- A new species of bristle-tyrant, Phylloscartes lanyoni, from the lower Cauca Valley of Colombia is described. P. lanyoni is morphologically similar to the small Andean bristle-tyrants formerly placed in the genus Pogonotriccus (venezuelanus, orbitalis, guala-quizae) and may be a trans-Andean allospecies of P. orbitalis. Received 17 Nov. 1986, accepted 11 Feb. 1987.

From 1941 to 1952, the National Museum of Natural History (USNM) obtained 23,258 skins, 478 skeletons and alcohol-preserved specimens, and 44 nests and eggs of Colombian birds from Melbourne A. Carriker, Jr. (Appendix 1). Although little publicized, this collection, which is still under systematic study, has proved to be one of the most significant from that country. Several new species were described from this material by Alexander Wetmore (e.g., Crypturellus saltuarius, Coeligena orina, Me- tallura iracunda). Here I describe a new species of bristle-tyrant from the foothills of the Central Cordillera above the lower Cauca Valley in north- em Colombia. Phylloscartes lanyoni, sp. nov. ANTIOQUIA BRISTLE-TYRANT HOLOTYPE.--National Museum of Natural History, USNM 402716; adult male from E1 Pescado, 12 km below Pro. Valdivia on the Rio Cauca, ca 1500-1700 ft [457-518 m],  Dept. Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 529 530 THE WILSON BULLETIN ß Vol. 100, No. 4, December 1988 Graves ß NEW BRISTLE-TYRANT FROM COLOMBIA 531 Department of Antioquia, Colombia; collected 15 May 1948 by M. A. Carriker, Jr.; original number 13482. DIAGNOSIS.--Distinguished as a Phylloscartes (Pogonotriccus) by small size, contrasting auriculars, two well-developed wing bars, greenish back, small thin bill, and by lacking a crown patch. P. lanyoni is most similar to P. orbitalis but differs as follows: (1) lanyoni has much yellowet breast, belly, undertail coverts, and wing bars; (2) yellow outer margins of middle and greater wing coverts more extensive; (3) incomplete eyering as opposed to a complete eyering; (4) whitish instead of yellowish feathers above bill; and (5) a greenish- gray crown blending into the greenish back, rather than a clear gray crown contrasting with the back (see frontispiece). Differs from P. ophthalmicus in being smaller and lacking distinct black auricular spot and grizzled throat; from P. gualaquizae and P. venezuelanus in having much yellowet plumage throughout and lacking a well-developed black auricular patch; and from P. poecilotis and P. flaviventris, in lacking ochraceous wing bars and rufous lores, respectively. DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE. --All color comparisons were made under Examolites (c) (Macbeth Corp.). Crown neutral gray suffused with greenish and blending posteriorly with bright olivaceous green back. Back and rump bright olivaceous green. Upper tail coverts bright olivaceous yellow. Wings and tail dark brownish gray; remiges and primaries and outer secondaries edged on outer webs with bright olivaceous green. Outer web of inner secondaries, especially innermost, with broader pale olivaceous yellow margins. Outer webs of middle and greater wing coverts edged with bright yellow bar. Lesser wing coverts bright olivaceous green tipped with dull yellow. Feathers above nostrils and lores to the anterior margin of the eyering grizzled gray and white. A few scattered grizzled feathers around the orbits form a faint incomplete eyering and trailing superciliary. Auriculars yellow with light gray tips which form a faint gray "auricular spot." Chin, throat, breast, abdomen, flanks, and undertail coverts bright yellow, palest on chin and becoming more intense eaudally, approaching Strontian Yellow (capitalized color name from Ridgway 1912) on abdomen. Soft part colors in dried specimen: upper mandible brownish black; lower mandible pale, horn-colored (probably flesh-colored in life), with a dusky tip; feet and tarsi dark brown. MEASUREMENTS.--See Table 1. DISTRIBUTION.--Known only from the type locality. May occur in the foothills at the northern ends of the Central and Western Cordillera in the drainage of the Rio Cauca. ETYMOLOGY.--I am pleased to name this new species for Wesley E. Lanyon in rec- ognition of his research on tyrannid systematics over the past three decades. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.--Phylloscartes lanyoni: (USNM rolotype, USNM 402715 ) from type locality. P. gualaquizae.' Ecuador: Prov. Napo, San Jos6 Abajo (AMNH 1 8); Prov. Morona-Santiago, Cordillera Cutucfi (ANSP 1 ); Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe, Zamora (AMNH 1 8, 1 ); Peru: Dpto. San Martin, Moyobamba (ANSP 1 8). P. venezuelanus: Venezuela: Aragua, Maracay (ANSP 1 8, 1 1/2); Aragua, Cerro Golfo Triste (ANSP 1 8); Carabobo, Hcda. Sta. Clara (USNM 1 8). P. orbitalis: Ecuador: Prov. Napo, Cordillera de Galeras (AMNH 1 8, 2 ), San Jos6 Abajo (AMNH 3 88, 3), Rio Suno above Avila (AMNH 3 88, 1 ; ANSP 1 8); Peru: Dpto. San Martin, Moyobamba (ANSP 1 8); Dpto. Cuzco, Cordillera Vilcabamba (AMNH 1 8); Dpto. Puno, La Pampa (AMNH 1 8, 2 ; ANSP 2 88), Huacamayo (ANSP 1 8, 1 ). Bolivia: Dpto. Cocbabamba: Palmar (ANSP 1 ). I also examined large series (>50 of each species) of P. ophthalmicus, P. poecilotis, P. ventralis, P. eximius, and P. (Capsiempis) flaveola and smaller numbers ofP. nigriJ?ons, P. chapmani, P. flaviventris, P. flavovirens, P. superciliaris, P. oustaleti, P. difftcilis, P. paulistus, and P. sylviolus. REMARKS.--There appear to be no sexual differences in plumage color or pattern. 532 THE WILSON BULLETIN ß Vol. 100, No. 4, December 1988 DISCUSSION Ecology.