. Picus scapularis Vigors, Zool. Jour., 4, 1829, 354 (San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico; type possibly in coll. Zool. Soc. London). Mxico: Tropical Zone of western section. Recorded from Sinaloa (Rosario, 55 feet, Quelite, 75 feet, K-d; 15 mi. WSW Cosalgt, 3500 feet, nesting, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero, and Oaxaca (western half). Dryocopus lineatus petersi (van Rossera). Carpintero real de Peters. Ceophloeus lineatus petersi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 1934, 11 (Cuidad Victoria, Tamaulipas; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Northeastern and central eastern sections. Recorded from San Luis Potosi (extreme southeast), Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, May 10, juvenile; 10 mi. E Huauchi- nango, November, K-d), Nuevo Le6n (eastern lowlands), Tamaulipas (Giimez, C), and Veracruz (all interior localities and those at higher altitudes). Dryocopus lineatus similis (Lesson). Carpintero real del Golfo. Picus similis Lesson, Descrip. de Mature. et d'Ois, r6comm. decouvert., 1847, 204 (San Carlos, Central America  La Union, E1 Salvador). Forested lowlands of southern Mxico and Central America, south to northwestern Costa Rica. Mxico: ¸axaca (from Isthmus of Tehuantepec eastward), Chiapas, Veracruz (east~ ern lowlands), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucafftn, and Quintana Roo (Chetumal, Decem- ber 29, breeding condition). 30 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Asyndesmus lewis (G. R. Gray). Lewis Woodpecker. Carpintero de Lewis. Picus Lewis "Drap." G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds, 3, 1849, app., 22 (new name for Picus torquatus Wilson, preoccupied; no locality: Montana). Transition Zone of western North America, from southern British Columbia south to southern California and New Mexico, extending east to the western edge of the Great Plains. Migratory in northern section and given to occasional southward flights to north- western Mxico and western Texas. Mxico: Baja California (irregular winter visitor in northwestern section; fairly common in 1925, seen in 1927), Sonora (Nogales, January 17, 1928; Tibur6n Island, November 4, 1941, O; Rancho Carrizal, October, 1948), and Chihuahua (Moris, De- cember 26, 1884). Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson).  Acorn Woodpecker. Carpintero tigre. Resident in oak and pine woods from southwestern Oregon, southern Arizona, and west-central Texas south through the mountains of Mxico and Central America to western Panama. Melanerpes formicivorus martirensis (Grinnell and Swarth). Carpintero tigre de San Pedro Mfirtir. Balanosphyra formicivora martirensis Grinnell and Swarth, Condor, 28, 1926, 176 (La Jolla, 6200 feet altitude, Sierra San Pedro Martit, Lower California, Mexico; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Confined to northwestern Baja California, south to about latitude 31 ø Specimens from near the United States boundary approach M. f. bairdi of coastal Cali- fornia. Melanerpes formicivorus angustifrons Baird. Carpintero tigre de San Lucas. Melanerpes formicivorus vat. angustiJrons Baird, in Cooper's Ornith. Calif., 1, 1870, 405 (Cape St. Lucas [,Baja California]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the mountains of the Cape district of Baja California. Melanerpes formicivorus formicivorus (Swainson). Carpintero tigre de Mxico. œicus formicivorus Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 439 (Temiscaltipec [ = Temascaltepec], Mexico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus.). Central Arizona and west-central Texas south through the Mexican tableland to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Altitudinal limits of occurrence: E1 Blanquillo, Nuevo Le6n, 150 feet, and Laguna Juanota, Chihuahua, 9000 feet (K-d). Mxico: Sonora (mountainous eastern part), Sinaloa (Babizos, July 3, breeding), Nayarit, Jalisco (nesting, K-d), Michoacfin, Guerrero, Oaxaca (mountains of western 1The authors are not in agreement on the desirability of placing this species in the genus Melanerpes rather than in Balanosphyra. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 31 half, nesting, K-d; individuals from 46 mi. NW Oaxaca southeast to Totontepec and Moctum approach M. f. lineatus), Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajuato (5 mi. W Ibarra, May 24, nesting, K-d), M6xico, Distrito Federal, Morelos, Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 15, 18, laying), San Luis Potosl, Hidalgo, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 6, nesting), and Veracruz (Tlacotepec, 1500 feet). Melanerpes formicivorus lineatus (Dickey and van Rossera), Carpintero tigre rayado. Balanosphyra formicivora lineata Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 4O, 1927, 1 (Mount Cacaguatique, Department San Miguel, E1 Salvador; type in Dickey Coll., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mountains of southern Chiapas south to E1 Salvador and northern Nicaragua. M6xico: Oaxaca (Pacific slope of extreme southeastern section; 15 mi. NE Tapana, tepec, K-d) and Chiapas (numerous montane localities; a specimen from Pacific side at lower altitude at E1 Aguacate is close to M. J. albeolus. Melanerpes formicivorus albeolus Todd. Carpintero tigre del sureste. Mdanerpes formicivorus albeolus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, 1910, 153 (Near Mariatee, British Honduras; type in Carnegie Mus.). Pine-oak areas from southeastern Mxico east to British Honduras. Mxico: Northern Chiapas (Palenque, specimens approaching M. ]. lineatus, K-d) and southern Tabasco (Balanc/m). Genturus uropygialis Baird? Gila Woodpecker. Carpintero del Gila. Dityitaca (Mixteco). Lower Sonoran desert areas of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mdxico, and the Arid Tropical Zone of western Mxico south to Jalisco. Centurus uropygialis albescens van Rossera. Carpintero del Gila blanquecino. Centurus uropygialis albescens van Rossem, Condor, 44, 1942, 22 (Laguna Dam, lower Colorado River, Imperial County, California; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Imperial Valley, California, and Colorado River valley from southern Nevada to northeastern Baja California and northwestern Sonora. Mxico: Baja California (extreme northeast in the Colorado River valley) and So- nora (extreme northwest; resident in riparian growth along Colorado River). Centurus uropygialis cardonensis Grilmell. Cmpintero del Gila de Grinnell. Centurus uropygialis cardonensis Grinnell, Condor, 29, 1927, 168 (mouth of Cation San Juan de Dios, within ten miles east of E1 Rosario, near latitude 30 ø, Baja California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Mxico: Northern part of Baja California, west of the Colorado desert, from lati- 1 Possibly conspecific with Centurus aurifrons, as van Rossem claims to have seen hybrids in the British Museum from Jalisco and Aguascalientes. 32 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 tude 32 ø to 29 ø, and exclusive of northwest coastal district. Specimens in a belt from latitude 29 ø to 28 ø approach C. uropygialis brewsteri. Centurus uropygialis brewsteri Ridgway. Carpintera del Gila de Brewster. Centurus uropygialis brewsteri Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 32 (Santiago, Baja California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Southern half of Baja California, from latitude 28 ø to Cape San Lucas. Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird. Carpintero del Gila de Arizona. Centurus uropygialis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, 1854, 120 (Bill Williams Fork of Colorado River, New Mexico [= Arizona]; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Arizona (except Colorado River valley), southwestern New Mexico, and adjacent parts of Sonora. Mxico: Sonora (Lower Sonoran desert areas of northern and central sections). Specimens from the coast south of latitude 29 ø approach ]uscescens. Centurus uropygialis tiburonensis van Rosseln. Carpintero del Gila de Tiburfn. Centurus uropygialis tiburonensis van Rossem, Condor, ,14, 1942, 22 (Petrel Bay, on southeast side of Tibur6n Island, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Confined to Tibur6n Island, Sonora (common resident in the giant cactus). Centurus uropygialis œuscescens van Rossera. Carpintero del Gila de van Rossem. Centurus uropygialis ]uscescens van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 1934, 410 (Chinobampo, Sonora; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Mxico: Arid Tropical Zone from southern Sonora to central $inaloa. Recorded from Sonora (southern third, south of latitude 29 ø), Sinaloa (south to CuliacAn, from sea level to 3000 feet, K-d), Chihuahua (southwest), and extreme west-central Duran- go (Tamazula, K-d). Intergrades with next race in central $inaloa (Potrerillo, May 27, breeding condition, K-d). Centurus uropygialis sulfuriventer Reichenbach. Carpintero del Gila vientre amarillo. Centurus sul/uriventer Reichenbach, Handb. spec. Ornith., cont. xii, Scansoriae c Picinae, 1854, 410, pl. 664, figs. 4401, 440'2 (Mexico = central western M&xico apud van Rossera; types in Dresden Mus.). Mxico: Central Pacific coast, chiefly in .arid tropics. Altitudinal limits of occur- rence from 30 feet (5 mi. S MazatlAn, Sinaloa, Kd) to 4000 feet (Santa Teresa and Cocula, Jalisco, breeding condition, April 5, K-d). Recorded from Sinaloa (except north- ern part), Nayarit (Tepic, 3000 feet, June 25, nesting, K-d), Jalisco, Durango, Zaca- tecas, and Aguascalientes. GILA WOODPECKER CENTURUS UROPYGIAœI.S One-half natural size Painting by Andrew Jackson Grayson 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 33 Centurus hypopolius (Waglet)? Gray-bellied XXroodpecker. Carpintero petigris. Picus hypopolius Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, 1829, col. 514 (Mexico; types from Puebla, in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Pacific slope of southwestern section. Recorded from Guerrero (Sierra Madre del Sur; Amojileca, April 15, breeding, Iguala, March 21, breeding, O-d; 7 mi. S Mexcala, June 27, breeding, K-d), Oaxaca (up to 6000 feet, Tamazulapan, Teotitlfin, M'tla, 3 mi. N Oaxaca, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal (Careaga, about 7000 feet, K-d), Morelos (Jiutepec, March 16-May 28, breeding, K-d), Tlaxcala (Ponotla), and Puebla (numerous localities, common). Centurus aurifrons (Waglet). Golden-fronted Woodpecker. Cheque. Carpintero de frente dorada. Nteco (Otoni). Southwestern Oklahoma and northern Texas south through central, eastern, and southern M6xico to E1 Salvador, northern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and islands in the Gulf of Honduras. Possibly hybridizes with C. uropygialis in central Mxico, where their ranges overlap (see pp, 31, 32). Centurus aurifrons aurifrons (Wagler). Cheque de frente dorada. Picus Auri/rons Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, 1829, col. 512 (Mexico = Hidalgo; type in Berlin Mus.). Central, eastern and southern Texas south over much of northern and central Mx- jco, chiefly in the Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical zones, but ranging to 7800 feet in Durango. Mxico: Jalisco (interior and eastern parts; Lagos de Moreno; Ocotl/tn, juvenile, July 26, K-d), Michoac/tn (north-central section), southern Durango (Sierra Madre eastward), Zacatecas (16 mi. NW Fresnillo, July 18, nest), Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Queretaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mdxico, Distrito Federal, eastern Coa- huila (Monclova), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (Tula), Nuevo Le6n (Galeana, July 25, nesting, K-d), and Tamaulipas (Victoria; Llera, June 27, nesting, K-d). Centurus aurifrons polygrammus Cabanis. Cheque oaxaquefio. Centurus polygrammus Cabanis, Jour. fiir Ornith., 10, 1862, 326 (San Barrolo, Tehuantepec; type in Berlin Mus.). M6xico: Pacific slope of southwestern section in the Arid Tropical Zone from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec eastward into Chiapas. Recorded from Oaxaca and Chiapas (extreme west, Tonalg). Approaches frontalis in extreme southeastern Oaxaca (Tapana- tepec, K-d), and extreme western Chiapas (Monserrate; Sierra Gineta, K-d).  We cannot agree with Peters (Birds World, 6, 1948, 161) that C. uropygialis and C. hypopollus are conspecific. 34 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Centurus aurifrons frontalis (Nelson). Cheque chiapaneco. Melanerpes frontalis Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 257 (San Vicente, Chiapas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M,xico: Confined to Chiapas (most of Pacific coast strip, the cordillera up to 5000 feet, and Central Valley). Centurus aurifrons santacruzi Bonaparte. Cheque de Santa Cruz. Centurus Santa Cruzi Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 5, 1837 (1838), 116 (Guatemala, restricted by subsequent designation to Santa Cruz de Quiche; location of type unknown). Eastern Chiapas through western and central Guatemala to E1 Salvador and north- ern Nicaragua. Mxico: Chiapas (extreme southeast corner, at Huehuetn; Cacahuatn, 600 meters, Mazatn, 9 meters, K-d). Centurus aurifrons incanescens Todd.1 Cheque viejo. Centurus aurifrons incanescens Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 30, 1946, 298 (Twelve miles south of Marathon, Brewster Co., Texas; type in Carnegie Mus.). Southwestern Oklahoma, western Texas, and adjacent Mxico. M6xico: Chihuahua (eastern portion; Ciudad Camargo, June 17-23, nesting, K-d; 5 mi. N Chihuahua, June 13, nesting, O-d), northern Durango (Canutillo, Nazas River at Abasolo, K-d), and northern Coahuila (upper Rio Grande valley). Centurus aurifrons gratdoupensis (Lesson). Cheque oriental. Picus Grateloupensis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 41 (Mexico). Mxico: Confined to eastern slope, where it reaches the Humid Tropical Zone and occurs up to 3000 feet at La Gloria, Veracruz (K-d). The subspecies is a series of vari- able intermediates between aurifrons and veraecrucis. Recorded from San Luis Potosi (eastern), Puebla (eastern), Tamaulipas (extreme southeast), and Veracruz (northern and central; Boca del Rio, July, breeding, C; Presidio, 1000 feet, May, K-d). Centurus aurifrons veraecrucis (Nelson). Cheque veracruzano. Melanerpes dubius veraecrucis Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 259 (Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Parts of southeastern section in Humid Tropical Zone. Oaxaca (Soyaltepec and Tutla, thence east; eastern specimens approach santacruzi, K-d), Chiapas (north- ern; specimen from Tila approaches dubius), Veracruz (south-central and southeast- ern), Tabasco (specimens approaching dubius), and Campeche (extreme southwestern).  For a discussion of the complicated variations of this subspecies and C. a. aurifrons, see Wet- more, Wilson Bull., 60, 1948:185. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 35 Centurus aurifrons dubius (Cabot). Cheque del palmar. Picus dubius Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1844, 164 (Yucatan; type from Uxmal, in Mus. Comp. Zool.). YucatAn Peninsula of Mxico, the Petn district of Guatemala, and British Hon- duras. M&xico: Campeche (all except extreme southwest), YucatAn, and Quintana Roo. Centurus aurifrons leei Ridgway. Cheque de Lee. Centurus leei Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 22 (Cozumel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Known only from Cozumel Island off the coast of Quintana Roo (January 17, breed- ing condition). Centurus chrysogenys (Vigors). Golden-cheeked Woodpecker. Carpintero cariamarillo. Western and central M&xico, chiefly in the Arid Tropical Zone. Centurus chrysogenys chrysogenys (Vigors). Carpintero eariamarillo del noroeste. Picus chrysogenys Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 24 (either Mazatlan, Sinaloa, or San Blas, Nayarit; type not recorded). M&xico: Sinaloa (MatatAn, 150 feet, April, breeding; 15 mi. WSW Cosalt, 3500 feet, K-d) and Nayarit (Sauta, May 4, breeding, K-d; Chacala on southwestern coast). Specimens from central and southern Nayarit strongly approach C. c. flavinuchus. Centurus chrysogenys fiavinuchus Ridgway. Carpintero cariamarillo acapulquefio. Centurus chrysogenys fiavinuchus Ridgway, Proc. BioL Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 32 (Acapulco, Guerrero; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Jalisco (western; Puerto Vallarta, June 24, breeding), Colima, Michoacgm (coastal region), southern Guerrero (Pie de la Cuesta, July, breeding, C; Amojileca, April 41 laying, Chilpancingo, April 29, laying, O-d), and Oaxaca (western; Puerto Angel, O-d). Centurus chrysogenys morelensis (Moore). Carpintero cariamarillo morelense. Melanerpes chrysogenys morelensis Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 63, 1950, 109 (three miles south of Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, altitude 4700 feet; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Transverse Volcanic Biotic Province. Recorded from central and eastern Michoactn (Apatzingfin, Taletan, K-d), northern Guerrero (Zir/ndaro, AjuchitAn, Igu- 36 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 ala, intergrades with C. c. flavinuchus, K-d, O-d), Morelos (Cuernavaca, Tehuixtla, Lago de Tequisquitengo, K-d), and extreme southwestern Puebla. Centurus pygmaeus Ridgway. YucatSn Broodpecker. Carpintero enano. Confined to the Yucatin Peninsula, Cozumel Island, and Bonacca Island in the Gulf of Honduras. Centurus pygmaeus rubricomus (Peters). Carpintero enano de Peters. Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricomus Peters, Check-list Birds World, 6, 1948, 164 (new name to replace rubriventris Swainson, not available; Mrida, Yucatan; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus.). Mdxico: Northern Campeche (Ichek, May 23, breeding), Yucat/tn, and Quintana Roo (south to Chetumal). Common. Centurus pygmaeus pygmaeus Ridgway. Carpintero enano cozumelense. Centurus rubriventris pygmaeus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1885, 576 (Cozumel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to Cozumel Island, off the coast of Quintana Roo. Centurus pucherani (Malherbe). Pucheran Woodpecker. Carpintero de Pucheran. Lower Tropical Zone, chiefly in humid rain forest, from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador and north-central Colombia. Centurus pucherani perileucus (Todd). Carpintero de Pucheran nortefio. Melanerpes pucherani perileucus Todd, Prcc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, 1910, 154 (Near Manatee, Brit. Honduras; type in Carnegie Mus.). Southern Mxico southeast on Caribbean slope of Central America to northern Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz (Tacolapan, May 5, nesting; Tezonapa, August 29, breeding, K-d), and Tabasco. Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus). Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Chupasavia. Carpintero saucero. Breeds from southeastern Alaska and central Mackenzie southeast to Newfoundland and south in the mountains to southern California, central Arizona, extreme western Texas, and northern Georgia, and in the Mississippi Valley to central Missouri. Eastern and interior races highly migratory, wintering south to the Greater Antilles and western Panam/t. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 37 $phyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell. Chupasavia de Daggett. Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell, Condor, 3, 1901, 12 (Pasadena, California; type in Mus. Vert. Zool.). Breeds in mountain and coastal forests from southern Oregon to southern California and extreme western Nevada. In winter descends to lower elevations, irregularly to coast of southern California and northern Baja California. Mxico: Baja California (rare winter visitant, October 14 to March 1, south to about latitude 30 ø). $phyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. Chupasavia de nuca roja. Sphyrapicus varius var. nuchalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rept. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, 1858, xxviii, 103 (Mimbres River, New Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Breeds in the Rocky Mountain area from central British Columbia and Alberta to central eastern California, central Arizona, and extreme western Texas. Winters in southwestern United States and south through northern and western Mxico. Mxico: Winter visitant. Recorded from Baja California (throughout, but uncom- mon), Sonora (fairly common throughout, including the tropical lowlands, September 19 to March 23), Sinaloa (chiefly in Sierra Madre, uncommon; Babizos, 20 mi. NE Rosario, Batel, K-d), Jalisco, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, and Nuevo Le6n (one recent record). $phyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus). Chupasavia saucero. Picus varius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 176 (South Carolina ex Catesby). Breeds in the Canadian Zone from Mackenzie to Newfoundland and south to cen- tral Missouri and Virginia. Winters from the central states south to the Greater Antilles and Mxico, and in Central America to western Panamfi. Mxico: Common migrant and winter resident over all but the northwest portion, from sea level to 10,500 feet. Recorded from southern Sinaloa (20 mi. NE Rosario, 12 mi. N Concha, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Michoacn, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Durango (6 mi. W Birimoa, Nazas River near Abasolo, K-d), Guanajuato, Queretaro (5 mi. NW San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mxico, Distrito Federal (K-d), Morelos, Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo. Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin). Williamson Sapsucker. Carpintero garganta roja. Largely resident in western mountains from southern British Columbia to southern California, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico. Partly migratory, reaching northwestern Mxico in winter. $phyrapicus thyroideus nataliae (Malherbe). Carpintcro garganta roja de Natalia. Picus Natcdiae Malherbe, Journ. fiir Ornith., 2, 1854, 171 (Mexico; type in Darmstadt Mus.). Rocky Mountains from southeastern British Columbia to Nevada, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico. Winter visitant to northwestern Mxico. 38 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Mxico: Baja California (sparse winter visitant to northern third), Sonora (one record), Sinaloa (four specimens, Babizos, Rancho Batel, K-d), Jalisco (two records), Chihuahua (four specimens, G-d), Durango (5 mi. SW E1 Salto, Las Flores, K-d), Mdxico (Zoquiapan), and possibly Zacatecas (the probable source of the type, fide van Rossem). Veniliornis fumigatus (d'Orbigny). Smoky-brown Woodpecker. Carpintero sudamericano. Forest, variously from sea level to the Temperate Zone, from southern Tamaulipas and Nayarit to the Andes of Bolivia and northern Venezuela. Veniliornis fumigatus oleagineus (Reichenbach). Carpintero Sudamericano aceitosc. Chloronerpes oleagineus Reichenbach (ex Lichtenstein), Handb. spec. Omith., cont. xii, Scan- soriae c Picinae, 1854, 356, pl. 665, figs. 4467, 4468 (Papantla, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). M6xico: Parts of central and southern sections. Recorded from Nayarit (one speci- men, 5 mi. NW Tepic, 3000 feet, K-d), Jalisco (one specimen, Mineral de San Sebas- tifin), Mdxico, San Luis Potosi (Rio Axtla, C-d), Puebla, Tamaulipas (La Joya de Salas, breeding), and Veracruz (northern and interior portions). Distribution poorly understood. Veniliornis fumigatus sanguinolentus (Sclater). Carpintero sudamericano sanguinolento. Chloronerpes sanguinolentus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 27, 1859, 60, pl. 151 (Omoa, Honduras; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern M6xico to Panamfi in rain forest. M6xico: Oaxaca (Santo Domingo; Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque; Mapastepec, K-d), Veracruz (east and southeast), Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo. Dendrocopos villosus (Linnaeus). Hairy Woodpecker. Carpintero velloso. Near tree-line from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south over most of the United States to southern Florida and the Bahamas; south in the mountains of M6xico and Central America to western Panamfi. Dendrocopos villosus hyloscopus (Cabanis and Heine).l Carpintero velloso de Cabanis. Dryobates hyloscopus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 4, no. 2, June, 1863, 69 (San Jose in Californien; type in Berlin Mus.). Western and southern California south to mountains of northern Baja California. Mxico: Sierra Jufirez and Sierra San Pedro Mrtir, Baja California. 1 Dryobates villosus scrippsae Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, 1927, 9, is considered a synonym. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 39 Dendrocopos villosus icastus (Oberholser). Carpintero velloso chihuahuense. Dryobates villosus icastus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 40, 1911, 597 (in key), 612 (El Salto, Durango, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south to Jalisco. Mxico: Northwestern section. Recorded from Sonora (mountains of eastern part at 6300 feet), Jalisco (mountains of northeast section, Bolafios), Chihuahua (up to 10,000 feet, east side Mount Mohinora; Laguna Juanota, K-d), Durango (Nievero, April, breeding, K-d), Zacatecas, and southern Coahuila. Dendrocopos villosus intermedius (Nelson). Carpintero velloso de San Luis. Dryobates villosus intermedius Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 259 (Villar, San Luis Potosi; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Mountains of northeastern section. Recorded from Guanajuato (40 mi. NE San Luis de La Paz, 7 mi. NW Xichfi, K-d), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas. Specimens from Hidalgo are intermediate between intermedius and ]ardinii (K-d). Dendrocopos villosus jardinii (Malherbe). Carpintero velloso pinero. Picus Jardinii Ma]herbe, Rev. Zool., 1845, 374 (Mexico = central Veracruz; type possibly in Darmstadt Mus.). Mdxico: Mountain ranges of central and southern sections. Recorded from Jalisco (except extreme northeast; 1 mi. N Tapalpa, nesting, K-d, specimens intermediate be- tween ]ardinii and icastus), Colima, Michoacgn, Guerrero (Sierra Madre del Sur), Oaxaca (25 mi. NE Oaxaca, 6200 feet, O-d), Mxico, Morelos, Puebla, and Veracruz (3500 to 12,000 feet). Includes a complex of variables. Birds from Veracruz, Guerrero, and Oaxaca are smallest, and usually the darkest. Specimens from Morelos and Mxico are much larger. Paler specimens from Jalisco presumably approach icastus, and birds from Colima are intermediate. Dendrocopos villosus sanctorum (Nelson). Carpintero velloso de Todos Santos. Dryobates sanctorum Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 50 (Todos Santos, Guatemala; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mountains of Chiapas and Guatemala. Mdxico: Chiapas (Monserrate eastward; breeding, March 27, April 11, O-d). Dendrocopos nuttallii (Gambel). Nuttall Woodpecker. Carpintero de Nuttall. Picus Nuttalii (sic) Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1843, 259 (Near the Pueblo de Los Angeles = Los Angeles County, California; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Upper Sonoran Zone of California west of the Sierra Nevada and the deserts, extend- ing into northwestern Baja California. 40 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 Mxico: Baja California (common resident in willow-cottonwood and live oak asso- ciations of northwest portion, south to latitude 30* 45'). Dendrocopos scalaris (Waglet). Ladder-backed Woodpecker. Chej& Carpintero Chilillo. Sonoran and Arid Tropical desert and scrub country from southeastern California, southwestern Utah, southeastern Colorado, and western Oklahoma through Mxico to British Honduras and the Pacific coast of Honduras. Dendrocopos scalaris eremicus (Oberholser). Chej6 de San Fernando. Dryobates scalaris eremlcus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 141 (in key), 151 (San Fernando, Baja California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Resident in northern Baja California (except Colorado River valley) be- tween latitude 32 ø and latitude 29*. Dendrocopos scalaris lucasanus (Baird). Chej de San Lucas. Picus lucasanus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 302 (Cape San Lucas, Baja California; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Resident in central and southern Baja California, from latitude 29 ø south- ward, and on the islands in the Gulf of California, including Carmen, Santa Cruz, San Josh, Espiritu Santo, Santa Margarita; also San Esteban Island (Sonora). Dendrocopos scalaris cactophilus (Oberholser). Che.j6 de los cactos. Dryobates scalarls cactophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 152 (Tucson, Arizona; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Deserts of southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and cen- tral New Mexico south to the Colorado River Delta and parts of northwestern Mbxico. M.xico: Baja California (extreme northeast), Sonora (northern half), Chihuahua (17 mi. E La Junta, 7500 feet, nesting, K-d), Durango, and northwestern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, April 22, nest). Intergrades with D. s. sinaloensis in Sonora in a wide belt south of latitude 30 ø . Dendrocopos scalaris sinaloensis (Ridgway). Che.jd sinaloense. Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 285 (vicinity of Mazatlan, Sinaloa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Southern Sonora, Sinaloa (nests from sea level at E1 Molino and Reforma up to 1000 feet at Potrerillo, K-d), and extreme western Durango (6 mi. W Birimoa, Tamazula, K-d). Most specimens from Sonora approach cactophilus. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 41 Dendrocopos scalaris graysoni (Baird). Chej& de Islas Mar/as. Picus (Dyctiopicus) scalaris var. graysoni Baird, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, Land Birds, 2, 1874, 501 (in key), 517 (Tres Marias Islands; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mdxico: Confined to the Tres Marias Islands off Nayarit. Dendrocopos scalaris centrophilus (Oberholser). Chej6 jalisciense. Dryobates scalaris centrophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 157 (Ameca, Jalisco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from Nayarit (from sea level at San Bias, March 25, breeding, to 5500 feet, 10 mi. NW Santa Teresa, K-d), Jalisco (Atoyac, March 6, breeding, July), Colima ( 18 mi. E Colima, K-d), Michoacln (western; breeding, K-d), Durango (south- ern), Zacatecas, and Aguascalientes (San Jacinto, 7000 feet, 6 mi. SW Aguascalientes, 6275 feet, K-d). Dendrocopos sealaris azelus (Oberholser). Chej michoacano. Dryobates scalaris azelus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 141 (in key), 147 (La Salada, Michoacan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Portions of western central section. Recorded from Michoacgn (central and eastern), Guerrero, Oaxaca (west-central; east to Mitla, K-d), Mxico (Temascal- tepee, K-d), Morelos (Jiutepec, breeding, K-d; Las Estacas), and southwestern Puebla (Acatln, F-d). Dendrocopos scalaris percus (Oberholser). Che] de Co.mit,Sn. Dryobates scalaris percus 0berholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 144 (Comitan, Chiapas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Southeastern Oaxaca (5 mi. W Zapanatepec, K-d) and Chiapas (Monser- rate east to Comittin). Dendro½opos scalaris symplectus (Oberholser). Che] texano. Dryobates scalaris symplectus 0berholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 155 (Mouth of the Nueces River, Texas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern Colorado and western Oklahoma south through central and southern Texas to northeastern Mxico. M.xico: Coahuila (northeastern), Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas (Miquihuana, March 17, breeding, K-d). Dendrocopos scalaris giraudi (Stone). Che] de Giraud. Dryobates scalaris gitaudi Stone, Auk, 37, 1920, 146 (new name for Picus bairdi Malherbe pre- occupied; type locality Hidalgo by subsequent designation). Mxico: Recorded from Guanajuato, Queretaro (San Juan del Rio, K-d), Mxico, eastern), Coahuila (southern), San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala (Ponotla), and Puebla (northern and central). 42 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Dendrocopos scalaris scalaris (Wagler). Chejfi de Wagler. Picus scalaris Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, 1829, col. 511 (Mexico, restricted to central Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from San Luis Potosi (southern), Tamaulipas (southern), and Veracruz (northern and central; Laguna Tamiahua, breeding, 20 mi. W Veracruz, K-d). Dendrocopos scalaris ridgwayi (Oberholser). Chej de Ridgway. Dryobates scalaris ridgwayi Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, 140 (in key), 143 (Jaltipan, Veracruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from Veracruz (southeastern coastal region), Tabasco, and southwestern Campeche (Palizada, specimen approaching D. s. parvus). Dendrocopos scalaris parvus (Cabot). Chejd de Sisal. Picus parvus Cabot, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 5, 1845, 92 (Ticul, Yucatan; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Campeche (south to Pacaytfin), Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo (northern and central, including Holbox and Cozumel islands). Breeds from March to May. Dendrocopos arizonae (Hargitt). Arizona ¾Voodpecker. Carpintero de Arizona. Transition and Upper Sonoran zones (chiefly oak belt) in the mountains of south- eastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and western Mxico. Dendrocopos arizonae arizonae (Hargitt). Carpintero de Arizona nortefio. Picus arizonae Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, ll5 (In montibus Santa Rita... Arizona; type in Brit. Mus.). Mountains of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south into north- western Mxico. Mxico: Sonora Sierra Madre). (mountains of northeast) and Chihuahua (northern and central Dendrocopos arizonae Irtterculus (Ridgway). Carpintero de Arizona de Ridgway. Dryobates arizonae fraterculus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 286 (Sierra Madre of Co- lima; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Parts of northwestern section. Recorded from Sonora (southeast), Sinaloa (Batel, April, breeding, K-d), Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacgn, Chihuahua (Bar- ranca de Cobre, May, breeding), Durango, and Zacatecas. Birds from northeastern Sinaloa, adjacent Chihuahua, and northwestern Durango are intermediate toward D. a. arizonae. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 43 Dendrocopos stricklandi (Malherbe). Strickland Woodpecker. Carpintcro de Strickland. High mountains of south-central Mxico from 8000 to 13,000 feet. Apparently rare and local. Dendrocopos stricklandi aztecus Moore. Carpintero de Strickland azteca. Dendrocopos stricklandi aztecus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 59, 1946, 104 (Puerta Lengua de Vaca, 9350 ft., on the Michoacan-Mexico border; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mxic0: Central section, in Mich0ac/tn, Mxico (Rio Fri0, 11,000 feet, breeding; intergrades with D. s. stricklandi in the mountains east of the Valley of Mxico), Dis- trito Federal, and Morelos (Cuernavaca, July, breeding, C-d; Huitzilac, December 23, January 1, G-d). Dendrocopos stricklandi stricklandi (Malherbe). Carpintero de Strickland de este. Picus (Leuconotopicus) Stricklandi Malherbe, Rev. Zool., 1845, 373 (Mexico; restricted to Orizaba massif by Moore; location of type, if any, unknown). Mxico: East-central section, in Puebla and Veracruz. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis (Hartlaub). Guatemalan Ivory-billed XVoodpeckcr. Picotero. Tropical Zone forests and woodlands from the coasts of northern Mxico through Central America to western Panam/t. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis dorsofasciatus Moore. Picotero de Moore. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis dorso]asciatus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 1935, 113 (Guiro- coba, Sonora; type in Moore Coil., Occidental College). Mxico: Sonora (extreme southeast) and northern and central Sinaloa (nesting at San Ignacio and 15 mi. WSW Cosal/t, K-d); intergrades with P. g. nelsoni in southern Sinaloa and Nayarit. Phloeoceastes guatemalensis nelsoni (Ridgway). Picotero de Nelson. Scapaneus guatemalensis nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, 1911, 34 (El Rincon, Guer- rero; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Western section, in the states of Jalisco, Colima, Michoac/tn (5 mi. NE Apatzing/tn, January 18, young juvenile, K-d), Guerrero, and western Oaxaca. 44 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Phloeoceastes guatemalensis regius (Reichenbach). Picotero veracruzano. Campephilus regius Reichenbach, Handb. spec. Ornith., cont. xii, Scansoriae c Picinae, 1854, 393, pl. 669, figs. 4431, 4432 (Papantla, Veracruz; type in Berlin Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from northeastern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, K-d), San Luis Potosl, Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, K-d), southern Tamaulipas (Victoria), and Veracruz (including southeastern section). Erroneously recorded from "near City of Mexico." Phloeoceastes guatemalensis guatemalensis (Hartlaub). Picotero guatemalteco. Picus guatemalensis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1844, 214 (Guatemala; type possibly in Bremen Mus.). Extreme southeastern Mxico to western PananA. Mxico: Recorded from Oaxaca (Isthmus of Tehuantepec eastward; 9 mi. W Tehu- antepec, February 6, laying, K-d), Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatfin, and Quin- tana Roo (breeds December 8 to June 2). Campephilus imperialis (Gould). Imperial Ivory-billed Woodpecker. Cuauhtotomomi (Nhuatl). Picus imperialis Gould, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, 1832, 140 (California: Jalisco, Mgxico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Mountain pine forests of no.rthwestern section, from 5000 to 10,000 feet. Now greatly reduced in numbers and in danger of extinction. Sonora (northeast in the Sierra Madre; no record since 1902), Nayarit (10 mi. NW Santa Teresa, 5500 feet, June, 1941, K-d), Jalisco, Michoacgn, Chihuahua (east side Mount Mohinora, 10,000 feet, May, 1937, K-d; Laguna Juanota, 9000 feet, July, 1937, K-d), Durango (Neviero, March, 1938, K-d), and Zacatecas. April 10, 1952; Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 45 FAMILY DENDROCOLAPTIDAE WOODHEWERS 1 Dendrocincla anabatina Sclater. Tawny-winged Woodhewer. Trepatroncos sepia. Tropical rain forest from southern Mxico to western PanamPi. Dendro½inda anabatina anabalina Sclater. Trepatroncos sepia cornfin. Dendrocincla anabatina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 54, 1859, pl. 150 (Omoa, Honduras; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to western Panarab. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca, Chiapas (Palenque, K-d; Ocosingo, N-d), Veracruz (Rio Jaltepec, May 18, breeding, K-d), Tabasco, southern Campeche, and southern Quintana Roo. Dendro½inda anabatina typhla Oberholser. Trepatroncos sepia yucateco. Dendrocincla anabatina typhla Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 56, 1904, 449 (in key), 452 (Puerto Morelos, Yucatan [ = Quintana Roo); type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Yucathn Peninsula. Recorded from northern Campeche, Yucathn, and central and northern Quintana Roo (Vigia Chico, April 8, breeding). Dendrocincla homochroa (Sclater). Ruddy $Vo.odhewer. Trepatroncos castafiorojizo. Southern Mxico to western Venezuela in the Tropical Zone, chiefly in arid or "gal- lery" forest. Dendrocincla homochroa homochroa (Sclater). Trepatroncos castafiorojizo del norte. Dendrornanes hornochrous Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 382 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to Guatemala and Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca (very rare, two records, Teoltacingo, Chimalaba), Chiapas (Socol- tenango, K-d), Campeche, Yucatgn (common), and Quintana Roo, including Cozumel and Mujeres islands. $ittasomus griseicapillus (Vieillot). Olivaceous Woodcreeper. Trepatroncos cabeza gris. Humid tropical rain forest from central Mxico to northwestern Peril, Bolivia, Ar- gentina, and Tobago. The descriptive term "woodcreeper" is used by some authors throughout for this family. 46 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Sittasomus griseicapillus jaliscensis Nelson.1 Trepatroncos cabeza gris jalisciense. Sittasomus sylvioides jallscensis Nelson, Auk, 17, 1900, 264 (San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Jalisco, San Luis Potosi (30 mi. E Ciudad del Malz, Naranjos, K-d), and southwestern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias). Sittasomus griseicapillus sylvioides Lafresnaye. Trepatroncos cabeza gris del sureste. Sittasomus sylvioides Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2), 2, 1850, 590 (Mexico; restricted to State of Veracruz; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern Mbxico to Costa Rica (both coasts). Mxico: Northern Oaxaca, Chiapas (6 mi. NNW San Fernando, April 26, breeding, O-d), Puebla, and Veracruz. Sittasomus griseicapillus gracileus Bangs and Peters. Trepatroncos cabeza gris yucateco. Sittasomus grlseicapillus gracileus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 1928, 392 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). YucatAn Peninsula of Mxico and British Honduras. Mxico: Tabasco, Campeche, YucatAn, and Quintana Roo; breeds from late March to May. Glyphorhynchus spirurus (Vieillot). Wedge-billed X¾oodhewer. Trepatroncos pico de curia. Humid tropical rain forest from southern Mxico to western Ecuador, the Guianas, Bolivia, and eastern Brazil. Glyphorhynchus spirurus pectoralis Sclater and Salvin. Trepatroncos pico de curia guatemalteco. Glyphorhynchus pectoralis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 299 (Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico through Central America to western Ecuador. Mexico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, Tutla, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque, K-d), and Veracruz (several records, north to Motzorongo). Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus (Lesson). Strong-billed Woodhewer. Trcpatroncos gigante. Subtropical and Temperate zones, from southern M&xico through the mountains of Central America to the Andes, extending from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia. 1Sittasomas griseicapillus harrisoni Sutton, Wilson Bull., 67, 1955, 210 (five miles northwest of G6mez Fadas, Tamaulipas) may prove to be a synonym when «aliscensis becomes better known topo- typically. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 47 Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus omiltemensis Nelson. Trepatroncos gigante guerrerensc. Xiphocolaptes emigrans omiltemensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, 1903, 153 (Omilteme, Guerrero; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Montane cloud forest in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, from 5000 to 11,500 feet (Chilpancingo, Omilteme, Cuapongo, O-d; Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, K-d). Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus emigrans Sclater and Salvin. Trepatroncos gigante del sureste. Xiphocolaptes emigrans Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 118 (San Geronimo, Vera Paz, Guate- mala; type in Brit. Mus.). Central Mxico through Central America to north-central Nicaragua. Mxico: Chiapas (San Crist6bal, Santa Rosa, Comitfin; Ocosingo, N-d; breeding, April, O-d; intergrades with sclaeri in northwestern portion of state [Tumbalfi, K-d] ). Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus sclateri Ridgway. Trepatroncos gigante de Sclater. Xiphocolaptes sclateri Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 12, 1889 (1890), 3 (in key), 6 (Orizaba, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Recorded from ¸axaca, San Luis Potosi (Cerro Conejo, fairly common, 6200 to 7300 feet), and Veracruz. Dendrocolaptes certhia (Boddaert). Barred Xoodhewer. Trepatroncos listado. Chiefly Humid Tropical Zone from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador, east- ern Bolivia, Amazonia, and the Guianas. Dendrocolaptes certhia sancti-thomae (Lafrcsnaye).l Trepatroncos listado de Santo Tomils. Dendrocops Sancti-Thomae Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2), 4, 1852, 466 (In insula Sancti- Thomae, error: Santo Tomas, near Omoa, Honduras, designated by Salvin and Godman; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Caribbean slope of southeastern M&xico through Central America to Nicaragua. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, K-d), Chiapas (Monserrate, Palenque), Veracruz (Potrero, Rio Atoyac, C-d; Presidio and Sierra de Tuxtla, K-d), southern Campeche, and Quintana Roo (north to Carrillo Puerto). 1 Includes the recently described Dendrocolaptes certhia legtersi Paynter (Postilia, Yale Peabody Museum, no. 18, 1954, 1; Carillo Puerto, Quintana Roo) which has not been examined by us. 48 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Dendrocolaptes picumnus Lichtenstein. Black-banded Woodhewer. Trepatroncos puntado. Subtropical or Humid Tropical Zone from southwestern M6xico to mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama; Andes of Colombia to eastern Peril and Venezuela; also the Guianas to the north bank of the Amazon in Brazil. Dendrocolaptes pieuranus puncticollis Sclater and Salvin. Trepatroncos puntado guatemalteco. Dendrocolaptes puncticollis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 54, pl. 5 (Tactic and San Geronimo, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico, northern Guatemala, and northern Honduras. Very rare. Mxico: Chiapas (6 mi. SE San Crist6bal, 7300 feet, April 18, 1954, breeding, 28 mi. ESE Comitn, 4900 feet, April 8, 1950, two specimens, breeding, O-d). Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Swainson. Ivory-billed Woodhewer. Arafiero. Arid Tropical Zone from northern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster tardus Bangs and Peters. Arafiero sonorense. Xiphorhynchus fiavigaster tardus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 1928, 393 (Haci- enda San Rafael, Chihuahua [= Sonora], Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Southeastern Sonora (December, January through June, K-d) south through the northern third of Sinaloa (many localities, breeds, K-d). Specimens from extreme west-central Durango (6 mi. W Birimoa, Tamazula, K-d) are intermediate between X. J. tardus and X. ]. mentalis. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis (Lawrence). Arafiero occidental. Dendrornis mentalis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, 1867, 481 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Arid tropics in central and southern Sinaloa, Nayarit (Sauta, May 15, breeding, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Michoacn, Guerrero (extreme west; breeding 12 mi. S Zirndaro, intergrades with fiavigaster, K-d), and Durango. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster flavigaster Swainson.1 hrafiero guerrerense. Xiphorhynchu fiavigaster Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), 1, 1827, 440 (Mexico; type in Cam- bridge Univ. Mus.). 1 Dendrornis fiavigaster megarhynchus Nelson (Auk, 17, 1900, 265; Puerto Angel, Oaxaca) is a synonym. i \ IVORY-BILLED WOODI-IEWER XIPHORHYNCHUS FLAVI(;,qS FER Two-thJrd natural size Painting by Andrew Jackson Grayson 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 49 Mxico: Guerrero (most of State; breeding, May 7-July 26, O-d) and Oaxaca (west- ern half). Xiphorhynchus flavigaster eburneirostris (Des Murs). Arafiero pico de marill. Dryocopus eburneirostris Des Murs, Icon. Ornith., livr. 9, 1847, pl. 52 (Mexico ---- Realejo, Nica- ragua; type in Paris Mus.). Southern and southeastern Mxico to northwestern Costa Rica. Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern half), Chiapas, Mxico, Puebla, central and southern Veracruz (common in lowlands to 1700 feet; Presidio, April, breeding, K-d), and Ta- basco. Recorded erroneously from Papayo, Guerrero. Xiphorhynchus fiavigaster saltuarius Wetmore. Arafiero de Wetmore. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster saltuarius Wetmore, Auk, 59, 1942, 266 (Altamira, Tamaulipas, Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: San Luis Potosi (eastern; 30 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, K-d), northeastern Puebla (30 mi. E Huauchinango, 5 mi. N Papantilla, K-d), Tamaulipas (southern; Rancho Acufia, 30 mi. NW Gonzales, nesting, K-d; additional specimens, F-d), and northern Veracruz (Orizaba, Papantla, intermediate). Requires comparison with yuca- tanensis Ridgway. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster yucatanensis Ridgway. Arafiero yucateco. Xiphorhynchus fiavigaster yucatanensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, 1909, 73 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined to the Yucatan Peninsula. Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo; breeding condition March 27-June 5. Xiphorhynchus striatigularis (Richmond). Stripe-throated Woodhewer. Trepatroncos garganta rayada. Dendrornis striatigularis Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 22, 1900, 317 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Known only from the unique type. Mxico: Tamaulipas (Alta Mira). Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Sclater). Spotted Woodhewer. Trepatroncos manchado. Subtropical or humid tropical rain forests in mountains of southern Mxico and Central America and in the Andes, from Colombia south to western Ecuador. 50 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Xiphorhynchus erythropygius erythropygius (Sclater). Trepatroncos manchado inexicano. Dendrornis erythropygia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 366 (Veracruz and Oaxaca; type from Jalapa, Veracruz, Mdxico, in Brit. Mus.). Southern M&xico to central Honduras. Mdxico: Guerrero (Omilteme, April, breeding, O-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (Triunfo, breeding, K-d), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla, 4200 to 6800 feet), and Veracruz. Specimens from Chiapas have been referred to X. e. parvus of Guatemala but are better allocated here. Lepidocolaptes leucogaster (Swainson). White-striped Broodhewer. Trepatroncos vientre blanco. Confined to western and central Mxico, with a remarkable zonal distribution from the arid tropics to the Alpine Zone on Mount Orizaba. Absent from heavy rain forest. Lepidocolaptes leucogaster umbrosus Moore. Trepatroncos vientre blanco nortefio. Lepidocolaptes leucogaster umbrosus Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 47, 1934, 87 (between Guiro- coba and San Jose, Sonora, Mexico; type in Moore Coll., Occidental College). Mdxico: Northwestern section, at altitudes from 1500 to 6500 feet. Recorded from Sonora (extreme southeast), Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco (northern), Chihuahua (southern only), and Durango (west of Sierra Madre Occidental; intergrades with leucogaster, K-d). Lepidocolaptes leucogaster leucogaster (Swainson). Trepatroncos vientre blanco de Swainson. Xiphorhynchus leucogaster Swainson, Philos. Mag. (n.s.), i, 1827, 440 (Temescaltepec, Mexico; type in Cambridge Univ. Mus.). Mxico: Most of western southwestern and central parts of country. Recorded from Jalisco (Tapalpa, April 13, breeding, K-d), Colima, MichoacAn (5 mi. N Ario de Rosales, February 16, breeding, K-d), Guerrero, Oaxaca, Durango, Zacatecas, Guana- juato, Mxico (Temascaltepec, breeding, K-d), Morelos, San Luis Potosi, Puebla, and Veracruz. Lepidocolaptes souleyetii (Des Murs). Streaked-headed Woodhewer .Trepatroncos de Souleyet. Chiefly in Arid Tropical Zone from southern M&xico to northwestern Peril and east in northern South America to Trinidad and British Guiana. Lepidocolaptes souleyetii guerrerensis van Rossera. Trepatroncos de Souleyet guerrerense. Lepidocolaptes souleyetii guerrerensis van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, 1939, 16 (Rincon, Guerrero; type in Brit. Mus.). Mxico: Known from only three specimens from the Sierra Madre del Sur in Guer- rero (one specimen 25 mi. S Chilpancingo, 3000 feet, O-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 51 Lepidocolaptes souleyetii insignis (Nelson). Trepatroncos de Souleyet nortefio. Picolaptes compressus insignis Nelson, Auk, 14, 1897, 54 (Otatitlan, Veracruz; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Mxico to Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (except southwest), Veracruz (north to Motzorongo), Tabasco, and southwestern Campeche. Lepidocolaptes souleyetti coxnpressus (Cabanis). Trepatroncos de souleyet centralamericano. Thripobrotus compressus Cabanis, Jour. fr Ornith., 9, 1861, 243 (Costa Rica; type in Berlin Mus.). Pacific coast of Central America from southwestern Mxico to western Panam/t. Mdxico: Chiapas (Finca Esperanza). Lepidocolaptes affinis (Lafresnaye). Spotted-crowned Woodhewer. Trepatroncos montds. Mountains of southern and eastern Mdxico south to western Panamgt, and the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia. Lepidocolaptes affinis affinis (Lafresnaye). Trepatroncos montfis mexicano. Dendrocolaptes afhnis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, 1839, 100 (Mexico; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern Mxico to Honduras and north-central Nicaragua. Mxico: Upper Tropical and Subtropical zones from 1800 to 11,500 feet. Recorded from Guerrero (Omilteme, April 28-May 1, breeding, O-d; Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, K-d), Oaxaca, Chiapas (28 mi. ESE Comiffm, April 6 18, breeding, O-d; Volcn Tacangt, 3000 meters, K-d), Mxico, San Luis Potosi (extreme southeast; Xilitla, C-d), Hidalgo (10 mi. SW Jacala, K-d; E1 Barrio), Puebla, and Veracruz. Lepidocolaptes affinis lignicida (Bangs and Penard). Trepatroncos monts tamaulipeco. Picolaptes afhnis lignicida Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, 1919, 26 (Galindo, Tamaulipas; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). M&xico: Confined to arid tropical hill country in northeastern section. Recorded from eastern San Luis Potosi (5 mi. NE Ciudad del Malz, 5000 feet, O-d) and Tamau- lipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 5, nest and eggs).  Includes Lepidocolaptes souleyetii matudae Brodkorb (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 369, 1938, 3; Finca Esperanza, Chiapas). April 10, 1952; Griscom 52 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 33 FAMILY FURNARI1DAE OVENBIRDS Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater. Rufous-breasted Spinetail. Carpintero de hoja. Southern Mxico to E1 Salvador and Honduras. Synallaxis erythrothorax furtiva Bangs and Peters. Carpintero de hoja furtivo. Synallaxis erythrothorax Jurtiva Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, 1927, 476 (Pre- sidio, Veracruz; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Mxico: Oaxaca, northern Chiapas (San Cayeteno), Veracruz (Boca del Rio, July 20, laying; Presidio, breeding, K-d), and western Tabasco. Synallaxis erythrothorax pacifica Griscom. Carpintero de hoja guatemalteco. Synallaxis erythrothorax pacifica Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 414, 1930, 3 (San Felipe, Retal- huleu, Guatemala; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Southwestern Chiapas to E1 Salvador and adjacent parts of western Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas (San Benito, Tuxtla, specimens in British Museum fide van Ros- sem; Tonallt, March 25, O-d). Synallaxis erythrothorax erythrothorax Sclater. Carpintero de hoja herrumbroso. Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, 75, pl. 86 (Coban and Honduras; type in Brit. Mus.). Extreme southeastern Mxico to central Honduras. M.xico: Eastern Tabasco, Campeche, Yucat/m, and Quintana Roo. Anabacerthia striaticollis Lafresnaye. Scaly-throated Tree-hunter. Trepador monts. Subtropical and humid temperate forests, from the mountains of southern Mxico and Central America through the Andes of South America to western Venezuela and northwestern Bolivia. Anabacerthia striaticollis variegaticeps (Sclater). Trepador mont6s nortefio. Anabazenops variegaticeps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 289 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Mountains of southern Mxico south to western Panama. Mxico: Guerrero (Omilteme at 8000 feet), Oaxaca, Chiapas (Monserrate; 3700 to 6500 feet; 28 mi. ESE Comititn, 4900 feet, April, breeding, O-d; 50 mi. ESE Comititn, 3 700 feet, breeding, K-d), and Veracruz (10 mi. S Presidio, July 3, breeding, K-d). 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 53 Automolus rubiginosus (Sclater). Ruddy Automolus. Trepador castafio. Subtropical rain forests, from the mountains of central M6xico through Central America to Venezuela, French Guiana, and Bolivia. Automolus rubiginosus guerrerensis Salvin and Godman. Trepador castafio guerrerense. Automolus guerrerensds Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 2, 1891, 157 (Omilteme, Guerrero; type in Brit. Mus.). M&xico: Known only from the Sierra Madre del $ur in Guerrero (Omilteme and Xautipa) and western Oaxaca (Pluma; Totontepec, three females approaching A. r. rubiginosus, K-d). Automolus rubiginosus rubiginosus (Sclater).l Trepador castafio del Arianrico. Ariabates rubiginosus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 288 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to northern Honduras. Mxico: Chiapas (numerous specimens, 1500 feet to 3000 meters), San Luis Potosi (Cerro San Antonio, 4000 feet), and Veracruz (ranging at least to 5000 feet). Automolus ochrolaemus (Tschudi). Buff-throated Automolus. Trepador rojizo. Tropical rain forest from southern Mxico to the Guianas, Bolivia, and Brazil. Automolus ochrolaemus cervinigularis (Sclater). Trepador rojizo garganta agamuzada. Ariabates cervinigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 288 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico, Guatemala, and parts of Honduras and Nicaragua. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (6 mi. NNW San Fernando, April 26, breeding, Od; Palenque), Veracruz (Presidio, breeding, K-d), and Tabasco. Erroneously recorded from near City of Mxico. Xenops minutus (Sparrman). Least Tree-runner. Barboncito. Humid Tropical Zone from southern Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Guianas. 1 We include Automolus rubiginosus veraepacis Salvin and Godman and A. r. umbrinus Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 2, 1891, 156, 157) from Guatemala, to which Chiapas specimens have on occasion been referred. 54 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Xenops minutus mexicanus Sclater. Barboncito mexicano. Xenops mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 289 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern M6xico to Honduras. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, O-d; Palenque, K-d), Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (breeds in April). Sclerurus mexicanus Sclater. Tawny-throated Leaf-scraper. Saltaparcd mont6s. Humid tropical forests, from southern Mxico to western Ecuador, eastern Peril, and eastern Brazil. Sclerurus mexicanus mexicanus Sclater. Saltapared mont6s mexicano. Sclerurus mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 290 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to eastern Costa Rica. Mxico: Chiapas (Monserrate), Puebla (5 mi. N Papantilla, 2200 feet, breeding, K-d), and Veracruz. Uncommon; erroneously recorded from City of Mxico. Sclerurus guatemalensis (Hartlaub). Scaly-throated Leaf-scraper. Saltapared guatemalteco. Southern M6xico to western Ecuador in heavy tropical rain forest. $derurus guatemalensis guatemalensis (Hartlaub). SaRapared guatemalteco de Hartlaub. Tinactor guatemalensis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 7, 1844, 370 (no locality - Guatemala). Southern Mxico through Central America to Darien. M.xico: Rare. Recorded from Chiapas (twice), Veracruz (twice, SSE Jesfis Car- ranza), Tabasco (Teapa, two specimens, March 30 and April 4, 1900, G-d), and Quin- tana Roo (Laguna Chacanbacab, May 13, one specimen). April 10, 1952: Griscom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO FAMILY FORMICARIIDAE ANTBIRDS 55 Taraba major (Vieillot). Great Antshrike. Bebel. Tropical forests, from southeastern Mxico to Argentina. Taraba major melanocrissus (Sclater). Bebel centralamericano. Thamnophilus melanocrissus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1860, 252 (Santecomapam, Orizaba, Veracruz = Choctum, Guatemala, as shown by Brodkorb; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to western Panamit. Mxico: Northern Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, Palomares, Tutla, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque), Veracruz (30 mi. S Tezonapa, breeding, K-d), and Tabasco. Thamnophilus doliatus (Linnaeus). Barred Antshrikc. Chompipi. Tropical Zone, from eastern Mxico to western Peril, northern Argentina, Paraguay, Tobago, and Trinidad. Thamnophilus doliatus intermedius Ridgway.1 Chompipi listado. Thamnophilus intermedius Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1887 (1888), 581 (Truxillo, Honduras; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Eastern M6xico and Central America southeast to eastern Costa Rica, exclusive of Yucatan Peninsula. M6xico: Oaxaca, Chiapas (Tonalit, March 26, breeding, 28 mi. ESE Comiffm, April 19, breeding, O-d), eastern San Luis Potosi, Puebla, southern Tamaulipas (G6mez Farias), Veracruz (ranging to 6000 feet; Laguna Tamiahua and Presidio, breeding, K-d), and Tabasco. The subspecies pacificus Ridgway of western Nicaragua and Costa Rica has been erroneously recorded from Chiapas. Specimens from Tabasco approach the next race. Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis Ridgway. Chompipi yucateco. Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, 1908, 193 (Temax, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). ¾ucatgn Peninsula, Petn, Guatemala, and northern British Honduras. Mxico: Campeche (specimens approaching intermedius), Yucatgn, and Quintana Roo, including Cozumel Island.  Includes Thamnophilus doliatus crepitans Brodkorb (Occas. Papers Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., no. 369, 1938, 3; Finca Esperanza, Pacific slope of Chiapas). 56 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Thamnistes anabatinus Sclater and Salvin. Tawny Antshrike. Pupero caf& Humid tropical rain forest from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador and east- em Peril. Thamnistes anabatinus anabatinus Sclater and Salvin. Pupero caffi guatemalteco. Thamnistes anabatinus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, 1860, 299 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico to eastern Honduras. Mxico: Tabasco (Teapa; two specimens, March 20 and April 14, 1900, G-d). Dysithamnus mentalis (Temminck.) Slaty-capped Antvireo. Hormiguero de matorral. Humid tropical rain forest from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Tobago, and Trinidad. Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis Ridgeray. ttormiguera de matorral guatemalteco. Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, 1908, 193 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico to western Panamfi. M6xico: Campeche (Pacaytfin in extreme southwest, two specimens). Myrmotherula schisticolor (Lawrence). Slaty Antwren. Hormiguero apizarrado. Southern Mxico, in tropical rain forest, south to western Ecuador and eastern Peril, and east to Santa Marta region, Colombia. Myrmotherula schisticolor schisticolor (Lawrence). Hormiguero apizarrado del noroeste. Formicivora schistlcolor Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, 1865, 172 (Turrialba, Costa Rica; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Southern Mxico to western Ecuador; very rare north of Nicaragua. M&xico: Chiapas (recently collected series from Santa Rosa, Comifftn). Microrhopias quixensis (Cornalia). Dot-winged Antwren. Pupero negro. Humid tropical rain forest, from southeastern Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, the Guianas, and Brazil. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 57 Microrhopias quixensis boucardi (Sclater). Pupero negro de Boucard. Formicivora boucardi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 26, 1858, 300 (Acatepec, Oaxaca; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern M&xico to northern Nicaragua. Mxico: Oaxaca (five records), Chlapas (i'alenque, July 5, breeding; Monte Libano, one specimen, K-d), southern Veracruz (uncommon; Playa Vicente), Tabasco (six specimens, G-d), and southern Quintana Roo (Laguna Chacanbacab and 46 mi. W Chetumal). Cercomacra tyrannina (Sclater). Tyrannine Antbird. Hormiguero tiranico. Tropical rain forest from southeastern M6xico to western Ecuador, the Guianas, and Amazonia. Cercomacra tyrannina crepera Bangs. Hormiguero tiranico del sureste. Cercomacra crepera Bangs, Auk, 18, 1901, 365 (Divala, Chiriqui; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern Mxico to western Panamg. M6xico: Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, K-d), Chiapas, Veracruz (Presidio, breed- ing, K-d), Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo (north to Ch'ich'). Formicarius analis (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). Black-faced Anthrush. Hur6n chiflador. Tropical rain forest from southeastern Mxico to the Guianas and Amazonia. Formicarius analis moniliger Sclater. Hur6n chiflador tenosiquefio. Formicarius moniliger Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856 (1857), 294 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; type in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico and Guatemala. Mxico: Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz (La Gloria, breeding, K-d; common in extreme southern portion), and Tabasco. Formicarius analis pallidus (Lawrence). Hur6n chiflador yucateco. Furnarius pallidus Lawrence, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2, 1882, 288 (Yucatan; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Confined to the Yucatgn Peninsula and northern Petn, Guatemala. Mxico: Campeche, Yucatgn, and northern Quintana Roo. Formicarius analis intermedius Ridgway. Hur6n chiflador belizano. Formicarius moniliger intermedius Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, 1908, 194 (Manatee Lagoon, British Honduras; type in Carnegie Mus.). Southern Quintana Roo, British Honduras, and Honduras. Mxico: Southern Quintana Roo (Xcopen). 58 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Grailaria guatimalensis Prvost and Des Murs. Scaled Antpitta. Fullino. Subtropical rain forest of mountains from central Mxico south to Peril, Venezuela, and Trinidad; rarely at lower altitudes. Grailaria guatimalensis ochraceiventris Nelson. Fullino nexicano. Grailaria ochraceiventris Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 1898, 62 (San Sebastian, Jalisco; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Known from relatively few scattered records in the mountains of south- western section: Jalisco (one record), Michoacn (Cerro de San Andrds, 9600 feet, A-d), Guerrero (4000 to 11,500 feet; Mount Teotepec, 11,500 feet, K-d; Omilteme, June 6, laying, Cuapongo, O-d), Oaxaca (Totontepec, May-June, K-d, 6 mi. N Oaxaca, 7000 feet, September 11, O-d), Mxico (two records), and Morelos (one record). Grailaria guatimalensis guatimalensis Prdvost and Des Murs.1 Fullino guatemalteco. Grailaria guatimalensis Prdvost and Des Murs, Zool. Voyage Venus, Atlas, livr. 1, 1846 (1842), pl. 4 (Guatemala; type in Paris Mus.). Mountains of southeastern Mxico to north-central Nicaragua. Mdxico: Chiapas (Monserrate, August 9, nest and egg), Veracruz (300 to 8000 feet; Jalapa; Presidio, Motzorongo, Rancho Caracol, K-d; Jesfis Carranza, 300 feet), and Tabasco (Tropical Zone, one record).  