--On 17 September 1987, I captured an unusual male Pipra in a linc of mistnets at BV-8, Roraima, Brazil (4ø29'N, 61ø09'W) in a patch of forest at approximately 900 m elevation. I collected the bird and it was prepared as a study skin. The specimen (Field Museum of Natural History--FMNH 344171) is a hybrid between a White-fronted Manakin (Pipra serena), and a Blue-crowned Manakin (P. coronata), a pre- viously unrcportcd combination (Parkcs 1961). Here, I describe the specimen, explain how the putativc parents wcrc identified, and discuss the pattern of hybridization in Pipridac from a phylogenetic perspective. The skull was completely pneumatizcd and testes measured 2 x 1 mm. The plumage is primarily non-glossy black. However, the black feathers of the flanks and lower breast have a bluc tone, lacking on the rest of the body plumage. A similar bluc tone to the abdominal feathers occurs in P. coronata carbonata, the subspecies of P. coronata that occurs at BV- 8. The crown of the hybrid specimen is sky blue, becoming darker on the nape. The rump and upper tail coverts arc cobalt blue. The feathers of the abdomen arc basally black, broadly tipped with dull yellow with a greenish tone, forming an irregular patch from the lower cdgc of the breast to the vent; the undertail coverts arc green. The fifteen species of the family Pipridac that occur in the border region of the Venezuelan state of Bolivar and the Brazilian state of Rotalma constitute the pool of potential parental species. In analyzing the possible parents, I assume that a hybrid should possess either the phcnotypc of one of the parental types or an intermediate phcnotype in each of the characters that differ between the parents (scc Graves 1990). The contrasting blue rump of the hybrid, as well as its yellow abdominal patch, unequiv- ocally identify one parent as P. serena, as no other species in this region possess contrasting color patches in these regions (scc Table 1). The race occurring in tcpuis, P. suavissima (considered a separate species from P. serena in Prum 1990a), seems more likely both geographically and based on plumage than nominate P. serena. Although P. serena suav- issima was not encountered at BV-8, it is known to occur in the tcpuis of this region at least as close as Pauri-tcpui (Phelps and Phelps 1963), about 50 km from BV-8. P.s. serena is known no closer than southern Guyana and Surinamc, about 400 km distant. In addition, P.s. serena has a tuft of orange-yellow feathers on the breast and short, plush feathers on the forecrown. There was no indication of a tendency toward either of these conditions in the hybrid. The identity of the second parent as P. coronata seems no less certain. Only P. coronata possesses a blue crown (although of a darker tone than on the hybrid specimen), and only it and the substantially smaller Dwarf Manakin (Tyranneutes stolzmannO (mass ca 7 g) and the larger Thrush-like Manakin (Schiffornis turdinus) (mass ca 30 g) possess olive undertail coverts. In neither of the other species, which Prum (1990b) has in fact argued convincingly do not belong in Pipridae at all, are these a different color from the lower abdomen, as in the hybrid and P. coronata. Additionally, the hybrid is intermediate in external measure- ments between P. serena (data from specimens from Cerro de Neblina, FMNH) and P. coronata (data from specimens collected at BV-8; specimens from other sites not included because there appears to be a cline in size in the subspecies P. c. carbonata, with smaller birds southward), arguing against a much larger or smaller species as a parent (see Table 2). At BV-8, P. coronata was the most abundant bird in mist nets, while, as noted above, P. serena was not encountered. In the tepuis P. coronata and P. serena replace one another 348 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 349 TABLE 1 PLUMAGE CHARACTERS OF P. SERENA $UAVI$$1MA, P. CORONATA CARBONATA, AND PRESUMED HYBRID P. serena suavissima Hybrid P. coronata carbonata Crown color White with Light Sky Blue (168C) Cobalt Blue (168) Sky Blue (168C) a darkening to with Ultramarine posterior edge