--The only ecological information on P. lanyoni is contained in Carriker's field catalog deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. From 10 to 17 May 1948, Carriker and an assistant were engaged in general collecting from a base camp at E1 Pescado, a cattle ranch on the highway along the Rio Cauca, 12 km below Puerto Valdivia. They collected a total of 166 specimens (91 species) (Appendix 1) in a mixture of pasture edge, second growth, and virgin forest on the ridges and hills east of the river from 180 to 600 m elevation (mostly from 335-520 m). This sample of species is typical of the lowland avifauna of northwestern Colombia (Haffer 1975); no strictly montane species are represented. Carriker noted that the specimens ofP. lanyoni, which he misidentified as "Capsiempisfiaveola leucophrys," were collected in "an area of second- growth" on 15 May. Carriker apparently used the term "second-growth" to refer to rather tall regenerating forest as distinguished from "brush." Carriker noted that the testes of the male were greatly enlarged. Other species taken during the same morning (450-520 m) (Xenops minutus, Sclerurus mexicanus, Gymnopithys bicolor, Pipra coronata, blanacus vi- tellinus, Schiffornis turdinus, Ramphocaenus melanurus, Heterospingus xanthopygius) were taken in "more or less virgin forest." Systematic relationships. --Based on the similarity of body plumage and reduced auricular spot, P. lanyoni appears to be a trans-Andean relative of P. orbitalis, although a close relationship to P. venezuelanus and P. gualaquizae is possible. Measurements of these species overlap exten- sively (Table 1). All four species inhabit Andean foothills and satellite ranges at elevations of 300-11 O0 m.P. lanyoni and P. venezuelanus have allopatric distributions; P. gualaquizae and P. orbitalis are sympatric from northern Ecuador south to northern Peru. P. poecilotis, which has been collected above Valdivia at 7000 ft (ca 2135 m), is sympatric with P. lanyoni, although there probably is a large elevational gap between their distributions. P. ophthalmicus occurs in the Central Cordillera as far north as Hacienda Sofia, Department of Caldas (USNM 436619, 436620, 436621). These specimens are nearly identical in plumage pattern and color with those from southern Colombia (Belbn, Department of Huila) and the eastern slope of Ecuador and show no trend toward P. lanyoni. Commentary on generic relationships. --The small, greenish tyrannulets in the subfamily Elaeniinae (Traylor 1977) present some of the most challenging problems in avian systematics. Characters used to discrimi- nate generic limits consist primarily of external proportions (bill, tarsus, and wing), tarsal scutellation, and plumage color. Traylor (1977) discussed the extensive overlap and intergradation of these characters among the Graves ß NEW BRISTLE-TYRANT FROM COLOMBIA 533 genera recognized by Hellmayr (1927), and synonymized more than one- third of them in his classification. Of particular interest in this paper is the expanded genus "Phylloscartes" (Traylor 1977), which includes species formerly placed in Pogonotriccus, Leptotriccus, and Capsiempis. P. lanyoni is clearly related to the nominal species of Pogonotriccus. The aggregate "Phylloscartes," comprising 20 species, is rather heterogeneous in plumage pattern and color with no distinctive characteristics that unite the taxa to the exclusion of other species. Unfortunately, the available anatomical data also fail to permit the critical discrimination of "Phylloscartes" within the Elaeniinae. For example, Ames (1971) considered the syringes of the aforementioned genera to be different from one another and from all other genera. On the other hand, Warter (1965) found cranial characters to be similar through- out his subfamily Euscarthminae, comprising 13 genera of small flycatch- ers; the range of cranial character states (e.g., nasal septum) in the ex- panded "Phylloscartes" includes nearly all the variation found within the subfamily. Recently, Lanyon (1988) found that the syringeal structure of five species of Pogonotriccus and Leptotriccus sylviolus did not differ sig- nificantly from two species of Phylloscartes (ventralis and chapmani). However, cranial and syringeal morphology suggested that Capsiempis was most closely related to Phaeomyias and Nesotriccus. These incon- gruent character sets and the apparent lack of plumage synapomorphies prevent an explicit generic diagnosis of "Phylloscartes" (sensu Traylor) from being formulated, and in an operational sense, suggest that the expanded genus is not strictly monophyletic. Additional analyses are need- ed to resolve the generic limits within this group. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank J. Fitzpatrick, K. Parkes, and T. Schulenberg for comments on the manuscript, and W. Lanyon for sending me his unpublished manuscript. I thank the curators and staff of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), and the University of So Paulo, Museum of Zoology for permission to examine specimens. Part of this work was supported by a grant from the Research Oppor- tunities Fund, Smithsonian Institution. I thank J. Fitzpatrick for preparing the artistic and accurate frontispiece. LITERATURE CITED AMES, P.L. 1971. The morphology of the syrinx in Passedfie birds. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 37. HFER, J. 1975. Avifauna of northwestern Colombia, South America. Bonn. Zool. Mono- gr. 7. HELLM3/4R, C.E. 1927. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands, Part V, Tyrannidae. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. 13:1-517. 534 THE WILSON BULLETIN ß Vol. 100, No. 4, December 1988 LA'PON, W.E. 1988. A phylogeny of the thirty-two genera in the Elaenia assemblage of tyrant flycatchers. Am. Mus. Novitates 2914:1-57. RIDGWAY, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D.C. Published by the author. TRAOR, M. A., JR. 1977. A classification of the tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 148:129-184. WATER, S.L. 1965. The cranial osteology of the New World Tyrannoidea and its taxo- nomic implications. Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.