Provisionally we follow Griscom and Wetmore in including Grailaria mexicana Sclater, pending an examination of the type and an adequate series. April 10, 1952; Gr;.acom 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 59 F^MI¾ COTINGIDAE COTINGAS Cotinga amabilis Gould. Lovely Cotinga. Carladot turquesa. Xiuht6totl (Nfihuatl). Cotinga amabilis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, 64, pl. 123 (Guatemala; type in Brit. Mus.). Tropical rain forest from southern Mxico to Costa Rica. Mxico: Oaxaca (one record), Chiapas (Palenque; 19 males and 8 females, 1936, K-d; one female, July 20, 1949, N-d), and Veracruz (three records). Attila spadiceus (Gmelin). Polymorphic Attila. Atila polimorœo. Most of tropical America from western Mxico to western Ecuador, Bolivia, Trini- dad, and southern Brazil. Attila spadiceus pacificus Hellmayr. Atila polimorfo del Pacifico. Attila spadiceus paciyicus Hellmayr, Cat. Birds Am., 13, pt. 6, 1929, 140, new name to replace cinnamomea Lawrence preoccupied (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; types in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Sinaloa (north to junction with Sonora and Chihuahua, Huassa, K-d), Nayarit (breeding, K-d), Jalisco, Colima, Michoacfin (Coalcomn, A-d; Uruapan. nest- ing, K-d), Guerrero, Oaxaca (western half), Durango (extreme west-central, Tama- zula, K-d), Mxico (Temascaltepec, K-d), and Morelos (Jutepec, breeding, K-d). Attila spadiceus flammulatus Lafresnaye. Atila polimorfo lamlgero. Attila flammulatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, 1848, 47 (Colombia; Veracruz, Mexico, substituted by Bangs and Penard; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southeastern Mxico to Honduras. Mxico: Oaxaca (eastern lowlands), Chiapas, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco, and Quin- tana Roo (extreme south). Attila spadiceus gaumeri Salvin and Godman. Atila polimorfo de Gaumer. Attila gaumeri Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 2, 1891, 134 (Tizimin, Yucatan; type in Brit. Mus.). Confined to the Yucatfin Peninsula. M6xico: Campeche (specimens approaching flammulatus), Yucatfin, and Quintana Roo (except extreme south), possibly including Holbox and Mujeres islands. Attila spadiceus cozumelae Ridgway. Atila polimoffo de Cozumel. Attila cozumelae Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, 1885, 23 (Cozumel Island; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). M6xico: Confined to Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo; uncommon. 60 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Laniocera rufescens (Sclater). Speckled Mourner. Llorona manchada. Chiapas south through Central America to northern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. Laniocera rulescerts rulescerts (Sclater). Llorona manchada guatemalteca. Lipaugus rufescens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 25, 1857 (1858), 276 (Coban, Guatemala; type in Liverpool Mus.). Chiapas south to northwestern Colombia. Mxico: Chiapas (El Ocote, 2000 feet, 50 km. NW Ocozocoautla, four specimens). Rhytipterna holerythra (Sclater and Salvin). Rufous Mourner. Llorona rojiza. Humid tropical forests from southern Mxico through Central America to northern Colombia and, on the Pacific coast, to northwestern Ecuador. Rhytipterna holerythra holerythra (Sclater and Salvin). Llorona rojiza nortefia. Lipaugus holerythrus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 300 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; types in Brit. Mus.). Southern Mxico to northern Colombia. M6xico: Oaxaca (Tutla, 1478 meters, three specimens, N-d, two specimens, K-d; 18 mi. N Mattas Romero, June 3, O-d), Chiapas (Palenque, one male, May 8, K-d), and Veracruz (Presidio, one male, K-d; common in jungles of extreme south). One old specimen in British Museum labelled "Mexico." Lipaugus unirufus Sclater. Rufous Piha. Lipaugo rojizo. Tropical rain forests from southern Mxico to western Ecuador. Lipaugus unirufus unirufus Sclater. Lipaugo rojizo tnexicano. Lipaugus uniruJus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 385 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca = Vera- cruz; type in Brit. Mus.). Southeastern Mxico to northern Nicaragua. M.x[co: Oaxaca (Tutla, N-d; Palomares, Escuilapa, K-d; 18 mi. N Matias Romero, June 3, breeding, Juchiffm, February 27, O-d), Chiapas (Ocosingo, Ocozocoautla, N-d); Palenque), Veracruz, and Tabasco. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Lawrence. Cinnamon Becard. Picogrueso canelo. Humid tropical rain forests from southeastern Mdxico to western Ecuador and east through northern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela. 1957 THE BIRDS OF MEXICO 61 Pachyramphus cinnamomeus fulvidior Griscom. Picogrueso canelo amarillento. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus fulvidior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 1932, 357 (Toledo district, British Honduras; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Southern M6xico to eastern Costa Rica. M6xico: Oaxaca (Soyaltepec, Escuilapa, Tutla, K-d), Chiapas (Palenque, July 16, abundant, nest), and Tabasco (four specimens, March 30, April 5, and 13, G-d). Pachyramphus major (Cabanis). Mexican Bccard. Picogrueso mexicano. Arid Tropical and Arid Temperate zones from western and central Mdxico to north- central Nicaragua. Pachyramphns major uropygialis Nelson. l'icogrucso mexicano sinaloense. Pachyramphus major uropygialis Nelson, Auk, 16, 1899, 28 (Plomosas, Sinaloa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Sinaloa (mountains of the southeast, 2500 to 6000 feet, Rancha Santa Bar- bara, Rancho Batel, seven specimens, K-d; Plomosas, one specimen, G-d), Michoacfin (Coalcoman, 4500 feet, A-d; 15 mi. ESE Morelia, 7300 feet, one specimen, O-d), Guer- rero (Rancho Portrero de Los Indios, May 30, breeding condition, K-d; Cuapongo, Ma- zatlan, Omilteme, Chilpancingo, O-d), and western Durango (6 mi. W Birimoa, K-d). Pachyramphus major major (Cabanis). Picogrueso mexicano de Cabanis. Bathmidurus major Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, 1847, 264 (Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; type in Heine Coil.). Mxico: Parts of eastern and central sections, ranging from upper tropical levels to over 8000 feet. Recorded from Oaxaca, Chiapas (extreme western section, K-d), M6xico, San Luis Potosi (16 mi. E Ciudad del Maiz, K-d), Hidalgo (10 mi. SW Jacala, K-d; E1 Barrio), Puebla, Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas), and Veracruz. Pachyramphus major australis Miller and Griscom. Picogrueso mexicano suriano. Pachyramphus major australis Miller and Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 159, 1925, 3 (San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Typical only in Honduras, El Salvador, and north-central Nicaragua. Non-typical birds occur in Guatemala and extreme southern M6xico. M.6xico: Chiapas (Ocozocoautla, Tuxtla Guti6rrez, O-d; Comitan; Volcan Tacana, K-d) and Tabasco (Reforma). Pachyramphus major itzensis Nelson. Picogrueso nexicano yucatcco. Pachyrhamphus ma]or itzensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, 1901, 173 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent British Honduras. Mxico: Campeche, Yucatan (Xocempich, June 12, laying), and Quintana Roo. 62 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No.33 Platypsaris aglaiae (Lafresnaye). Rose-throated Becard. Degollado. Arid Tropical, Humid Tropical, and Sonoran zones from southern Arizona and southern Texas to Costa Rica. Possibly migratory in the extreme north. The ranges of the complex of subspecies still remain to be worked out, and the existence of paler and darker color phases is suspected. Platypsaris aglaiae richmondi van Rossem. Degollado de Richmond. Platypsaris aglaiae richmondi van Rossera, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 43, 1930, 130 (Saric, Sonora, Mexico; type in Dickey Coil., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles). Southeastern Arizona and northwestern Mxico. Mxico: Sonora (ranges from sea level to the Transition Zone, where possibly mi- gratory; Guirocoba, May 17, nesting, K-d), Sinaloa (south to Culiac&n and El Molino, breeding, where approaching the next subspecies, K-d), Chihuahua (extreme southwest- ern, San Feliz, K-d), and Durango (extreme west-central, Tamazula, K-d). Platypsaris aglaiae albiventris (Lawrence). Degollado vientre blanco. Hadostomus albiventris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, 1867, 475 (Plains of Colima, Mexico; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Sinaloa (except northern portion), Nayarit (nesting, vicinity of Tepic, K-d), Jalisco (Autl/m, July 20, nest), Colima, Michoa.cgn, Guerrero (specimens from extreme southeast at Cuajinicuilapa approach sumichrasti, K-d), Oaxaca (western), Chihuahua, and Durango (southern, Nombre de Dios, K-d). Birds of uncertain or inter mediate status recorded from Coahuila, Mxico, Morelos, and the interior of Veracruz. Platypsaris aglaiae insularis Ridgway. Degollado de Islas Marlas. Platypsaris insularis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 325 (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). Mxico: Confined