Venetian Blue (270) on the pos- (168B) on nape terior edge Entire crown in- Entire crown in- cluding nape, but cluding nape narrowing on nape Cobalt Blue (168) Crown patch Forehead and front extent half of crown Rump color Sky Blue (168C) Black with indis- tinct purplish tips to feathers Abdominal Orange Yellow (18) Black basally, Blackish Neutral color broadly tipped Gray (82), some yellow, near Sul- individuals show fur Yellow (157), an olive cast to but with a green- abdomen ish tone Undertail co- Black narrowly Leaf Green (146) Leaf Green to Dark verts edged with Neutral Gray yellow Capitalized color names and numbers are from Smithe 1975. altitudinally (Willard et al. 1991) with P. coronata at lower elevations. It seems likely that the contact between P. serena and P. coronata needed for hybridization occurred when a P. serena wandered downslope from nearby higher peaks (elevations over 1200 m occur within 15 km of BV-8). The displays of P. coronata and P. serena are very similar (Prom 1985, although the display of P.s. suavissima is unknown). The combination of extreme rarity of one parental type and the similarity of displays should help encourage occasional hybrid- ization in such a situation. In fact, within the P. serena superspecies (including P. coronata, P. serena, P. iris, P. coeruleocapilla, P. isidorei, P. nattereri, and P. vilasboasO the lack of hybridization among adjacent species is striking (Haffer 1970). The contact between lowland black P. c. coronata and green P. c. exquisita is characterized by a broad zone of intermediates (Haffer 1970), but none of the other contact zones shows any hybridization. The five lowland species are isolated from one another by river courses, so perhaps hybridization is not to be expected; however, P. coeruleocapilla, P. isidorei, and P. serena all replace P. coronata altitudinally, without an extrinsic barrier between the populations. P. coeruleocapilla and P. coronata, at least, occur syntopically (captured on the same mistnet line in southeastern Peru, specimens in FMNH), apparently without hybridizing. Parkes (1961) discussed the known hybrids in the family Pipridae. At that time, all were the result of pairings between species placed in different genera. Since then, one of the pairs, Teleonemafilicauda x P. aureola or P. fasciicauda, has been changed from an intergeneric 350 THE WILSON BULLETIN ß Vol. 105, No. 2, June 1993 TABLE 2 SELECTED MEASUREMENTS OF MALE P. SERENA $UIVI$$1MI, P. CORON/ITI CIRBONITI, AND PRESUMED HYBRID P. serena suavissima (N = 4) Hybrid P. coronata carbonata (N = 6) Mass a 10.4 +_ 0.34 10.1 9.4 +_ 0.67 Wing 59.4 +_ 1.03 63.0 63.5 +_ 0.93 Tail 28.4 +_ 1.73 29.8 30.3 +_ 0.54 Bill length 6.9 +_ 0.34 6.5 6.5 +_ 0.14 Tarsus 14.7 +_ 0.54 14.8 13.7 +_ 0.55 Mass in g, other characters in mm ( _+ SD); bill length taken from anterior edge of nostril. hybrid to a hybrid between component species of a superspecies (Haffer 1970, Snow 1975), owing to changes in taxonomic thinking (the close relationship of the monotypic Teleonema to Pipra was noted by Parkes [ 1961, 1978]). The hybrid P. serena x P. coronata is another example of a hybrid between component species of a superspecies. As a result, within Pipridae, the pattern of known hybridization (3 intergeneric hybrids and 2 hybrids within superspecies) remains a more extreme version of that noted by Parkes (1961, 1978) for the family Parulidae, where the vast majority of hybrids are either inter- generic or among members of superspecies. Sibley (1957) suggested that the genera of Pipridae were probably oversplit owing to the reliance on male secondary sexual characters to demarcate genera, so that the parents of intergeneric hybrids may not necessarily be distantly related. Bledsoe (1988) has argued that the lack of a well-corroborated phylogenetic hypothesis for the Parulidae and the strong probability that various genera, especially Den- droica and Vermivora, are not monophyletic makes interpretation of the pattern of hybrid- ization in that family impossible. His point is a valid one; however, Parkes' argument (1978) that the various species of eastern North American forest Dendroica are more closely related to each other than they are to Mniotilta or Seiurus still rings true, even without an explicit phylogenetic hypothesis. In Pipridae, such a phylogenetic hypothesis now exists (Prum 1990a, 1992). Prum (1992) placed the P. serena superspecies in a different genus, Lepidothrix and tribe Manacini, along with Manacus, Chiroxiphia, and Antilophia, from the rest of Pipra. Although the genus Pipra appears not to be monophyletic, the basic pattern implied by the prevalence of in- tergenetic hybrids remains true: hybrids generally occur between members of a superspecies or between rather distantly related taxa. Prum (1990a, 1992) found that the P. aureola and P. erythrocephala superspecies are sister taxa, but there are no hybrids known between them despite their being broadly sympatric through much of Amazonia. Yet both have hybridized with the distantly related Manacus, placed in a different tribe and separated phylogenetically from them by four genera (Prum 1992). Even if one were to take an extreme view and lump all of these genera together, creating a large and diverse Pipra, it does not change the fact that the parents in these hybrid combinations are phylogenetically distant. Acknowledgments.--I thank Celso Morato de Carvalho for all his assistance in my Ro- raiman field work. Paulo Vanzolini was instrumental in making my work in Brazil possible. Monetary support was provided by the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences and the Fundafio de Amparo fi Pesquisa do Estado de Silo Patrio. S. Lanyon, J. O'Neill, K. Parkes, R. Prum, and D. Willard made useful comments on this manuscript. SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 3 51 LITERATURE CITED BLEDSOE, A. H. 1988. A hybrid Oporornis philadelphia x Geothlypis trichas, with com- ments on the taxonomic interpretation and evolutionary significance of intergeneric hybridization. Wilson Bull. 100:1-8. GvvEs, G.R. 1990. Systematics of the "Green-throated Sunangels" (Aves: Trochilidae): valid axa or hybrids? Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 103:6-25. HAFFER, J. 1970. Art-Entstehung bei einigen Waldvtgeln Amazoniens. J. Ornith. 111: 285-331. PARKES, K.C. 1961. Intergeneric hybrids in the family Pipridae. Condor 63:345-350. 1978. Still another parulid intergeneric hybrid (Mniotilta x Dendroica) and its taxonomic and evolutionary implications. Auk 95:682-690. PHELPS, W. H. ArD W. H. PHELPS, JR. 1963. Lista de las aves de Venezuela con su distribucion, Tomo 1, Parte 2, Passeriformes. Bol. Soc. Venez. Cienc. Nat. 24:1-479. IUM, R.O. 1985. Observations of the White-fronted Manakin (Pipra serena) in Suriname. Auk 102:384-387. 1990a. Phylogenetic analysis ofthe evolution ofdisplay behavior in the Neotropical manakins (Aves: Pipridae). Ethology 84:202-231. --. 1990b. A test of the monophyly of the manakins (Pipridae) and of the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on morphology. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan No. 723. 1992. Syringeal morphology, phylogeny, and evolution of the Neotropical man- akins (Aves: Pipridae). Amer. Mus. Novit. No. 3043. SIBLEY, C.G. 1957. The evolution and taxonomic significance of sexual dimorphism and hybridization in birds. Condor 59:166-191. SMITHE, F.B. 1975. Naturalist's color guide. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, New York. SNow, D.W. 1975. The classification of the manakins. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club 95:20-27. WILLARD, D. E., M. S. FOSTER, G. F. BARROWCLOUGH, R. W. DICKERMAN, P. F. CAIN-NELL, S. L. COATS, J. L. CVoCV,FT, AND J.P. O'NEILL. 1991. The Birds of Cerro de la Neblina, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. Fieldiana (Zool). n.s. No. 15. DOUGLAS F. STOTZ, Division of Birds, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605 and Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de So Paulo, Caixa Postal 7172, So Paulo, SP CEP 01064, Brasil. (Present address: Division of Birds, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605.) Received 29 May 1992, accepted 18 Nov. 1992.